ABSTRACT Master (adult) sports can contribute to healthy ageing and increase the quality of life. Nonetheless, few efforts have been deployed to identify and reflect on guidelines for quality master sports coaching in Portugal that can contribute to these outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this critical commentary is to provide insights into the current status of master sports in Portugal, as well as present implications for researchers and practitioners. In Portugal, eligibility for competition is based on age. Master sports is a structured and competitive physical activity that is associated with teams or individuals with a strong emphasis on formal competition across provincial, national, and/or international championships. There exist efforts by the government to have adult sports play a role in contributing to holistic athlete development throughout the lifespan and towards healthy ageing. This is not incompatible with competition, which is a critical component of the Portuguese sports culture. However, competitions may need to be carefully organised and used as a resource for holistic athlete development, focusing on adult athletes’ health and well-being. Moreover, adult sports may also be positioned as non-structured physical activity, as well as by diverse types of competitive events and activities. Moving forward, there is a need to initiate dialogue between all actors of the sports system and identify alternative ways to position, imagine and use master sports in a challenging contemporary landscape.

ABSTRACT The construction of tools is crucial to achieving knowledge advances, as Ian Hacking suggests. In a world where information dictates rules, there is a necessity for solutions that counteract the superficiality imposed by a positivist scientific model. The primary aim of this work is to set the basis to help develop a diagnostic tool that really embraces the complexity and globality of the human (trans)formation process. With a systemic approach to sports, this exploratory and descriptive study aims to justify the conceptual framework that enables the integration of a new vision for sports diagnosis, beginning with a critical reflection on feedback gathered from a sample of top-level football coaches (n= 10) regarding the assessment of psychological competences. The results show consensus about the importance of the psychological performance factor, as well as the necessity for tools to assess it better. We conclude that a holistic perspective on sports diagnosis and intervention, considering data from different fields of knowledge coherently, is needed and already possible.

ABSTRACT Following an interpretative approach, this study sought to understand, from the perspective of elite futsal coaches, the critical information that shrouds the game dynamics of defensive situations in futsal game (i.e., defensive organisation, defensive set pieces, strategical defence). Ten male futsal coaches (age: 48.30 ± 5.85 years; experience 18.10 ± 4.12 years) who currently coach elite futsal teams were selected. A total of thirty-four video clips related to different defensive situations were selected. Qualitative data was obtained through semi-structured interviews and analysed by content analysis. In analysing defensive game situations, coaches emphasised both individual and collective defensive behaviours. Much of the focus was on individual actions to maintain defensive stability, such as tracking, defensive exchanges, marking, and roles within the team’s defensive structure. Still, when the coaches intended to characterise defensive information, they focused on understanding information related to the attack and its inherent strategies. Expert coaches balance their knowledge about and of the environment in preparing their team for competition. Thus, the ability to recognise and retrieve critical information both before through video analysis and in-loco, during competition are vital to guide the team. Thus, developing these skills must be paramount in coach education courses in futsal.

ABSTRACT The article addresses the physical demands of amateur rugby, using global positioning system technology to analyze player performance during matches and training sessions. The results show that matches are more physically demanding than training, with greater distances covered, more sprints, and a higher number of impacts. However, training sessions adequately replicate accelerations and decelerations, although there are fewer physical contacts to avoid injuries. Additionally, an improvement in players’ aerobic capacity was observed after five weeks of training, highlighting the need to personalize training sessions to optimize individual performance.

ABSTRACT The current study aims to determine the effect of one-week tapering on the anaerobic potential of young swimmers based on a simple and non-invasive test. Twenty competitive young swimmers (12.83 ± 1.08 years) performed an all-out 25 m front crawl sprint coupled to an electromechanical speedometer before and after a week of taper. The variation of the velocity along time [v/(t) curves] was determined for each swimmer. The push-off maximum velocity, push-off velocity decay, maximum and average gliding velocity, maximum and average swimming velocity, fatigue index, swimming velocity decay, velocity variation coefficient, total number of cycles, and total swim time were calculated. An individual anaerobic fatigue threshold was determined by applying a mathematical procedure based on wavelet analysis to the aforementioned v/(t) curves. The number of upper limb cycles performed was registered using video. The blood lactate concentration was measured at rest and after the 25 m sprint. The swim duration time of 25 m (pre-taper: 17.91 ± 1.69; post-taper: 17.90 ± 2.18 s, p= .976) and the post-effort blood lactate (pre-taper: 4.92 ± .85 and post-taper: 4.77 ± 1.80 mmol/l, p= .780) did not change with the taper. The other variables also did not change, except for the velocity decay (-1.19 ± .94 vs. -.52 ± .21 m.s-1, p= .016). The moment of occurrence of the anaerobic fatigue threshold was no different after the taper. The one-week taper did not significantly change young swimmers’ anaerobic potential.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar eventuais relações existentes entre a prática desportiva de estudantes portugueses de uma escola considerada Território Educativo de Intervenção Prioritária e os seus níveis de desenvolvimento positivo de jovens e de responsabilidade pessoal e social. Participaram neste estudo 430 alunos, de ambos os sexos (45,6% do sexo feminino), com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 20 anos (M = 13,94 e DP = 2,61). Para avaliar o desenvolvimento positivo foi utilizado o questionário Positive Youth Development, versão portuguesa reduzida PYDp/red e para avaliar a responsabilidade pessoal e social foi utilizado o Questionário de Responsabilidade Pessoal e Social. Os resultados mostraram que, de uma forma geral, apenas 24,2% dos jovens praticavam desporto com mais regularidade e que, relativamente ao desenvolvimento positivo de jovens, os indivíduos do sexo feminino apresentavam níveis médios mais elevados na dimensão de Cuidado/atenção. Já no que concerne à dimensão Caráter, verificou-se que os jovens dos escalões mais velhos pareciam apresentar um maior respeito pelas regras, enquanto os do escalão mais novo apresentavam níveis médios mais elevados de Conexão. Constatou-se ainda que a perceção da responsabilidade social era mais elevada do que a da responsabilidade pessoal. Finalmente, foi evidente a existência de uma tendência no sentido de que, quanto mais anos de prática desportiva e frequência semanal, mais elevados eram os valores de desenvolvimento positivo de jovens e de responsabilidade pessoal e social.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the relationships between the sporting practice of Portuguese students from a school considered a Priority Intervention Educational Territory with their levels of positive youth development and personal and social responsibility. Four hundred and thirty students of both sexes (45.6% female), aged between 10 and 20 (M = 13.94 and SD = 2.61) participated in this study. To assess Positive Development, was used the PYDp/red questionnaire to assess Personal and Social Responsibility, the PSRQ questionnaire was used. The results showed that only 24.2% of young people practised sports more regularly. Regarding positive youth development, the results showed that female individuals had higher average levels in the Care/attention dimension. Regarding the Character dimension, it was verified that students in older groups seemed to show greater respect for the rules, while the younger ones showed higher average levels of Connection. Also was found that the perception of social responsibility was higher than that of personal responsibility. Finally, a trend was identified: the more years of sports practice and weekly frequency, the higher the positive youth development and personal and social responsibility values.

RESUMO Este estudo analisou as barreiras ao deslocamento ativo de adolescentes para a escola, de acordo com o sexo, zona de moradia e estatuto socioeconômico. As variáveis foram coletadas através de questionários (Neighborhood Impact on Kids e Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa). Participaram 1.431 estudantes, com idade entre 12 e 17 anos. As variáveis categóricas dicotomizadas foram analisadas por meio do teste do Qui-quadrado com intervalos de confiança de 95% e significância de p< 0,05. As principais barreiras para o deslocamento ativo reportadas foram: Na zona urbana: “o tempo é muito quente e transpiro muito” e “há muito trânsito”; na zona rural: “não existem calçadas ou ciclovias e “a escola fica longe”; moças da zona urbana: “a escola fica longe” e “há muito trânsito”; moças da zona rural: “o caminho era cansativo”; rapazes da zona rural: “o caminho não era bem iluminado”; estatuto socioeconômico: alunos de baixo estatuto socioeconômico da zona urbana e zona rural reportaram “a escola fica longe”. As principais barreiras ao deslocamento ativo referem-se ao clima quente, às escolas distantes, ao trânsito e ao ambiente construído, impactando principalmente escolares de baixo estatuto socioeconômico das duas zonas de moradia, demandando uma tomada de decisão dos entes políticos visando facilitar o deslocamento ativo dos adolescentes.

ABSTRACT This study analysed the barriers to active commuting to school among adolescents according to gender, residential area, and socioeconomic status. The variables were collected through questionnaires (Neighborhood Impact on Kids and Associação Brasileira de Empresas de Pesquisa). A total of 1,431 students aged between 12 and 17 participated. The dichotomized categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test with a 95% confidence interval and a significance level of p< .05. The main reported barriers to active commuting were: in the urban area: “the weather is very hot, and I sweat a lot” and “there is a lot of traffic”; in the rural area: “there are no sidewalks or bike paths” and “the school is far away”; urban area girls: “the school is far away” and “there is a lot of traffic”; rural area girls: “the route was tiring”; rural area boys: “the route was not well-lit”; socioeconomic status: low socioeconomic status students from urban area and rural area reported “the school is far away”. The main barriers to active commuting relate to hot weather, distant schools, traffic, and built environment, mainly impacting students with low socioeconomic status from both residential areas, requiring decision-making by policymakers to facilitate active commuting for adolescents.

RESUMO Os principais objetivos deste estudo são conhecer e comparar a influência parental na iniciação e manutenção da prática desportiva de diferentes desportos (atletismo, karaté, basquetebol, voleibol, futebol), de acordo com a perceção de treinadores de crianças e jovens. A recolha de dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os participantes deste estudo foram cinco treinadores (um do sexo feminino e quatro do sexo masculino) com idades entre 27 e 67 anos e com certificação de treinador de nível 2 a 4. Os principais resultados estão divididos em quatro dimensões (social, económica, psicológica, pedagógica). A socialização está presente em todos os desportos abordados. O estatuto socioeconómico dos pais é influenciador nos desportos individuais. Os pais influenciam na iniciação e manutenção da prática desportiva, sendo os principais informadores de dificuldades dos atletas, ou, os pais podem ser influenciadores negativos quando procuram tornar os seus filhos atletas de rendimento, alterando assim o seu estado psicológico. Os desportos coletivos possuem intervenções pedagógicas com regras importantes, sendo os pais muitas vezes uma barreira na aplicação das mesmas.

ABSTRACT The main objectives of this study are to determine the parental influences on the adherence and maintenance of different sports participation (athletics, karate, basketball, volleyball, football), according to the perception of coaches of children and young people. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. Participants were five coaches (one female and four male) aged between 27 and 67 years old and with sports degrees between level 2 and level 4. The main results are divided into four dimensions (social, economic, psychological, pedagogical). Socialization is present in all the sports covered. The parents’ socioeconomic status is an influence on individual sports. Parents influence the initiation and maintenance of sports practice, being the main informants of athletes’ difficulties, or parents can be negative influencers trying to make their children performance athletes by changing their psychological state. Team sports have pedagogical interventions with important rules, and parents are often a barrier in their application.

RESUMEN La nueva era tecnológica ha generado un notable aumento en el tiempo dedicado por los adolescentes al uso de tecnologías. El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en analizar el lugar y tiempo dedicado que los estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria hacen uso de internet, videojuegos, teléfono móvil y televisión, teniendo en cuenta el curso y el género, e identificando las características de las conductas problemáticas asociadas al uso de la tecnología según el género. Participaron 388 estudiantes (51,8% chicos, 48,2% chicas) de entre 12 y 18 años (M = 14,37), provenientes de dos centros educativos ubicados en la provincia de Sevilla, quienes contestaron al cuestionario de Uso Problemático de Nuevas Tecnologías. El enfoque de estudio fue descriptivo, relacional y corte transversal. Los resultados mostraron que los adolescentes prefieren usar las nuevas tecnologías en el hogar. Los chicos dedican más tiempo diario y semanal a los videojuegos, mientras que las chicas al móvil. Los estudiantes de primer curso usan menos internet y móvil que los de tercero y cuarto. Las chicas tienen más dificultad para desconectarse de internet y el móvil, mientras que los chicos se relajan más y dedican más tiempo a los videojuegos.

ABSTRACT The new technological era has generated a notable increase in the time dedicated by adolescents to using technologies. The objective of this research was to analyze the place and time spent by Compulsory Secondary Education students using the Internet, video games, mobile phones and television, taking into account the course and gender, and identifying the characteristics of the problematic behaviors associated with the use of technology according to gender. 388 students participated (51.8% boys, 48.2% girls) between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.37), from two educational centers located in the province of Seville, who answered the Questionnaire on Problematic Use of New Technologies. The study approach was descriptive, relational and cross-sectional. The results showed that adolescents prefer to use new technologies at home. Boys spend more time daily and weekly playing video games, while girls spend more time on mobile phones. First-year students use the internet and mobile phones less than third- and fourth-year students. Girls have more difficulty disconnecting from the internet and mobile phones, while boys relax more and spend more time playing video games.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to compare physical activity, sedentary behavior, and general health status pre-diagnosis and post-recovery in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19; to assess the influence of COVID-19 signals, symptoms, and clinical outcomes on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and general health status in adults and older adults. A total of 509 individuals (≥ 18 years) diagnosed with COVID-19 between March 2020 and February 2021 in Ribeirão Preto/SP were evaluated. The short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess physical activity and sedentary behavior, and the “profile of people diagnosed with COVID-19” questionnaire was used to self-report general health status. Data were collected via telephone regarding the week before the COVID-19 diagnosis (pre-diagnosis) and during the interview (post-recovery). There was a significant reduction in physical activity in adults and older adults (p < .001) post-recovery. Sedentary behavior increased in adults (p = .021). General health status worsened in both adults and older adults (p < .001). Symptoms such as runny nose, sore throat, and muscle pain affected physical activity; respiratory difficulty and the need for oxygen support negatively influenced sedentary behavior. Sore throat, fatigue/tiredness, and muscle pain affected general health status in adults and older adults. COVID-19 signals and symptoms negatively influenced physical activity, sedentary behavior, and general health status.

RESUMEN Este estudio examina el impacto de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación en adolescentes andaluces, enfocándose en diferencias según el contexto urbano o rural. El objetivo es analizar la frecuencia del uso de internet, móviles, videojuegos y televisión en estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria según género y centro, identificando posibles desigualdades en función del entorno de residencia. Participaron 388 estudiantes de 12 a 18 años (M = 14,37) de dos centros en Sevilla, uno ubicado en zona rural y otro en zona urbana, con 51,8% hombres y 48,2% mujeres, quienes completaron el cuestionario sobre el Uso Problemático de Nuevas Tecnologías. Este estudio sigue un enfoque cuantitativo con un diseño transversal, descriptivo, relacional y comparativo. Los resultados revelaron que, aunque el uso de medios tecnológicos es similar en ambos centros, los estudiantes de la zona urbana usan más los videojuegos que los de la zona rural, probablemente por mayor acceso a tecnología en el entorno urbano. Por otro lado, las mujeres muestran patrones similares de uso en ambos tipos de contexto. El uso de internet, móviles y televisión es uniforme y no existiendo diferencias significativas entre géneros ni ubicación.

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of Information and Communication Technologies on Andalusian adolescents, focusing on differences depending on the urban or rural context. The objective is to analyse the frequency of Internet use, mobile phones, video games and television in Compulsory Secondary Education students according to gender and school, identifying possible inequalities depending on the residential environment. Three hundred eighty-eight students aged 12 to 18 years (M = 14.37) from two centers in Seville participated, one located in a rural area and the other in an urban area, with 51.8% men and 48.2% women, who completed the Problematic Use of New Technologies questionnaire. This study follows a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional, descriptive, relational and comparative design. The results revealed that, although the use of technological media is similar in both schools, students from urban areas use video games more than those from rural areas, probably due to greater access to technology in urban environments. On the other hand, women show similar usage patterns in both types of context. The use of the Internet, mobile phones and television is uniform, and there are no significant differences between genders or location.

RESUMEN La retirada deportiva es algo inherente al deporte profesional. El balonmano es un deporte minoritario en el que la mayoría de los deportistas tienen que continuar su vida laboral fuera del deporte una vez retirados de este. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar cómo influye la edad en las distintas variables que inciden en el proceso de retirada deportiva. La muestra está compuesta por 95 jugadores profesionales de balonmano, todos varones, ex militantes de la liga ASOBAL y retirados en los últimos 10 años. Se les ha administrado un cuestionario validado. Para analizar los resultados que arroja el cuestionario se ha llevado a cabo un estudio descriptivo, relacional y transversal. La edad de retirada está muy polarizada dependiendo de la variable a la que se haga referencia. Las variables nivel de estudios y situación profesional no tienen relación significativa con la edad de retirada, sin embargo, el estado civil y la descendencia están relacionadas significativamente.

ABSTRACT Sports retirement is something inherent to professional sports. Handball is a minority sport in which the most athletes have to continue their working life outside of the sport once they retire from it. The objective of this study was to analyze how age influences the different variables that affect the sports retirement process. The sample is made up of 95 professional handball players, all men, former members of the ASOBAL league and retired in the last 10 years. They have been administered a validated questionnaire. To analyze the results obtained from the questionnaire, a descriptive, relational and transversal study has been carried out. The retirement age is very polarized depending on the variable referred to. The variables level of education and professional status have no significant relationship with retirement age, however, marital status and offspring are significantly related.

RESUMO Este estudo investigou os desafios e dificuldades enfrentadas pelos treinadores ao transmitir valores educativos do desporto e as suas estratégias para lidar com a falta desses valores nos seus jovens atletas. A amostra incluiu quatro treinadores de crianças e jovens do género masculino, com idades entre os 44 e 46 anos, e entre 5 e 20 anos dedicados ao treino de crianças e jovens. Conduziram-se entrevistas anónimas semiestruturadas de interação verbal, com o apoio de um guião. Os principais resultados indicam que os treinadores muitas vezes lutam contra a realidade atual dos pais dos atletas, que priorizam a competição acima de tudo e não transmitem os valores fundamentais aos seus filhos, e enfrentam o uso crescente da tecnologia para transmitir valores desportivos que nem sempre correspondem aos desejados. As principais estratégias identificadas para combater a falta de valores incluem promover o respeito, usar os valores corretos diariamente e incentivar a igualdade. Conclui-se que a família dos atletas influencia significativamente na sua prática desportiva e na transmissão dos valores desportivos, e que os treinadores enfrentam o desafio de os pais ou a família dos atletas nem sempre terem uma atuação pedagógica.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the challenges and difficulties coaches face when transmitting educational values of sport and their strategies to promote these values in their athletes. The sample included four male coaches of children and young people, aged between 44 and 46, with 5 to 20 years dedicated to youth sports training. Semi-structured anonymous interviews of verbal interaction were conducted, with the support of a script. The main results indicate that coaches often struggle with the current reality of athletes’ parents, who prioritize competition above all and do not transmit fundamental values to their children but also face the increasing use of technology to transmit sporting values that do not always correspond to those desired. Key strategies identified to promote sport values include promoting respect, using the appropriate values on a daily basis and encouraging equality. It is concluded that the athletes’ family significantly influences their sporting practice and the transmission of sports values, and that coaches face the challenge of the athletes’ parents or family not always having pedagogical behaviour.

RESUMEN Todos los deportistas profesionales tienen que enfrentarse a la retirada del deporte profesional al menos una vez en la vida. El balonmano es un deporte minoritario en el que la mayoría de los deportistas tienen que continuar su vida laboral fuera del deporte una vez retirados de este. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar cómo influyen los motivos de la retirada en variables como; el nivel de estudios, la situación profesional, el estado civil, el número de hijos y la voluntariedad de retirarse en el proceso de retirada deportiva. La muestra está compuesta por 95 jugadores profesionales de balonmano, 100% varones, retirados en los últimos 10 años en la liga española de balonmano, Liga ASOBAL. Se les ha administrado un cuestionario validado. Para analizar los resultados que arroja el cuestionario se ha llevado a cabo un estudio descriptivo, relacional y transversal. Los motivos laborales son los que más influyen en la retirada de los jugadores profesionales de balonmano. La planificación y anticipación adecuada a este episodio es un factor fundamental para obtener un resultado exitoso.

ABSTRACT All professional athletes have to face retirement from professional sports at least once in their lives. Handball is a minority sport, and the majority of athletes have to continue their working life outside of the sport once they retire. The objective of this work was to analyse how the reasons for withdrawal influence variables such as the level of education, professional situation, marital status, number of children and the voluntariness of retiring in the sports retirement process. The sample comprises 95 professional handball players, 100% male, who retired in the last 10 years in the Spanish handball league, Liga ASOBAL. They have been administered a validated questionnaire. A descriptive, relational and transversal study has been carried out to analyse the results obtained from the questionnaire. Work reasons are the ones that most influence the withdrawal of professional handball players. Adequate planning and anticipation of this episode are fundamental factors in obtaining a successful result.

ABSTRACT The consumption of dietary supplements (DS) has increased considerably, and despite the potential performance benefits, the occurrence of contaminated DS exposes athletes to risks in doping controls. This study aimed to analyse DS consumption among Brazilian athletes from the Olympic and Paralympic disciplines, considering gender, the consumption period (in or out of competition), and the number of supplements reported as consumed from 2015 to 2022. To this end, all Doping Control Forms within the aforementioned period were reviewed. DS consumption had a prevalence of 71.54%, with a result of 4.47± 3.35 (mean± SD) among these athletes. Women reported higher usage than men. The number of DS consumed was higher in the Olympic years. Additionally, while out-of-competition consumption was less prevalent, it involved a greater number of DS. Excessive DS consumption was evident, with 7.68% reporting the use of more than 10 DS (among those athletes who use at least one DS). No significant differences were observed between Olympic and Paralympic athletes. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted educational strategies to promote the responsible use of DS, reduce doping risks, and encourage further research to explore gender-specific consumption patterns and variations across competition periods.

RESUMO A atividade física insuficiente e o comportamento sedentário podem repercutir nos níveis de saúde percebidos, que representa um importante marcador da ocorrência de morbidades e mortalidade precoce. Objetivou-se estimar a prevalência e as associações diretas, bem como a consideração de possíveis efeitos moderadores das características sociodemográficas e comportamentais, entre atividade física e tempo sentado com a autoavaliação negativa de saúde, de acordo com o gênero, em adolescentes brasileiros. Este é um estudo transversal com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE) de 2019. O desfecho foi a autoavaliação negativa de saúde. As variáveis independentes foram a atividade física e o tempo sentado. A medida de associação empregada foram as Razões de Prevalências (RP), complementadas pelos valores de intervalo de confiança a 95% (IC95%). As prevalências de autoavaliação negativa da saúde foram de 2,8 (IC95% 2,4-3,3) e 5,8% (IC95% 5,1-6,5) entre rapazes e moças, respectivamente. As prevalências de autoavaliação negativa de saúde nas adolescentes brasileiras foram 1,5 vezes maiores para aquelas com elevado tempo sentado. Adolescentes do sexo masculino mais jovens com tempo sentado ≥ 3 horas/dia, apresentaram prevalências 2,64 (IC95% 1,38-5,05) vezes maiores de autoavaliação negativa de saúde. Conclui-se que moças foram mais propensas a autoavaliação negativa de saúde. Nos rapazes, a idade influenciou a associação do comportamento sedentário com o nível de saúde percebida.

ABSTRACT Insufficient physical activity and sedentary behaviour can impact perceived health levels, which are important markers for the occurrence of morbidities and early mortality. The aim was to estimate the prevalence and direct associations, as well as to consider possible moderating effects of sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics, between physical activity and sitting time with negative self-assessment of health, according to gender, in Brazilian adolescents. This cross-sectional study uses data from the 2019 National School Health Survey (PeNSE). The outcome was negative self-assessment of health. The independent variables were physical activity and sitting time. The association measure employed was Prevalence Ratios (PR), supplemented by 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). The prevalences of negative self-assessment of health were 2.8 (95%CI 2.4-3.3) and 5.8% (95%CI 5.1-6.5) among boys and girls, respectively. The prevalence of negative self-assessment of health in Brazilian adolescent girls was 1.5 times higher for those with high sitting time. Younger male adolescents with sitting time ≥ 3 hours/day had 2.64 (95%CI 1.38-5.05) times higher prevalence of negative self-assessment of health. It is concluded that girls were more prone to negative self-assessment of health. Age influenced the association between sedentary behaviour and perceived health level in boys.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar fatores sociodemográficos, de vínculo universitário e de estilo de vida associados às mudanças na prática de atividade física durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em universitários brasileiros. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 1.151 universitários da Universidade Estácio de Sá, Brasil. Fatores relacionados à variável dependente “prática de atividade física moderada” foram analisados via Odds Ratio e intervalo de confiança a 95% por regressão logística multinomial. 35,5% dos universitários relataram aumento da prática e 25,7% relataram redução. Houve maiores chances de redução entre homens, estudantes diurnos, menos estressados para sair de casa e que monitoravam a pressão arterial. Estudantes cursando até três disciplinas tiveram menos chances de redução. Aumentos na prática foram influenciados pelo sexo masculino, residência na capital, cursos na área da Saúde, estudo diurno, redução do comportamento sedentário e monitoramento da pressão arterial. Menor chance de aumento ocorreu em estudantes que mantiveram ou aumentaram o distanciamento físico em ambientes abertos. Fatores sociodemográficos, de vínculo universitário e comportamentos relacionados à saúde se associaram à redução e ao aumento na prática de atividade física.

ABSTRACT The present research aimed to analyse sociodemographic, university affiliation, and lifestyle factors associated with changes in physical activity among Brazilian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study with 1,151 students from Estácio de Sá University, Brazil. Factors related to the dependent variable “moderate physical activity” were analysed using Odds Ratio and 95% confidence intervals through multinomial logistic regression. 35.5% of the students reported an increase in physical activity, while 25.7% reported a decrease. There was a higher likelihood of a decrease among men, daytime students, those less stressed about leaving home, and those who monitored their blood pressure. Students taking up to three courses were less likely to reduce their physical activity. Increases in physical activity were influenced by being male, residing in the capital, studying in health-related courses, doing the daytime study, reducing sedentary behaviour, and monitoring blood pressure. A lower chance of increase occurred among students who maintained or increased physical distancing in open spaces. Sociodemographic factors, university affiliation, and health-related behaviours were associated with both reductions and increases in physical activity.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and validate the Transparency Index, a tool designed to measure transparency and integrity within sports organisations. The index comprises 15 items across three domains: governance, operational practices, and financial transparency. After expert review, the index underwent content validation and statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics revealed items ranging from 0.02 to 0.88 and standard deviations from 0.14 to 0.5. Reliability analysis showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.72 for the full index), which improved to 0.74 after removing items 9 and 10 due to their low inter-item correlations. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a four-factor solution, accounting for 56.53% of the variance, with factors representing governance, financial transparency, diversity policies, and collaboration with partners. The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences between institutional levels (H = 63.29, p < .01), with World and National Federations demonstrating higher transparency scores than Regional Associations. No significant differences were found between evaluators, indicating consistency in scoring. These findings underscore the need for tailored transparency policies across different sports governance levels. The Transparency Index demonstrates potential as a valid and reliable tool for evaluating organisational transparency, with promising applications for enhancing governance practices in sports organisations. Further research is recommended to apply the Transparency Index to a broader sample and refine its dimensions.

ABSTRACT The consumption of psychoactive substances by university students is a subject that has been gaining more and more attention in the literature. However, there is still a lot of disagreement on this subject. This study aims to relate the impact of substance consumption habits (alcohol, tobacco and other psychoactive substances) with self-esteem and psychological well-being in university students, in order to gain a better understanding of this issue. This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, quantitative, correlational study with a quasi-experimental design. The sample consisted of 460 university students aged between 18 and 66 with internet access. Of these participants, 299 were female and 158 were male. The instruments used were a Sociodemographic Questionnaire, the Scale for the measurement of Manifestation of Psychological Well-being (EMMBEP) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RAS). The results showed no statistically significant differences in terms of self-esteem and psychological well-being according to substance use. In addition, only the consumption of other psychoactive substances was significantly higher in male participants than in female participants.

RESUMO Nos últimos tempos os Jogos Paralímpicos têm vindo a demonstrar que a sociedade valoriza o desporto adaptado. Porém, tem-se assistido a um crescente número de escândalos, corrupção e meios ilícitos para alcançar o sucesso, o que demonstra que este contexto também não é imune aos atropelos à ética desportiva. Assim, este estudo pretendeu identificar as representações que atletas portugueses têm acerca da ética no desporto paralímpico, e assim identificar os valores que defendem, e conhecer os desafios que são colocados para a salvaguarda da ética neste contexto. Participaram no estudo 7 atletas portugueses paralímpicos, os quais tiveram pelo menos uma participação numa das edições dos Jogos Paralímpicos. O instrumento utilizado foi a entrevista semiestruturada e os dados obtidos foram tratados com o recurso à técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos apurar duas grandes dimensões de análise. A primeira diz respeito ao conceito de ética no desporto paralímpico, a qual se materializa num conjunto de valores éticos essenciais, tais como o respeito e o comportamento íntegro. A segunda dimensão remete para um conjunto de representações que procuram corporizar os desafios éticos que o desporto paralímpico enfrenta. Entre eles salientam-se a classificação desportiva e os comportamentos antiéticos, nomeadamente o uso do doping.

ABSTRACT In recent times, the Paralympic Games have been demonstrating that society values adapted sports. However, there has been a growing number of scandals, corruption, and illicit means to achieve success, which shows that this context is not immune to violations of sports ethics. Thus, this study aimed to identify the representations that Portuguese athletes have regarding ethics in Paralympic sports, to identify the values they uphold, and to understand the challenges posed to the safeguarding of ethics in this context. The study involved 7 Portuguese Paralympic athletes, all of whom had participated at least once in one of the editions of the Paralympic Games. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview, and the data obtained were analysed using the content analysis technique. The results allow us to determine two major dimensions of analysis. The first pertains to the concept of ethics in Paralympic sports, which materialises in a set of essential ethical values, such as respect and integrity. The second dimension refers to a set of representations that seek to embody the ethical challenges faced by Paralympic sports. Among them, notable issues include sports classification and unethical behaviours, particularly doping.

ABSTRACT Athletes, especially footballers, frequently use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and other medications. However, limited research on prolonged usage exists, particularly among Brazilian athletes. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of NSAIDs and analgesics in Brazilian footballers, comparing their use with that of athletes from Olympic and Paralympic sports, considering sex, competition period (in or out-of-competition), and sport type (contact or non-contact). An observational study analyzed 8,997 Doping Control Forms from 2021 and 2022, managed by the Brazilian National Anti-Doping Organization. Data such as sport, sex, collection period, and self-reported medication use in the preceding week were extracted. Medications were categorized into five groups: no medication, non-selective NSAIDs, selective NSAIDs (Cox-2), analgesics/myorelaxants, and paracetamol/dipyrone. χ2 tests compared athlete groups, medication use, sex, sport, and test period at a 95% significance level. Results showed higher NSAID usage among footballers compared to Olympic and Paralympic athletes and athletes in contact and non-contact sports. In-competition periods were a significant factor, with footballers showing increased NSAID use compared to other athletes.

RESUMO O estudo investiga os benefícios de um jardim terapêutico na saúde e bem-estar de pacientes com doença mental num hospital de dia. A investigação foi conduzida entre março de 2019 e junho de 2020, tendo sido desenvolvida em três fases distintas, a construção e intervenção no jardim terapêutico, e a preparação e aplicação de entrevistas a profissionais de saúde. Quinzeutentes, diagnosticados com esquizofrenia, depressão profunda e perturbação obsessivo-compulsiva, frequentaram o jardim regularmente. Os resultados demonstram múltiplos benefícios terapêuticos, incluindo: aumento da responsabilidade e cumprimento de regras, melhoria da socialização, redução do stress e ansiedade, facilitação da expressão emocional, estimulação sensorial e física, redução do consumo de tabaco e diminuição dos reinternamentos psiquiátricos. O jardim promoveu o relaxamento e o desenvolvimento de rotinas mais estruturadas, contribuindo para a reabilitação dos utentes. A investigação reforça a eficácia dos jardins terapêuticos como abordagem complementar no tratamento da doença mental, destacando o seu impacto positivo na qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

ABSTRACT This study investigates the benefits of a therapeutic garden on the health and well-being of patients with mental illness in a day care hospital. The research was conducted between March 2019 and June 2020. It was developed in three distinct phases: the construction and intervention in the therapeutic garden, and the preparation and application of interviews with healthcare professionals. Fifteen users, diagnosed with schizophrenia, major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder, attended the garden regularly. The results show multiple therapeutic benefits, including increased responsibility and compliance with rules, improved socialisation, reduced stress and anxiety, facilitated emotional expression, sensory and physical stimulation, reduced smoking and fewer psychiatric readmissions. The garden promoted relaxation and the development of more structured routines, contributing to the users’ rehabilitation. The research reinforces the effectiveness of therapeutic gardens as a complementary approach to treating mental illness, highlighting their positive impact on patients’ quality of life.

RESUMO A qualidade de vida da mulher pode ser profundamente impactada pelo prolapso dos órgãos pélvicos, provocando desconforto, incontinência urinária e dificuldades nas atividades diárias. Estas condições afetam a saúde física, o bem-estar emocional e social, levando a sentimentos de vergonha, ansiedade e isolamento. Desenvolvemos um estudo descritivo-correlacional, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa, com o objetivo de avaliar, a qualidade de vida geral da mulher, os domínios mais afetados e variáveis sociodemográficas que mostram ter relação com a perceção da mulher acerca da sua qualidade de vida. Para avaliação da qualidade de vida, utilizou-se o Questionário Australiano sobre Pavimento Pélvico (QASPP). Os resultados das 51 mulheres participantes mostram que, a qualidade de vida geral percecionada, é razoável ou mesmo boa, tendo em conta a média (M = 12,13), os domínios mais afetados foram, “Sintomas do prolapso” (M = 3,60), e “Função sexual” (M = 3,38); a idade e a paridade são fatores de risco significativos para a qualidade de vida da mulher. Conclui-se com a necessidade de abordagens multidimensionais que tratem tanto aspetos físicos como emocionais, com empoderamento da mulher para uma melhor gestão da sintomatologia no seu dia-a-dia e consequentemente uma melhoria na perceção da sua qualidade de vida.

ABSTRACT A woman’s quality of life can be profoundly impacted by pelvic organ prolapse, causing discomfort, urinary incontinence and difficulties in daily activities. These conditions affect physical health, emotional and social well-being, leading to feelings of shame, anxiety and isolation. We carried out a descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, with the aim of assessing women’s overall quality of life, the domains most affected and sociodemographic variables that have been shown to be related to women’s perception of their quality of life. The Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire (QASPP) was used to assess quality of life. The results of the 51 women who took part show that the overall perceived quality of life is reasonable or even good, taking into account the average (M = 12.13), the most affected domains were ‘Prolapse symptoms’ (M = 3.60), and ‘Sexual function’ (M = 3.38); age and parity are significant risk factors for women’s quality of life. The conclusion is that there is a need for multidimensional approaches that address both physical and emotional aspects, empowering women to better manage symptoms in their daily lives and consequently improving their perceived quality of life.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e comparar as características de 3 diferentes sessões de treino de um microciclo de uma equipe masculina de polo aquático de alto rendimento em nível nacional com base nas zonas de intensidade da Frequência Cardíaca (FC) e nas cargas internas e externas. 10 atletas foram monitorados durante 3 sessões: a primeira e a última do microciclo e um jogo-treino. Cada atleta teve a FC monitorada por meio de cardiofrequencímetro. A carga interna foi obtida pela Escala de Percepção Subjetiva de Esforço da sessão (PSEs) e pelo método Training Impulse (TRIMP), enquanto a carga externa foi quantificada pelo volume total nadado e a intensidade programada do treinamento. Os resultados apontaram a sessão 1 com PSEs 400 ± 111 e TRIMP 159 ± 76, a sessão 2 com PSEs 708 ± 79,9 e TRIMP 88 ± 44,3, e o jogo treino com PSEs 71 ± 0 e TRIMP 41 ± 23. Os resultados evidenciaram que a carga externa específica de cada sessão de treino pode gerar percepções de carga interna diferentes. Além disso, a sequência das sessões de treino em um microciclo pode resultar no acúmulo de carga interna durante o treinamento.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe and compare the characteristics of 3 different training sessions from a microcycle of a high-performance male water polo team at the national level based on the Heart Rate (HR) intensity zones and the internal and external training loads. A total of 10 athletes were monitored during 3 sessions: the first and last of the microcycle and a practice match. Each athlete’s HR was monitored using a heart rate monitor. Internal load was assessed using the session’s Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPEs) and the Training Impulse (TRIMP) method, while external load was quantified by the total distance swum and the planned training intensity. Results indicated RPEs 400 ± 111 and TRIMP 159 ± 76 in session 1, RPEs 708 ± 79.9 and TRIMP 88 ± 44.3 in session 2, and RPEs 71 ± 0 and TRIMP 41 ± 23 in the practice match. The results highlighted that the specific external load of each training session may elicit different perceptions of internal load. Additionally, the sequence of training sessions within a microcycle can lead to the accumulation of internal load throughout the training period.

ABSTRACT Basketball is a dynamic team sport characterised by intense, strategic play that requires high-intensity activities such as sprinting, jumping, and changing direction. Proper warm-up (WU) routines are crucial for improving athletic performance and adapting to the game’s physical demands. This study evaluates the WU practices of Portuguese basketball coaches and their adherence to evidence-based guidelines. A cross-sectional survey of 158 Portuguese basketball coaches was conducted to analyse the relationships between their WU and re-warm-up (RWU) strategies and the coached competition. Significant associations in WU were found among coaches of youth competitions and performance competitions, especially in WU volume, but no significant associations were found regarding in-game or halftime RWU strategies. This study shows that coaches in performance contexts tend to use more comprehensive WU strategies. However, there is a need for increased practice of RWU routines by the coaches of youth and performance competitions to optimise player performance.

RESUMEN La especialización y la descentralización de la actividad deportiva en España ha experimentado un progreso constante en las últimas décadas, actualmente existe una amplia variedad de deportes que se pueden practicar. Además, dependiendo de las características geográficas de cada zona se potencian diferentes deportes. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es identificar los deportes más practicados en la población de Osuna (Sevilla), así como mostrar la relación de estos deportes con las características sociodemográficas de los sujetos. La muestra asciende a 405 personas de la población de Osuna (Sevilla), de los cuales, 241 son mujeres (60%) y 164 hombres (40%). Los participantes han cumplimentado el cuestionario “Hábitos y Actitudes de la Población Andaluza hacia el Deporte” publicado por la Consejería de Turismo, Cultura y Deporte de la Junta de Andalucía. Los resultados muestran que existen tres prácticas deportivas que destacan por encima del resto: la gimnasia de mantenimiento, el pádel y la carrera a pie. Además, un porcentaje importante de los encuestados también han afirmado realizar otros deportes. Los hombres son más propensos a practicar el pádel, el fútbol, fútbol 7 y el fútbol sala, mientras que las mujeres tienden a realizar en mayor medida el senderismo y la gimnasia de mantenimiento. Este estudio puede establecer indicadores y planes de actuación para incrementar la práctica deportiva en la población.

ABSTRACT The specialization and decentralization of sporting activity in Spain has experienced constant progress in recent decades; currently there is a wide variety of sports that can be practiced. Furthermore, depending on the geographical characteristics of each area, different sports are promoted. The main objective of this research is to identify the sports most practiced in the population of Osuna (Seville), as well as to show the relationship of these sports with the sociodemographic characteristics of the subjects. The sample amounts to 405 people from the population of Osuna (Seville), of which 241 are women (60%) and 164 men (40%). The participants have completed the questionnaire “Habits and Attitudes of the Andalusian Population towards Sports” published by the Department of Tourism, Culture and Sports of the Government of Andalusia. The results show that there are three sports practices that stand out above the rest: maintenance gymnastics, paddle tennis and running. In addition, a significant percentage of those surveyed have also stated that they practice other sports. Men are more likely to practice paddle tennis, soccer, 7-a-side soccer and indoor soccer, while women tend to do hiking and maintenance gymnastics to a greater extent. This study can establish indicators and action plans to increase sports practice in the population.

ABSTRACT Soccer is an intermittent sport characterised by frequent high-intensity actions, with performance varying based on the competition or tournament. This study aimed to compare the activity profiles of professional soccer players in a cup match versus a league match. Data were collected from two official matches played by a professional team from Brazil’s Serie B Men’s Championship during the 2018 season, in which the team participated in regional and national competitions organised by the Brazilian Football Confederation while maintaining regular training routines. The main variables analysed included total distance covered, high-speed running distance, number of sprints, accelerations, and decelerations. The results showed no significant differences in most variables, including heart rate, total distance covered, and number of sprints between the two match types. However, there was a significant reduction in the number of accelerations during the league match compared to the cup match. These findings suggest that league tournaments may feature fewer accelerations compared to cup matches, which could impact players’ physical demands and tactical preparation. Understanding these differences can help coaches optimise training and game strategies tailored to the specific demands of each competition type.

RESUMO A Constituição Federal Brasileira estabelece que as universidades devem adotar o princípio da indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão, o chamado Tripé Universitário, essencial para definir o papel dessas instituições na sociedade. Esse princípio busca ampliar o impacto do ensino superior, integrando teoria e prática com foco no aperfeiçoamento coletivo. Este projeto analisa a extensão universitária no curso de Direito de uma instituição no Ceará, através de um estudo qualitativo exploratório, utilizando observação, entrevistas estruturadas e diários de campo. Foram entrevistados dez participantes (n = 10), incluindo gestores, professores e alunos envolvidos em ações de extensão. Apesar de o fluxo de conhecimento ser comumente transferido da universidade para a sociedade, há necessidade de uma relação mais dialógica. Para os professores, a extensão oferece aprendizado prático, mas precisa incentivar uma colaboração crítica. A curricularização da extensão é uma mudança epistemológica, e a pesquisa destaca a integração entre pesquisa e extensão, exemplificada na pesquisa-ação.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Federal Constitution establishes that universities must adopt the principle of inseparability between teaching, research and extension, the so-called University Tripod, which is essential for defining the role of these institutions in society. This principle seeks to broaden the impact of higher education, integrating theory and practice with a focus on collective improvement. Through an exploratory qualitative study, this project analyses university extension in the Law course of an institution in Ceará, using observation, structured interviews and field diaries. Ten participants (n = 10) were interviewed, including managers, teachers and students involved in extension activities. Although the flow of knowledge is mostly from the university to society, there is a need for a more dialogical relationship. For teachers, extension offers practical learning, but needs to encourage critical collaboration. The curricularization of extension is an epistemological change, and the research highlights the integration between research and extension, exemplified in action research.

RESUMO A insuficiência renal e a consequente necessidade de tratamento dialítico têm largo impacto na qualidade de vida do doente, podendo colocar em causa a sua vida profissional e familiar. Fizemos um Estudo descritivo-correlacional, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa com o objetivo de avaliar o impacto das variáveis sociodemográficas na qualidade de vida das pessoas com insuficiência renal crónica. A amostra foi constituída por 30 doentes de um hospital da região norte que frequentaram a consulta de rotina da hemodiálise e diálise peritoneal, aos quais foi aplicado o questionário MOS SF-36. Os principais resultados indicam que os doentes revelaram uma perceção mais positiva da sua qualidade de vida ao nível do funcionamento social, saúde mental, saúde geral e vitalidade, com uma perceção mais baixa do funcionamento físico O sexo, a idade e as habilitações literárias apresentam relevância estatisticamente significativa para a qualidade de vida. É fundamental arranjar estratégias que possam melhorar qualidade de vida da pessoa com insuficiência renal.

ABSTRACT Kidney failure and the consequent need for dialysis treatment have a major impact on the patient’s quality of life and can jeopardise their professional and family life. We carried out a descriptive-correlational, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach with the aim of assessing the impact of sociodemographic variables on the quality of life of people with chronic kidney failure. The sample consisted of 30 patients from a hospital in the northern region who attended routine haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis appointments and were given the MOS SF-36 questionnaire. The main results indicate that the patients had a more positive perception of their quality of life in terms of social functioning, mental health, general health and vitality, with a lower perception of physical functioning. Gender, age, and educational qualifications were statistically significant factors in quality of life. It is essential to find strategies that can improve the quality of life of people with kidney failure.

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the impact of coach encouragement feedback circuit training (CEFCT) on the level of fitness, grit, and technical performance of youth sepak takraw athletes. A randomised control trial (RCT) design during 8 weeks was adopted. There were 80 young male sepak takraw athletes allocated into two groups: the CEFCT group (n = 40, 17.4 ± 1.22 years) and the control group (CG, n = 40, 17.5 ± 1.24 years). Paired sample t-test showed significant differences in fitness, grit and technical performance in CEFCT (all, p < .05) and CG (all, p < .05) from pre-test until post-test. In the 2-way ANOVA repeated measures test, we observed a significant time effect on physical fitness (all p < .05), along with a group effect (p < .05); however, there was no effect on the CMJ parameter (p > .05). Moreover, there was an interaction time * group in some parameters (p < .05), but it was not found in 10-mST (p > .05). At the same time, we found a time effect on grit (all, p < .05), but no difference in the group effect (all, p > .05). Furthermore, there was a time * group interaction on grit-maintaining interest (MI) (p < 005), but it was not found in grit-continuing efforts (CE) (p > .05). Finally, we found that there was an effect of time (all, p < .05) simultaneously with group (all, p < .05), but there was no time * group interaction (all, p > .05). The coach must apply encouragement during the circuit to increase the level of physical fitness, grit and technical performance of youth sepak takraw athletes.

RESUMO Nos últimos anos, as doenças psicossomáticas têm se tornado cada vez mais frequentes nas diversas áreas profissionais, gerando crescente preocupação na sociedade. Dentre essas doenças, destaca-se a Síndrome de Burnout, que será o foco deste estudo. A Síndrome de Burnout pode ser definida como uma resposta ao estresse crônico experimentado por indivíduos cujas profissões exigem interação constante com outras pessoas, caracterizando-se como um esgotamento físico e emocional relacionado ao trabalho. Embora compartilhe semelhanças com outras condições psicossomáticas, a Síndrome de Burnout é exclusiva do contexto laboral, sendo tratada por meio da modificação do estilo de vida e das condições de trabalho, aliados ao suporte psicológico. Em casos mais graves, o tratamento pode exigir acompanhamento psiquiátrico e o uso de medicamentos. Este estudo qualitativo visa explorar as manifestações da Síndrome de Burnout, com o objetivo de contribuir para a compreensão de gestores e administradores sobre as necessidades de apoio dos colaboradores que enfrentam essa condição no ambiente de trabalho, além de fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas práticas sobre o tema. A partir dos relatos analisados, observou-se que as organizações, muitas vezes, não reconhecem as manifestações da Síndrome de Burnout, o que dificulta a assistência adequada aos funcionários afetados. Os trabalhadores mais propensos a desenvolver a síndrome são aqueles altamente motivados pelo compromisso organizacional, que se dedicam intensamente ao seu trabalho.

ABSTRACT In recent years, psychosomatic illnesses have become increasingly frequent in various professional areas, generating growing concern in society. Among these illnesses is Burnout Syndrome, which will be the focus of this study. Burnout Syndrome can be defined as a response to chronic stress experienced by individuals whose professions require constant interaction with other people, and is characterised as work-related physical and emotional exhaustion. Although it shares similarities with other psychosomatic conditions, Burnout Syndrome is exclusive to the labour context and is treated by modifying lifestyle and working conditions, combined with psychological support. In more serious cases, treatment may require psychiatric counselling and the use of medication. This qualitative study aims to explore the manifestations of burnout syndrome, contribute to managers’ and administrators’ understanding of the support needs of employees who face this condition in the workplace, and provide input for future practical research. From the reports analysed, it was observed that organisations often do not recognise the manifestations of Burnout Syndrome, which makes it challenging to provide adequate assistance to affected employees. The workers most likely to develop the syndrome are those highly motivated by organisational commitment and intensely dedicated to their work.

ABSTRACT Physical literacy is a phenomenon that has the potential to improve our engagement in an active life. However, there are no appropriate and validated instruments for the Brazilian context. This study aimed to present the Assessment for Brazilian Children’s Physical Literacy tools and evaluate their content validity, reliability, and feasibility. Five instruments - the Perception of Motor Competence Scale and Confidence Scale for Involvement in Physical Activity (affective domain), the Sedentary Behavior Scale and Organized Physical Activity Questionnaire (behavioral domain), and the Scale of Knowledge and Understanding of Physical Activity (comprehension domain) - were tested for content validity with a panel of 19 judges (Delphi method). The Content Validity Coefficient (> .8) confirmed the validity for all instruments; subsequently, schoolchildren aged 8 to 13 years (n = 19) answered the instruments. Correlations confirmed the tools’ reliability (good to excellent); feasibility results ranged from good to excellent. These Assessment for Brazilian Children’s Physical Literacy tools proved to be valid, reliable, and feasible for this Brazilian sample.

RESUMO Com o aumento da esperança média de vida, existem cada vez mais idosos no mundo, o que está a conduzir ao envelhecimento da população mundial, sendo que o exercício físico é um elemento fundamental para a promoção da saúde e da qualidade de vida desta população. Este estudo teve como principais objetivos conhecer as representações dos indivíduos idosos acerca da prática de atividade física desenvolvida em contextos de ginásios e academias, saber os tipos de práticas aí desenvolvidas e ainda averiguar as suas aspirações relativamente a este tipo de atividades. Os dados foram recolhidos através de entrevistas semiestruturas e o seu tratamento foi feito através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados evidenciaram que a maioria dos idosos pratica atividade física por uma questão de saúde e de manutenção da condição física, o que lhes proporciona uma sensação de bem-estar. Para além disso, apurou-se que as mulheres preferem a hidroginástica, enquanto os homens preferem a musculação, sendo o ginásio o sítio mais elegido para a prática por apresentar as condições ideais para a mesma. Constatou-se ainda que iniciativas como maior sensibilização para a prática da atividade física e melhorar os transportes podem constituir estratégias para melhorar a sua adesão, tendo em conta que, muitos deles, ainda não valorizam a tal prática.

ABSTRACT With the increase in average life expectancy, there are more and more elderly individuals in the world, leading to the ageing of the global population. Physical exercise is crucial for promoting health and quality of life for this population. This study aimed to understand the representations of elderly individuals regarding physical activity in gym and fitness contexts, identify the types of practices developed there, and investigate their aspirations concerning these activities. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, and the analysis was conducted using content analysis techniques. The results revealed that the majority of elderly individuals engage in physical activity for health reasons and to maintain their physical condition, which provides them with a sense of well-being. Furthermore, it was found that women prefer water aerobics, while men choose weight training, with gyms being the most popular place for exercise due to the ideal conditions they offer. It was also noted that initiatives such as increased awareness of the importance of physical activity and improvements in transportation could serve as strategies to enhance their participation, considering that many of them still do not value such practices.

RESUMO A pandemia de COVID-19 impactou diretamente a rotina de treinos dos atletas, exigindo adaptações para manter a segurança e o desempenho. A prática regular de exercícios físicos foi essencial para preservar a saúde física e mental, mas o uso de máscaras faciais durante os treinos trouxe novos desafios, especialmente no contexto esportivo de alto rendimento. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as implicações do uso de máscaras faciais respiratórias em atletas de judô durante os treinos. Participaram do estudo 16 judocas de nível estadual, com idades entre 18 e 20 anos. Os atletas realizaram dois microciclos de treinamento, cada um com duração de oito dias: o primeiro sem o uso de máscaras e o segundo com a sua utilização. Ao final de cada sessão, os participantes responderam a um questionário aplicado via Google Forms, com perguntas voltadas para análises subjetivas individuais, incluindo a percepção subjetiva de esforço e a escala de afeto. Os resultados indicaram que o uso da máscara durante os treinos aumentou a percepção subjetiva de esforço, gerou impactos negativos na escala de afeto indicando maior esforço fisiológico. O uso de máscaras respiratórias em treinos de judô está associado a efeitos adversos, especialmente em relação à percepção de esforço e ao estado físico geral dos atletas. Assim, é imprescindível que os treinadores monitorem e ajustem as cargas de treino quando houver o uso de máscaras, visando minimizar os impactos negativos no desempenho.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has directly impacted the training routine of athletes, requiring adaptations to maintain safety and performance. Regular physical exercise was essential to preserve physical and mental health. Still, the use of face masks during training brought new challenges, especially in the context of high-performance sports. This study aimed to investigate the implications of using respiratory face masks in judo athletes during training. A total of 16 state-level judokas, aged between 18 and 20 years, participated in the study. The athletes performed two training micro cycles, each lasting eight days: the first without wearing masks and the second with their use. At the end of each session, the participants answered a questionnaire applied via Google Forms, with questions focused on individual subjective analyses, including the subjective perception of effort and the affect scale. The results showed that using the mask during training increased the subjective perception of effort, generating negative impacts on the affect scale, indicating greater physiological effort. The use of respiratory masks in judo training is associated with adverse effects, especially in relation to the perception of exertion and the general physical state of the athletes. Thus, it is essential that coaches monitor and adjust training loads when wearing masks to minimize negative impacts on performance.

RESUMEN Este estudio analiza los efectos del choking under pressure en el rendimiento técnico de futbolistas universitarias en situaciones de alta presión competitiva. Se utilizó un diseño observacional en el que 16 jugadoras fueron evaluadas en condiciones con y sin presión inducida, siendo estas observadas en tres habilidades clave: pase, control y conducción. Las condiciones de presión se establecieron mediante grabación de video y la presencia de observadores con influencia en su posible selección para equipos de nivel superior, lo que generó una situación de alta expectativa. Los resultados muestran una disminución significativa en el rendimiento bajo presión en todas las variables técnicas, con un tamaño de efecto grande en cada una (pase: Δ = 1.22, control: Δ = 1.18, y conducción: Δ = 1.05), destacando el impacto de la ansiedad inducida en la ejecución de las jugadoras. Este estudio subraya la relevancia de desarrollar intervenciones psicológicas y técnicas específicas que permitan a las deportistas gestionar la presión, optimizando así su rendimiento en momentos críticos del juego. Los hallazgos aportan a la literatura existente sobre la psicología del deporte en contextos femeninos y pueden ser útiles para entrenadores y psicólogos en la formulación de estrategias que reduzcan el choking under pressure en el fútbol femenil.

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of choking under pressure on the technical performance of collegiate female soccer players in high-pressure competitive situations. An observational design was employed to evaluate 16 players under conditions with and without induced pressure, focusing on three key skills: passing, control, and dribbling. High-pressure conditions were created through video recording and the presence of influential observers affecting potential selection for higher-level teams, generating an atmosphere of heightened expectation. Results showed a significant decrease in performance under pressure across all technical variables, with large effect sizes in each skill (passing: Δ = 1.22, control: Δ = 1.18, and dribbling: Δ = 1.05), highlighting the impact of induced anxiety on the players’ execution. This study underscores the importance of developing specific psychological and technical interventions to help athletes manage pressure, thus optimising performance in critical moments of the game. The findings contribute to the existing literature on sports psychology in female contexts and may assist coaches and psychologists in formulating strategies to reduce choking under pressure in women’s soccer.

RESUMO A prática desportiva, particularmente no âmbito da formação de jovens atletas, é essencial para o seu desenvolvimento integral, abrangendo as dimensões físicas, psicológicas e sociais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar diferenças entre atletas de futebol e futsal, considerando variáveis antropométricas, motoras e psicológicas, bem como explorar possíveis correlações entre estas dimensões. Participaram 228 atletas masculinos e femininos de ambas as modalidades, sendo utilizados instrumentos como a bateria Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) para avaliação da competência motora, o Inquérito de Morbidade Referida (IMR) para levantamento de lesões, e o Questionário das Características Psicológicas Relacionadas com o Rendimento Desportivo (CPRD) para análise de variáveis psicológicas. Igualmente foi avaliada a composição corporal através do peso e altura. Os resultados demonstraram que os atletas de futebol apresentaram maior incidência de lesões em comparação com os de futsal (p = 0,014), enquanto o desempenho motor foi significativamente superior no futebol em testes como os saltos laterais, horizontais e shuttle run (p < 0,001). Além disso, ambas as modalidades obtiveram percentis máximos nos testes de atirar e pontapear, refletindo a influência da especificidade das modalidades. As características psicológicas apresentaram relações limitadas com a competência motora, sendo observadas apenas algumas correlações no futebol feminino. Conclui-se que as especificidades das modalidades influenciam diretamente as competências motoras e as incidências de lesões, sublinhando a necessidade de estratégias de treino personalizadas e integradas para otimizar o desempenho e prevenir lesões em cada contexto desportivo.

ABSTRACT Sports practice, particularly in the context of young athletes’ development, is essential for their overall growth, encompassing physical, psychological, and social dimensions. This study aimed to evaluate differences between football and futsal athletes, considering anthropometric, motor, and psychological variables, as well as exploring possible correlations between these dimensions. Male and female athletes from both modalities participated, and instruments such as the Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) were used to evaluate motor competence, the Inquérito de Morbidade Referida (IMR) for injury assessment, and the Questionnaire of Psychological Characteristics Related to Sports Performance (CPRD) to analyse psychological variables. Body composition was also assessed through weight and height. The results showed that football athletes had a higher incidence of injuries compared to futsal players (p = .014), while motor performance was significantly higher in football for tests such as lateral jumps, horizontal jumps, and shuttle run (p < .001). Furthermore, both modalities achieved maximum percentiles in the throwing and kicking tests, reflecting the influence of the modalities’ specificity. Psychological characteristics showed limited relationships with motor competence, with only a few correlations observed in women’s football. In conclusion, the specificities of the modalities directly influence motor competences and injury incidence, highlighting the need for personalised and integrated training strategies to optimise performance and prevent injuries in each sports context.

ABSTRACT Infrared thermography is a non-invasive technique that detects skin-emitted radiation, providing insights into body temperature and identifying thermal changes related to inflammatory or degenerative processes. This study aimed to compare knee temperatures between sedentary individuals and athletes and to evaluate differences between the anterior and posterior knee regions. A convenience sample included 32 men, 16 sedentary individuals (1.71 ± 0.05 m; 71.7 ± 11 kg; BMI: 24.5 ± 0.39 kg/m²) and 16 athletes (1.79 ± 0.06 m; 73.29 ± 11 kg; BMI: 22.84 ± 2.52 kg/m²). Temperature assessments were conducted using infrared thermography. The results showed that the posterior knee region consistently exhibited higher temperatures than the anterior region in sedentary individuals (p < .001) and athletes (p < .001). Sedentary individuals had lower knee temperatures compared to athletes, both in the posterior regions (right: p = .0006; left: p = .0035) and anterior (right: p < .0001; left: p = .0009). These findings highlight that physical training influences localised thermal responses, with athletes demonstrating higher average knee temperatures and a consistent temperature gradient between the posterior and anterior regions in both groups.

ABSTRACT A sustainable development sports program provided by local and regional governance policies will contribute to the well-being of the communities. The aim of the present study was to examine the public sports policies of the municipalities in the Northwest Atlantic Axis of the Iberian Peninsula (the northwest area of Portugal and the south area of Galicia, Spain). A structured questionnaire was applied to 16 municipalities (13 from Portugal and 3 from Spain), addressing the main key sports areas, including organisations, facilities, funding, and sports programs. The sports facilities and sports offering data showed that Portugal had significantly more infrastructure (t = 3.32, p = .0009) and sports activities than Spain (t = 13.74, p ≈ 0). However, the cities of Spain had a significantly higher sports budget than the cities of Portugal (t = -3.17, p = .0015). The findings highlight and provide some insights for managers and policymakers, proposing strategies to enhance the social impact of sports as a tool for inclusion and community development, particularly by promoting dialogue and knowledge exchange between municipalities (both within and beyond the region) to facilitate the adoption of innovative strategies and successful practices, and strengthening research collaborations with universities and research centres.

RESUMEN La práctica deportiva es un ingrediente muy valioso en la salud de las personas, tanto, que se vuelve imprescindible para poder llevar una buena calidad de vida. No obstante, el abandono deportivo es un hecho que incrementa y se pronuncia cada vez más desde edades tempranas. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue conocer los motivos del abandono de la práctica deportiva en el entorno rural, concretamente en la población de Villanueva de San Juan, así como poder establecer algunas propuestas de mejora que combatan el abandono deportivo gracias a un cuestionario. Los resultados mostraron que los principales motivos de abandono deportivo se corresponden con la pereza y la desgana, seguidos de salir tarde o cansados del trabajo y de no disponer de unas instalaciones deportivas adecuadas. En cuanto a los resultados referidos a cuáles serían las mejores soluciones para frenar el abandono deportivo, los sujetos mostraron que estas serían: encontrar un deporte adecuado para ellos, seguida de ofrecer mayor cantidad de actividades, y, muy de cerca, mejorar la organización de nuestro tiempo libre, sin haber diferencias significativas entre sexos. Las Administraciones Públicas deberían apostar más en establecer recursos que consigan diluir estos motivos de abandono.

ABSTRACT The practice of sports is a very valuable ingredient in people’s health, so much so that it becomes essential to be able to lead a good quality of life. However, sports abandonment is a fact that increases and is increasingly pronounced from early ages. The primary objective of this study was to identify the reasons for the abandonment of sports in rural environments, specifically in the town of Villanueva de San Juan, and to propose improvements that combat sports dropout through a questionnaire. The results showed that the main reasons for sports abandonment correspond to laziness and reluctance, followed by leaving late or being tired from work, and not having adequate sports facilities. Regarding the best solutions to prevent sports abandonment, the subjects identified some key areas: finding a suitable sport, offering more activities, and improving the organisation of free time, with no significant differences between sexes. Public administrations should invest more in establishing resources that mitigate these reasons for abandonment.

ABSTRACT The influence of music on movement velocity and power during strength training has been poorly investigated in female athletes. A total of 14 physically active female participants completed two random visits with different conditions: 1) Music (MUS) and 2) No music (No-MUS). Jumping ability (countermovement jump), movement velocity and power in the back-squat at 50 and 75% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), muscular endurance, rate of perceived exertion and motivation were analysed. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT06070064). No differences were found between MUS and No-MUS conditions in jump height, nor in movement velocity and power in the back-squat exercise. With the MUS condition, an increase was observed in the number of repetitions to failure at 75% of 1RM (p= .034), as well as greater motivation (p= .029) and reduced perceived effort (p= .021). Listening to music induced an increase in muscular endurance performance with no effect on movement velocity and power during back-squat in physically active women.

RESUMEN El penalti es una regla fundamental en el fútbol, establecida en el número 14, que se concede cuando un jugador del equipo contrario comete una falta grave dentro del área penal, permitiendo marcar un gol directo. Se realizó un estudio observacional, realizado durante la Eurocopa y Copa América 2021, demostrando que los jugadores diestros participaron en el 73% de las ejecuciones de penal. Además, se registró un 63% de goles anotados y solo un 30% de atajadas, lo que demuestra la efectividad de los lanzadores. La zona preferida para efectuar el disparo fue la zona 7, con un 26% de los tiros, mientras que los porteros tendieron a lanzarse mayoritariamente a la zona baja de la portería, en un 40% de las ocasiones. Cabe destacar que, a pesar de que los jugadores derechos tuvieron mayor participación, los jugadores zurdos mostraron un menor porcentaje de fallos, con solo 5 tiros errados. En conjunto, este análisis proporciona información práctica para entrenadores y futbolistas, ayudándoles a mejorar la estrategia y la toma de decisiones en situaciones de alta presión como las tandas de penaltis.

ABSTRACT The penalty kick is a fundamental rule in football—Law 14 of the Laws of the Game—awarded when an opposing player commits a serious foul inside the penalty area, thereby allowing a direct attempt at goal. An observational study conducted during the UEFA Euro 2021 and CONMEBOL Copa América 2021 revealed that right-footed players took 73% of all penalty kicks. Overall, 63% of the kicks were converted, while only 30% were saved, underscoring the effectiveness of the takers. The most frequently chosen target was zone 7, representing 26% of the shots, whereas goalkeepers dived predominantly toward the lower part of the goal on 40% of occasions. Notably, even though right-footed players accounted for most attempts, left-footed players exhibited a lower miss rate, failing on only five occasions. Collectively, these findings offer practical insights for coaches and players, helping them refine strategy and decision-making in high-pressure situations such as penalty shoot-outs.

ABSTRACT Musicians are highly vulnerable to musculoskeletal injuries due to the repetitive and sustained physical demands of playing instruments. While neuromuscular control is crucial in stabilising joints and muscles to prevent such injuries, its role in developing and preventing MSIs has received limited attention. In this review, we synthesise findings from studies examining the impact of neuromuscular control and training interventions on MSIs in musicians. Evidence suggests that proprioceptive training, motor control exercises, and dynamic stability drills can enhance joint stability and reduce injury risk, positively affecting performance outcomes. However, much of the existing research is limited by cross-sectional designs. Future studies should focus on longitudinal approaches to better understand the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying these benefits and explore the practical implications of integrating neuromuscular training into musicians’ routines for long-term physical health and career sustainability.

ABSTRACT This review aims to summarise the studies’ insightful exploration of the relationship between adapted sport, social support, resilience, and well-being among Portuguese athletes with disabilities. The research emphasises the crucial role of social support in access to sport, but interestingly, it may not always be directly correlated with resilience or subjective well-being. Athletes with disabilities show high resilience and positive affect while scoring lower regarding negative affect. Technical support is vital for federated athletes with disabilities, and friendships are universally significant. Resilience emerges as a central factor, with strong associations with subjective well-being, indicating its importance in the sporting context. In addition, resilience appears to buffer negative emotions, emphasising its crucial role. In conclusion, these results challenge existing assumptions and emphasise the multifaceted nature of the relationship between social support, resilience and well-being among athletes with disabilities. This knowledge has practical implications for stakeholders, including parents, coaches, therapists, psychologists, and society. They underline the importance of fostering inclusive sports programmes and promoting awareness and partnerships to improve the well-being, resilience and social support of individuals with disabilities, ultimately contributing to their personal development, quality of life and social integration. Policymakers and organisations should consider these conclusions when formulating education and sports policies.

ABSTRACT In recent years, sedentary behaviour and physical inactivity have seen an evident increase. Many individuals who embark on an exercise regimen end up leaving it within the first three to six months, often citing barriers such as a lack of time or motivation. Research shows that the pleasure and enjoyment derived from exercise play a crucial role in preventing people from giving up. This suggests that theories related to the emotional aspects of exercise, including an individual’s exercise intensity preference and tolerance, should be integrated into broader motivation theories such as Self-Determination Theory (SDT). This chapter aims to provide a theoretical framework for these theories, emphasised by empirical evidence and proposes potential avenues for future research.

ABSTRACT Sports practice promotes physiological adaptations influenced by the characteristics of training stimuli, and postural balance appears to play an important role in athletic performance. To analyze postural control in athletes - obtained from the displacements of the center of pressure during orthostatic posture, considering elite athletes and control groups (non-athletes or athletes with a lower competitive level). The search in electronic databases was carried out in PubMed, Scopus, and Scielo until April 2023, with works selected between 1976 and 2023. An assessment of the methodological quality of the studies was carried out. In addition, in the meta-analysis, the main center of pressure variables used were oscillation area, mean velocity, and total mean velocity. Twenty studies were included, and the meta-analysis showed differences in favor of athletes in the conditions of single-leg support with eyes open and eyes closed, with a greater difference in the second situation. Overall, athletes presented better postural balance compared to the non-athlete group and, among athletes, those with a higher competitive level presented the best postural strategy. The results suggest that sports training improves postural control and that the differences in favor of athletes are greater in more challenging/unstable postural conditions.

RESUMO O tema das lutas, artes marciais e modalidades esportivas de combate integra o currículo de Educação Física Escolar estabelecido pela Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC). Contudo, é frequentemente subaproveitado pelos profissionais da área, em razão da percepção de que as lutas se interrelacionam com o incentivo à violência, segundo pais, gestores escolares e até professores. A violência e a agressividade são questões de preocupação global e devem ser abordadas no ambiente escolar. Esta revisão teve como objetivo analisar e discutir se, e em que medida, o desenvolvimento da unidade temática lutas e modalidades esportivas de combate na educação física escolar participa de processos relacionados à violência nesse contexto. Um dos aspectos preponderantes para o desenvolvimento de lutas e modalidades esportivas de combate no âmbito da educação física escolar é o tratamento pedagógico adotado pelo profissional de educação física. Os jogos de oposição, operacionalizados sob a perspectiva educacional do esporte se configuram como procedimentos didático-metodológicos adequados para as aulas de educação física escolar quando se perspectiva o ensino de lutas e modalidades esportivas de combate, inclusive, como forma de combate a violência em suas múltiplas formas de manifestação.

ABSTRACT The theme of fighting, martial arts and combat sports is part of the School Physical Education curriculum established by the National Common Curriculum Base (BNCC). However, it is often underused by professionals in the area, due to the perception that the struggles are interrelated with the encouragement of violence, according to parents, school managers and even teachers. Violence and aggression are issues of global concern and must be addressed in the school environment. The present review aimed to analyse and discuss whether, and to what extent, the development of the thematic unit fights and combat sports modalities in school physical education participates in violence-related processes in this context. One of the preponderant aspects for developing fights and combat sports in the context of school physical education is the pedagogical treatment adopted by the physical education professional. The opposition games, operationalised from the educational perspective of sport, are configured as didactic-methodological procedures suitable for school physical education classes when the teaching of fights and combat sports is envisaged, including a way to combat violence in its multiple forms of manifestation.

ABSTRACT Taking into account the complexity of transgenderism in sports, the sensitive nature of the subject and the wide spectrum of concerned disciplines addressing this theme, a bibliometric network analysis has been carried out. As of December 31, 2024, 454 articles related to transgender individuals in sports were identified. In these articles, we carried out the following network analyses: a) countries and collaborations, b) authors and collaborations, c) journals, and d) high-frequency keywords. The most cited articles were also reported.

RESUMO Da tríade relacional Homem-Sociedade-Desporto, interpretada como um sistema aberto e dinâmico, emergem com frequência inúmeras problemáticas que exigem à Ciência, instrumento fundamental para a interpretação das realidades experienciadas, um posicionamento não apenas vigilante mas, também, vanguardista. O sentido e o significado do Treino Desportivo no Mundo hodierno, considerando o contexto sociocultural em que nos inserimos, é uma das temáticas que parece sobressair e merecer redobrada atenção, nomeadamente pela crescente velocidade a que a informação é criada, disponibilizada e difundida, levando-nos a questionar os conceitos sobre os quais construímos a nossa mundividência. Assim, é objetivo deste breve trabalho de opinião explorar interrogações que, a partir do quadro de referência que nos serve de base e da experiência empírica associada (a práxis), permitam formular hipóteses que contribuam para uma renovada interpretação deste instrumento conceptual e das suas diversas utilizações. Este esforço reflexivo, que só ganha expressão na partilha e no debate, reforça características inerentes à condição humana e deve ter continuidade e abrir espaço para mais e diversos contributos, encontrando nesta construção constante as diferentes respostas às necessidades vigentes.

ABSTRACT From the relational triad of Human-Society-Sport, interpreted as an open and dynamic system, numerous issues frequently arise that demand from Science, not only as a fundamental instrument for interpreting lived realities but also as a forward-thinking agent, a vigilant and innovative stance. The meaning and significance of Sports Training in the contemporary world, considering the sociocultural context in which we are embedded, is one of the themes that appears to stand out and deserves heightened attention, particularly given the increasing speed at which information is created, made available, and disseminated. This dynamic challenges the concepts upon which we construct our worldview. Thus, this brief opinion piece aims to explore questions that, based on the reference framework guiding us and the associated empirical experience (praxis), may allow us to formulate hypotheses that contribute to a renewed interpretation of this conceptual instrument and its various applications. This reflective effort, which only gains expression through sharing and debate, underscores inherent characteristics of the human condition and must continue, opening space for further and diverse contributions. In this ongoing construction, we find different responses to prevailing needs.