Medievalista

A Extinção das Espécies - O Evangelho segundo a FCT?

Em outra dimensão: O espaço e o tempo imaginários na Europa medieval

Resumo O espaço e o tempo quotidianos na Europa medieval já foram objeto de muitos e valiosos estudos, mas ainda são insuficientes os que abordam essas dimensões pelo prisma do imaginário. Para isso, é preciso lançar mão tanto de material teológico quanto folclórico, de fontes escritas e iconográficas, de recursos historiográficos bem como linguísticos. E, sobretudo, examinar o espaço e o tempo de forma articulada. Tal intenção justifica-se pelo facto de as noções de espaço ausente e de tempo suspenso terem ocupado lugar importante na sensibilidade e na religiosidade daquela época.

Abstract Everyday space and time in medieval Europe were already the subject of many valuable studies, but there are still few that approach these dimensions from the perspective of the imaginary. For that, it is necessary to make use of theological and folkloric material, written and iconographic sources, as well as historiographical and linguistic resources. Above all, space and time must be examined in an articulated manner. This intention is justified by the fact that the notions of absent space and suspended time occupied an important place in the sensibility and religiosity of the period.

Cartographies of the Iberian nobiliary imaginary: emptiness, movement, coherence

Resumen En este trabajo, bajo la inspiración expresa de la obra de Luís Krus, se analizan algunas de las “cartografías” nobiliarias que él estudió junto con otras que son, en conjunto, coherentes para el espacio ibérico en la baja Edad Media. Sobre esta línea argumentativa y de forma complementaria a anteriores trabajos, el estudio se articula en torno a tres ejes reflexivos: la intencionada relación entre espacio, tiempo y actores sociales alrededor de la noción de vacío espacial, la idea de movimiento que conlleva el cumplimiento de una función social y, finalmente, la coherencia macronarrativa en la representación de determinados espacios sociales específicamente nobiliarios.

Abstract In this work, under the express inspiration of the work of Luís Krus, some of the nobiliary "cartographies" that he studied are analysed together with others that are, as a whole, coherent for the Iberian space in the late Middle Ages. On this line of argument and complementary to previous works, the study is articulated around three reflective axes: the intentional relationship between space, time and social actors around the notion of spatial emptiness, the idea of movement that entails the fulfilment of a social function and, finally, the macro-narrative coherence in the representation of certain specifically nobiliary social spaces.

Introduction

Papal taxation of the Castilian monasteries in the Middle Ages

Resumen Los monasterios castellanos se vieron sujetos a la fiscalidad pontificia desde fines del siglo XI, con el pago de los censos a cambio de la protección papal o la exención eclesiástica. Al igual que el clero secular, en los siglos XIII y XIV se difundieron nuevos tributos y se generalizó su pago, afectando tanto a los monasterios como a sus superiores (abades, priores) y oficiales. Las noticias recogidas, escasas y dispersas, muestran el pago de tributos como el censo, el servicio común, la anata, los expolios y vacantes, las décimas y subsidios o las procuraciones. También ponen de manifiesto las dificultades para cobrarlos, las resistencias y conflictos, los acuerdos y compromisos alcanzados entre los monasterios y los colectores pontificios o la Cámara Apostólica, entre el clero secular y regular de cada diócesis a la hora de distribuir las cantidades asignadas.

Abstract The Castilian monasteries were subject to papal taxation from the end of the 11th century, through the census payment in exchange for the pope’s protection or spiritual exemption. As with the secular clergy, during the 13th and 14th centuries, new taxes were imposed and these payments became widespread. All of these taxes affected the monasteries as well as their superiors (abbots, priors) and the monk officials. The scarce and disperse documental information, here collected, provides evidence of the payment of such taxes as the census, the common services, the annates, the spoils and fruits during vacancies, the tenths (income taxes) and subsidies or the procurations. It also shows the difficulties in collecting the said taxes, the opposition and conflicts, the agreements and compromises reached between the monasteries and the papal collector or the Apostolic Camera, between the secular and regular clergy in each diocese concerning the distribution of the allotted amounts.

Castilian monasteries facing the new taxation of the late medieval monarchy: evolution and dynamics

Resumo Durante el periodo bajomedieval, las monarquías europeas y la castellana en particular asistieron a una “revolución” fiscal en consonancia con el proceso de formación del “Estado” moderno. En dicho marco, la monarquía se sirvió de los recursos económicos de los monasterios de la Corona y sus vasallos, particularmente de los pertenecientes a órdenes tradicionales -benedictinos, cistercienses y premonstratenses- quienes se vieron obligados a contribuir con el fisco real a través de impuestos directos e indirectos, bien con carácter ordinario, bien extraordinario. Si bien, de forma paralela a este proceso, los diferentes monarcas, en mayor o menor medida, continuaron otorgando una serie de privilegios de exención y donando rentas en juro de heredad a los monasterios. Hacer una valoración global de las contribuciones y los ingresos de los monasterios en este contexto es una tarea difícil por lo fragmentario de los datos, siendo más factible realizar una aproximación y un balance general.

Abstract During the late medieval period, the European monarchies, and the Castilian monarchy in particular, witnessed a fiscal “revolution” in line with the process of formation of the modern “State”. In this context, the monarchy made use of the economic resources of the monasteries of the Crown and their vassals, particularly those belonging to traditional orders -Benedictines, Cistercians and Premonstratensians- who were forced to contribute to the royal treasury through direct and indirect taxes, either on an ordinary or extraordinary basis. However, in parallel to this process, the different monarchs, to a greater or lesser extent, continued to grant a series of exemption privileges and donate income in juro de heredad to the monasteries. Making a global assessment of the contributions and income of the monasteries in this context is a difficult task due to the fragmentary nature of the data, making it more feasible to make an approximation and a general balance sheet.

So color e nonbre del subsydio. Negotiation, conflict and corporate conception regarding the contribution of the Castilian Church at the beginning of the reign of Henry IV (1456-1460)

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el subsidio de 100.000 florines de oro autorizado por el papa Calixto III en 1457 para su reparto entre la Iglesia castellana, del que debían resultar beneficiados, por mitad, Enrique IV de Castilla y el Pontífice. Sus condiciones de negociación, reparto y cobro, y las resistencias a su pago ofrecidas por el clero, permiten profundizar en los cambios experimentados por las formas de representación política de la Iglesia castellana, y por los cauces de expresión del consentimiento eclesiástico (a través de asambleas del clero como la convocada por el rey en Olmedo en 1457) y del disenso (analizado a partir de las alegaciones planteadas por el cabildo de Sevilla en 1458) ante la contribución eclesiástica. Este examen permitirá ahondar en el papel de estas transformaciones en la consolidación de la Iglesia castellana como actor político con capacidad de influir en las relaciones Corona-Papado en función de sus intereses corporativos.

Abstract The aim of this work is to analyze the subsidy of 100,000 gold florins authorized by Pope Calixtus III in 1457 for distribution among the Castilian Church, from which both Henry IV of Castile and the Pope were to benefit equally. The conditions of negotiation, distribution, and collection, as well as the resistance to payment presented by the clergy, provide insight into the changes in the political representation of the Castilian Church, as well as the channels for expressing ecclesiastical consent (through clergy assemblies such as the one convened by the king in Olmedo in 1457) and dissent (examined through the claim made by the chapter of Seville in 1458) regarding ecclesiastical contributions. This analysis will enhance our understanding of the role of these transformations in consolidating the Castilian Church as a political actor capable of influencing the relations between the Crown and the Papacy based on its corporate interests.

The lords of the tithe. Income, Power, and Privilege in the Basque-Cantabrian Country

Resumen En el contexto del País Vasco-cantábrico, la posesión de una parroquia y la percepción de sus rentas desempeñaron un papel fundamental en la dominación señorial. La concentración de la cura de almas y administración de los sacramentos en las iglesias de propiedad de los laicos permitió a los señores arrogarse el cobro del diezmo y, con ello, ejercer control sobre la población y el territorio. La intencionalidad económica era evidente, ya que permitió a los “señores del diezmo” diseñar estrategias económicas y establecer nexos financieros con el exterior. Además, el aforamiento de los derechos señoriales y la confluencia de la titularidad del Señorío de Vizcaya en la persona del rey de Castilla fortalecieron jurídica y políticamente los derechos de patronato en detrimento de los de la autoridad episcopal, lo que permitió que estos derechos se mantuvieran hasta la revolución liberal.

Abstract In the context of the Basque-Cantabrian Country, the possession of a parish church and the collection of its revenues played a fundamental role in manorial domination. The concentration of the care of souls and the administration of the sacraments in the churches owned by the lords allowed them to claim the collection of the tithe and, with it, to exercise control over the population and the territory. The economic intention was evident, as it allowed the "lords of the tithe" to design economic strategies and establish financial links with the outside world. In addition, the legal protection of seignorial rights and the confluence of the ownership of the Lordship of Biscay in the person of the King of Castile legally and politically strengthened the rights of patronage to the detriment of those of the episcopal authority, which allowed these rights to be maintained until the liberal revolution.

Between the Pope and the King: the Fiscality of the Dioceses of Southern Italy (12th-15th century)

Resumé Le but de cet article est de réfléchir sur l'économie et la fiscalité interne de l'Église de l'Italie du Sud, sur le rôle des pouvoirs publics laïcs dans son économie et sur l'importance de ses diocèses et monastères dans les finances de l'Église romaine. Dans le Mezzogiorno, l'Église tirait une grande partie de ses revenus de sa propriété immobilière, des sommes provenant de la liturgie commémorative et des taxes imposées sur les églises non diocésaines. Toutefois, la majeure partie des diocèses et nombreux monastères et églises locales dépendaient dans leur fonctionnement des ressources fournies par la cour royale en forme de "dîmes d'État", ou bien une partie des revenus fiscaux de la couronne. L'Église de l'Italie méridionale contribua relativement peu aux caisses de la Chambre Apostolique à travers les dîmes et subventions, mais fournissait aux papes des ressources importantes en forme de bénéfices, utilisées pour rémunérer les collaborateurs de la curie et depuis un certain moment aussi directement taxées.

Abstract The paper focalizes on the economy and internal taxation of the Church of Southern Italy, on the role of secular public authorities in its economy and on the importance of the dioceses and monasteries of Southern Italy for the finances of the Roman Church. In the Kingdom of Sicily, the Church took much of its income from its real estate, from sums received from the commemorative liturgy, and from taxes imposed on non-diocesan churches. However, most dioceses and many local monasteries and churches depended on resources provided by the royal court in the form of "state tithes", i.e. a portion of the Crown's tax revenues. The Church of Southern Italy contributed relatively little to the Apostolic Chamber through tithes and subsidies but provided the popes with significant resources in the form of benefices, used to pay the collaborators of the curia and then taxed directly.

Atrás do cardeal de Lisboa no liber divisionum ‘Obligationes et Solutiones 61’: a Câmara e o Colégio dos Cardeais entre Roma e Constança (1411-1415)

Abstract Cardinal João Afonso de Azambuja, known to his contemporaries as Cardinal of Lisbon, participates in the divisions of common and minor services registered in a liber divisionum produced between 1413 and 1420 and kept in the Vatican Apostolic Archive under the reference “Cam. Ap., Oblig. et Sol. 61”. The main objective of this article is to follow Cardinal Azambuja in the aforementioned record, seeking to analyse the functioning of the Chamber of the College of Cardinals during the pontificate of John XXIII (1411-1415). We also seek to demonstrate how division books, in addition to being useful for calculating the income of the Cardinals’ Chamber or establishing the number of cardinals present in the Curia, can also be used to reconstitute the calendar of consistories and to clarify aspects of individual cardinals’ lives.

Resumo O cardeal João Afonso de Azambuja, conhecido pelos seus contemporâneos como cardeal de Lisboa, participa nas divisões dos serviços comum e menores registadas num liber divisionum produzido entre 1413 e 1420 e conservado no Arquivo Apostólico do Vaticano com a cota “Cam. Ap., Oblig. et Sol. 61”. O principal objectivo deste artigo é acompanhar o cardeal Azambuja no referido registo, procurando analisar o funcionamento da Câmara do Colégio de Cardeais durante o pontificado de João XXIII (1411-1415). Procuramos também demonstrar como os livros de divisões, para além de serem úteis para calcular o rendimento da Câmara do Colégio ou estabelecer o número de cardeais presentes na Cúria, podem também ser usados para reconstituir o calendário de consistórios e para esclarecer aspectos das biografias cardinalícias.

Participação feminina na economia familiar urbana e invisibilização do trabalho feminino na Baixa Idade Média Ibérica

Resumo A proposta do presente trabalho é discutir e dimensionar, sob a perspectiva da teoria da reprodução social, a inserção do trabalho feminino na esfera do trabalho produtivo no contexto urbano Baixo Medieval europeu. Tendo em vista que como os espaços produtivos e reprodutivos se confundiam ao longo da Idade Média, é possível inferir uma sub valoração da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho e na esfera produtiva.

Abstract The proposal of this paper is to discuss and assess, from the perspective of social reproduction theory, the insertion of female work in the sphere of productive work in the Late Medieval European urban context. Considering that productive and reproductive spaces were confused throughout the Middle Ages, it is possible to infer an undervaluation of female participation in the labor market and in the productive sphere.

Robin dos Bosques e a Virgem Maria

Abstract As well as a Christian name, “Marian” is an adjective related to the cult of, and devotion to, Saint Mary, Herself traditionally associated with the month of May, which includes Mother’s Day. Mary’s own status as a ‘spiritual mother’ for Catholic and - up to the 16th century Reformation(s) - Christian believers, as well as a model for all women, a paradigm of virtue and perfection and thus the opposite of everything that Eve stood for in medieval theological thought and exegesis, account for what Derek Pearsall has suggestively called “Mariolatry”. This Marian devotion, patent in many poems of the 14th and 15th centuries, left powerful traces in the oldest surviving Robin Hood ballads, a fact which inspired my title: “Robin Hood and Maiden Mary”, rather than the phonetically akin, and more predictable one, “Robin Hood and Maid Marian”.

Resumo Além de um nome próprio, “Marian” é um adjetivo referente ao culto da, e à devoção a, Santa Maria, Ela própria tradicionalmente associada ao mês de Maio, que inclui o Dia da Mãe. O estatuto de Maria como ‘mãe espiritual’ para os crentes católicos e - até à(s) Reforma(s) do século XVI - cristãos, assim como um modelo para todas as mulheres, um paradigma de virtude e perfeição e, por conseguinte, o oposto de tudo o que Eva representava no pensamento e na exegese teológicos medievais explicam aquilo a que Derek Pearsall sugestivamente chamou “Mariolatria”. Esta devoção mariana, patente em inúmeros poemas dos séculos XIV e XV, deixou marcas poderosas nas mais antigas baladas sobreviventes sobre Robin dos Bosques, facto que inspirou o meu título: “Robin dos Bosques e a Virgem Maria”, em vez do foneticamente similar, e mais previsível, “Robin dos Bosques e Maid Marian”.

Espacios, rituales y ceremoniales de enterramientos islámicos

Antipapi. Una storia della Chiesa

A Presença da Mulher na Legislação Medieval Portuguesa

Medieval Arms and Armour: a Sourcebook

Warp and Weft: An Approach to Yarn and Textile Production in al-Andalus (9th-13th Centuries).

The Islamic West in Baḥrī Mamluk historiography (648-784/1250-1382). Sources, reception and memory of the history of al-Andalus

“Um grande dominio incognito”: a escultura devocional dos séculos XI, XII e XIII em território português

Para o estudo da escrita historiográfica da Idade Moderna - o caso da transmissão da Crónica do Xarife Mulei Mahamet e d’el-Rey D. Sebastião

The medieval literary imagination and its survival.(University of León: March 20-21, 2025)

XIV Congresso Internacional sobre a Cerâmica Medieval e Moderna no Mediterrâneo

Blended Intensive Program Unveiling Medieval Monastic Dynamics (M_Dyn)