Motricidade

Validation of the Aquanex system to assess in-water forces during aquatic exercise

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to perform a validation of the Aquanex system to assess in-water forces during aquatic exercise. One sensor (Type A) that composes the differential pressure system (Aquanex v.4.1, STR, USA) was placed inside a wind tunnel (Axial Propellor Fan, England), this last being considered as the gold standard technique for measurement. A frequency inverter was used to control a range of twenty-two frequencies. The mean force (FMEAN, N) acting on the sensor and in the wind tunnel model was measured. The validation criteria were defined as follows: (i) p> 0.05 in a paired t-test; (ii) R2≥ 0.49 in a simple linear regression model; and (iii) at least 80 % of the plots within the limits of agreement in the Bland-Altman plots. The results showed no differences between both methods (p= 0.884). A significant relationship with a high effect (R2= 0.573, p< 0.001) was found, as well as a small bias (0.002 N) between the two methods. Thus, the Aquanex system seems to be valid for assessing the in-water forces as it meets all the validation criteria.

Physiological responses and physical performance of advanced and novice athletes in a specific MMA test

ABSTRACT In Mixed Martial Arts (MMA), the evaluation of athletes’ performance is carried out mostly through non-specific tests. So far, there is only one specific test, the Anaerobic Specific Assessment for Mixed Martial Arts (ASAMMA). Thus, the objective of the present study was to apply ASAMMA to MMA athletes and compare their performance according to the competitive level. In the present study, 20 MMA athletes were involved, 10 advanced (ADV: 33.80± 4.80 years; height 179.40± 9.31 cm and 88.50± 20.83 kg) and 10 novices (NOV: 34.50± 5.81 years; 174.90± 5.99 cm and 86.00± 10.68 kg). In the first experimental session, anthropometric, resting heart rate (HR) and lactate (LA) measurements were performed. In the second session, ASAMMA was applied. Due to the physiological demand of the evaluation, ADV athletes performed three rounds, and the NOV only performed one round. At the end of each round, the following were recorded: i) HR values, ii) blood LA concentration, iii) total number of sequences performed per round and iv) fatigue index in ASAMMA. Regarding mean HR, differences were observed between groups (ADV: 167± 7.27 bpm and 89.2± 11.9% of maximum HR; NOV: 179± 3.8 bpm and 96.3± 3, 7% of maximum HR; p< 0.001). After the first round, LA concentration was 15.08± 2.86 mmol/L in ADV and 17.15± 1.36 mmol/L in NOV (p= 0.054). Among ADV, the LA increased throughout the rounds (F(2,10)= 5.81; p= 0.0111; η²= 0.39). ADV athletes performed a higher number of sequences in the first round (71.8± 7.87 versus 65.6± 2.87 repetitions; p= 0.003). However, in the analysis of repeated measures, a reduction in the number of sequences was observed throughout the rounds (F(2,10)= 14.37; p< 0.001). Negative correlations were found between body fat percentage and ASAMMA performance (p< 0.05) and between mean HR and ASAMMA performance (p< 0.01). ASAMMA can discriminate between advanced and novice athletes, both from a physiological (using heart rate as an indicator) and physical point of view, based on the number of sequences of movements.

Efeitos de 12 semanas de treinamento de paracanoagem no comprimento, frequência e índice de remada em atletas iniciantes

RESUMO A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos de 12 semanas de treinamento de paracanoagem no comprimento, frequência e índice de remada. Caracterizando-se por uma pesquisa quantitativa e delineamento quase-experimental. A amostra foi composta por 5 atletas, com idade entre 28 e 43 anos, de paracanoagem, de ambos os sexos e residentes no sertão de Pernambuco. A coleta de dados foi realizada em um lago artificial situado na cidade de Petrolina, PE, que ocorreu em dois momentos sendo pré e pós teste, utilizando caiaque (K1 paracanoagem) e remo (Epic® e Jantex®) com uma câmera de vídeo de ação (GoPro 7 Hero Black®) acoplada na proa da embarcação. Posteriormente, foi utilizado um programa de telemetria (Telemetry Overlay®) para extrair os dados da câmera de vídeo de ação, e o Kinovea® para analisar os dados do vídeo. As variáveis de tempo (d= 0,68), comprimento de remada (d= 0,51), frequência da remada (d= 0,52) e índice de remada (d= 0,58) apresentaram tamanho do efeito moderado quando comparadas no pré e pós teste. O presente estudo demonstrou que 12 semanas de treinamento apresentou maior efeito no desempenho com relação as variáveis de índice de remada e tempo de prova na paracanoagem com percurso de 200 metros.

ABSTRACT The present research aimed to analyse the effects of 12 weeks of paracanoe training on stroke length, stroke frequency, and stroke index. It is characterised by quantitative research and quasi-experimental design. The sample comprised 5 paracanoe athletes, aged between 28 and 43, of both sexes and living in the backlands of Pernambuco. Data collection was carried out in an artificial lake located in the city of Petrolina (PE), which occurred in two moments, pre and post-test, using a kayak (K1 paracanoagem) and rowing (Epic® and Jantex®) with an action camera (GoPro 7 Hero Black®) attached to the bow of the vessel. Subsequently, a telemetry program (Telemetry Overlay®) was used to extract data from the action video camera, and Kinovea® was used to analyze the video data. The variables of time (d=0.68), stroke length (d=0.51), stroke frequency (d=0.52) and stroke index (d=0.58) showed a moderate effect size when compared in the pre and post-test. The present study demonstrated that 12 weeks of training had a greater effect on performance in relation to the variables of paddling rate and race time in paracanoe with a 200-meter route.

Quality of life in adults and older adults survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective observational study

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to compare the quality of life on pre-diagnosis and post-recovery of people diagnosed with COVID-19 and examine the impact of its signals, symptoms, and clinical outcomes on quality of life in adults and older adults, considering sex, age groups, nutritional status, physical activity level, and family income as confounding variables. This retrospective observational study included 509 participants (39% male) ≥ 18 years old from a city in the northeastern region of São Paulo, Brazil, diagnosed with COVID-19 between March/2020 and February/2021. Participants were telephonically interviewed to provide information about COVID-19 infection, quality of life, and physical activity, considering the week pre-diagnosis and the week prior to the interview (post-recovery). Quality of life decreased in the post-COVID-19 recovery period compared to pre-diagnosis periods (Med= 5.6; Med= 3.4, respectively; Z= −19,589; p< 0.001). After controlling comparisons for age, sex, nutritional status, physical activity level, and family income, it was observed that the infection increased the frequency of respiratory distress (F= 3,956; [df= 1]; p= 0.047) and length of hospitalisation (≥ 6 days) (F= 6,538; [df= 1]; p= 0.011). COVID-19 infection induced worse respiratory distress and length of hospitalisation, compromising the survivors’ quality of life.

Post-activation potentiation enhancement of countermovement jump performance using velocity-based conditioning protocols with high-loads in active men and women

ABSTRACT Post-activation performance enhancement (PAPE) refers to the temporary improvement in physical abilities resulting from a previous conditioning activity (CA), and velocity-based resistance training has been proposed to optimise PAPE. The present study aimed to evaluate the optimal rest interval to induce PAPE in the countermovement jump using heavy parallel squats monitored by the velocity loss (VL) threshold. The study had a randomised repeated measures design, with three sessions that included a control session and two different squat conditions (80% of 1 repetition maximum (RM) with 10% and 30% VL of mean propulsive velocity). Ten men (age 21.9± 1.16 years, height 1.8± 0.04 m, body weight 78.5± 9.9 kg, relative strength: 1.4± 0.29 kg×kg-1) and ten women (age 20.7± 1.16 years, height 1.6± 0.06 m, body weight 56.9± 4.67 kg, relative strength: 1.1± 0.19 kg×kg-1) participated in the study. They had at least 1 year of experience with the back squat but no experience in power training. Measurements were taken at baseline and at six time points after the conditioning activity or rest period. The study found no significant effects between intervention and moment and no optimal rest time to induce PAPE, but women had significantly lower countermovement jump (CMJ) values than men (Mmen= 30.01, SE= 1.35; 95%CI 27.17–32.84, Mwomen= 24.33, SE= 1.35, 95%CI 21.50–27.16), but when values were normalised to body weight, there were no significant differences. In conclusion, a single set of 80% 1RM in the squat to a VL of 10 or 30% is not sufficient to induce PAPE in CMJ; therefore, there is no optimal rest time.

Increased risk for signs and clinical symptoms associated with sedentary behaviour in people diagnosed with COVID-19: a retrospective observational study

ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify the association between sedentary behaviour (SB) and clinical signs and symptoms in individuals with COVID-19. Five hundred nine people diagnosed with COVID-19 were cross-sectionally assessed by telephone interviews. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical signs and symptoms and SB (IPAQ-SV) were obtained. It was found an association between increased sedentary behaviour (ISB) and clinical signs/symptoms of COVID-19 (p< 0.05). Controlling for the variables age, body mass index and moderate/vigorous physical activity, men with ISB had a higher occurrence of headache (OR= 2.357; 95%CI 1.312–4.232) and cough (OR= 2.508; 95%CI 1.268–4.959), women with ISB had a reduction in fatigue or tiredness (OR= 0.574; 95%CI 0.353–0.932). Four or more hours of SB increased the risk of headache and cough in men. Women experienced reduced symptoms of fatigue/tiredness during COVID-19 diagnosis.

Comer transtornado orientado à muscularidade e sintomas de dismorfia muscular em homens insuficientemente ativos e fisicamente ativos

RESUMO O estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o comer transtornado orientado à muscularidade e sintomas de dismorfia muscular em homens com idade entre 18 e 59 anos. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, comparativo e quantitativo, com coleta de dados online pelos instrumentos MDDI (Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory) e MOET (Muscularity Oriented Eating Test); as análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio do programa SPSS, com valor de p≤ 0,05 adotado para determinar o nível de significância. Os resultados obtidos com a amostra de 427 homens, separados em três grupos: praticantes de musculação (GM; n= 145), grupo de insuficientemente ativos (GIAt; n= 124) e grupo de praticantes de outras modalidades (GPOM; n=158), apontam pela análise dos escores totais dos instrumentos MOET e MDDI que há diferença significativa (p= 0,001) entre os grupos. O grupo GM possui média superior ao GIAt e GPOM (p= 0,001 para ambos). Sugerindo que GM apresenta maior preocupação com alimentação direcionada à hipertrofia muscular e sintomas de dismorfia muscular quanto aos outros grupos. Conclui-se que os resultados do estudo permitam aos profissionais de saúde uma abordagem adequada com indivíduos que apresentem comer transtornado à muscularidade e sintomas de dismorfia muscular.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to evaluate muscularity-oriented disordered eating and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in men aged between 18 and 59 years. This is a cross-sectional, comparative and quantitative study, with online data collection using the MDDI (Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory) and MOET (Muscularity Oriented Eating Test) instruments. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS program, with a p≤ 0.05 adopted to determine the significance level. The results were obtained with the sample of 427 men, separated into three groups: bodybuilding practitioners (BPG; n= 145), an insufficiently active group (IAG; n= 124) and a group of practitioners of other modalities (GPOM; n= 158), pointing out by analysing the total scores of the MOET and MDDI instruments that there is a significant difference (p= .001) between the groups. The BPG group has a higher average than IAG and GPOM (p= .001 for both), suggesting that BPG is more concerned with eating aimed at muscle hypertrophy and symptoms of muscle dysmorphia than the other groups. It is intended that the results of the study will allow health professionals to have an appropriate approach to individuals who have disordered eating and muscular dysmorphia.

Correlation between lower limb asymmetry and performance in professional female soccer players

ABSTRACT The structure of a soccer match is predominantly intermittent, characterised by synchronised and concomitant execution of low and high-intensity actions at different moments of the game, such as jumping, performing successive sprints and change of direction (COD). Furthermore, the repetition of such actions can contribute to the development of lower limb strength asymmetry. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between lower limb asymmetry on peak concentric torque (PTCON) of the hamstrings and quadriceps muscles at 60°/s with performance in the 20-meter sprint, repeated anaerobic sprint test (RAST) and change of direction test (COD) in professional female soccer players. The sample consisted of twenty-two professional female soccer players from a first-division club in Brazilian football. Two visits were carried out with an interval of 48 hours between them. In addition, a value of p< .05 was adopted for statistical significance. The results showed no significant correlations between limb asymmetry in quadriceps PTCON, time and speed in the 20-meter sprint, time and velocity in the COD test, and total time in the RAST. Furthermore, no significant correlations were observed between limb asymmetry in hamstring PTCON, time and speed in the 20-meter sprint, time and velocity in the COD test, and total time in the RAST. Asymmetry in lower limb strength may not influence physical performance in sprints and COD tasks such as those adopted in the present study.

Physical training protocols that influence the 5,000 m time trial performance: a systematic review

ABSTRACT A review of the 5,000 m race training protocols was conducted to facilitate the search and comparison between the existing protocols. This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the physical training protocols applied to athletes and well-trained runners who have investigated the impacts on performance in 5,000 m races and/or recognised performance parameters in this distance. This review was carried out following PRISMA guidelines. The search used PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus electronic databases. The PICOS strategy was used to define eligibility criteria. A total of 35 studies were included in the systematic review; 25 were selected for qualitative analysis from the databases, and 10 articles were identified while reading the articles selected by the main search. Selected studies had their methodological quality and risk of bias assessed by the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Interval running protocols are the main potentiators for performance in the 5,000 m. Among all running protocols that improved the 5,000 m time trial or any of the predicted variables studied in this review, 33.33% used both interval and continuous training, 33.33% used uphill HIIT, and 13.33% used HIIT. Neuromuscular protocols showed effects mainly on running economy. Eight of the eleven neuromuscular intervention protocols showed improvement in this variable. Among all neuromuscular protocols that improved the 5,000 m time trial or any of the predicted variables studied in this review, 50% applied complex training, 25% used plyometric as an intervention and 25% used strength resistance training. The coach must choose the combination of the studied protocols in order to guarantee performance improvement.

O papel dos afetos em modelos de processamento duplo e sua importância para a adesão ao exercício físico: uma revisão da literatura

RESUMO O crescimento de teorias comportamentais assentes em mecanismos de processamento duplo reflete uma mudança do paradigma cognitivista-social predominante, procurando um maior reconhecimento dos fatores automáticos/implícitos no estudo do comportamento. A presente revisão narrativa visa providenciar uma maior clareza quanto à definição de afeto, emoção e humor, apresentando de seguida modelos teóricos de processamento duplo que consideram os afetos básicos como aspeto essencial nos processos implícitos e, direta ou indiretamente, nos processos explícitos. Algumas dessas teorias que serão abordadas neste trabalho são: a Teoria Afetiva-Reflexiva da Inatividade Física e do Exercício (ART), a Teoria da Minimização do Esforço na Atividade Física (TEMPA), o Modelo de Adoção e Manutenção da Atividade Física (PAAM), e a Estrutura dos Afetos e do Comportamento Saudável (AHBF). Neste artigo será descrito com detalhe as associações entre os determinantes implícitos (e.g., afeto, hábito) e explícitos (e.g., intenção, traços autorregulatórios) e a prática regular de exercício físico. Sugerimos que a falta de consideração que os fatores associados ao processamento implícito têm sofrido, limitam a compreensão e criação de intervenções que possam promover a adoção e manutenção de um comportamento (e.g., exercício físico) a longo prazo. Por fim, concluímos com uma breve reflexão sobre as ligações entre modelos e possíveis sobreposições, bem como direções futuras de investigação e aplicações práticas.

ABSTRACT The rise of dual process-based behaviour theories reflects a shift from the predominant social-cognitivist paradigm towards a more considerable recognition of automatic/implicit factors in behaviour research. The present narrative review aims to provide a clearer definition of affect, emotion, and mood, followed by a presentation of dual process theory models that consider core affect an essential aspect of implicit processes and, direct or indirectly, of explicit processes. Some of the theories reviewed in this article are the Affective-Reflective Theory of Physical Inactivity and Exercise (ART), the Theory of Effort Minimization in Physical Activity (TEMPA), the Physical Activity Adoption and Maintenance Model (PAAM), and the Affect and Health and Behavior Framework (AHBF). This article thoroughly describes the associations between implicit (e.g., affect, habit) and explicit (e.g., intention, autoregulatory trace) determinants and the regular practice of physical activity and exercise. We suggest that the lack of acknowledgment that the implicit processes have suffered has limited the development and comprehension of interventions aiming to promote long-term behaviour adoption (e.g., exercise). Lastly, we briefly reflect on possible connections and overlaps in these models and with future directions and practical applications.