Scielo RSS <![CDATA[Portuguese Journal of Nephrology & Hypertension]]> http://scielo.pt/rss.php?pid=0872-016920130004&lang=en vol. 27 num. 4 lang. en <![CDATA[SciELO Logo]]> http://scielo.pt/img/en/fbpelogp.gif http://scielo.pt <link>http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en</link> <description/> </item> <item> <title><![CDATA[<b>Chronic kidney disease and the aging population</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en <![CDATA[<b>Evolution of the diagnostic criteria of T-cell-mediated rejection of renal allografts</b>: <b>Banff classification updates II</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en The allo-specific immune responses to transplanted tissues or organs represent one of the most formidable challenges in the field of transplantation. Traditionally, cell-mediated alloimmune responses were considered the preeminent cause of rejection and have remained the focus of immunosuppressive drugs during the last several decades. More recently, attention has also been directed to the alloantibody-mediated damage and the innate immune system in initiating and effecting the immune injury to the transplanted organs. As a corollary to the above considerations, the earlier Banff classifications focused more on diagnosing and categorizing cellular rejection. There have occurred some significant changes in the cell-mediated rejection in recent Banff updates, but the changes are not as drastic or widespread, as those of the antibody-mediated rejection. Acute/active cell-mediated rejection may occur early or considerably late after renal transplantation. In this context, the terms of acute and chronic are not synonymous to their traditional connotations in pathology in terms of speed or duration of reaction. Acute rejection may occur many years after transplantation, and conversely, chronic changes may be present in the graft from the outset, derived from donor changes. Acute/active cell-mediated rejection, although markedly reduced in recent years, still remains one of the common causes of both acute and chronic renal allograft injury and dysfunction throughout the world. Luckily, a vast majority of cases of acute/active cell-mediated rejection respond rapidly and completely to the conventional anti-rejection treatment. In spite of this, it remains one of the most important causes of graft loss, especially in the long-term. Renal allograft biopsy still remains the gold standard test for an accurate diagnosis and categorization of cell-mediated rejection. A standardized approach to renal biopsy study is necessary if the full benefits of this invasive procedure are to be realized. Prior to the early 1990s, there were no uniformly accepted criteria for the diagnosis and classification of renal allograft pathology in general and rejection in particular. During early 1990s, a group of dedicated nephropathologists, clinicians and basic scientists set out to standardize the histopathological study of renal allograft biopsies for the uniform reporting of the pathological lesions across the world. These efforts have continued since then and have resulted in marked refinements in the diagnostic criteria and categories of rejection observed on renal allograft biopsies. The present paper forms the second attempt of the series to address the evolutionary changes in the diagnostic criteria and the classification of the rejection process on renal allograft biopsies as these took place over the years since the early 1990s. An earlier paper described in detail the changes that occurred in the category of antibody-mediated rejection. In this paper, we will discuss the changes that have occurred in the diagnosis and categorization of cell-mediated rejection and the focus, as in previous paper, will be on the morphological findings as observed on renal allograft biopsies. <![CDATA[<b>Dialysis access type and modality selection for CKD patients</b>: <b>“Yes we can”</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400004&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en The allo-specific immune responses to transplanted tissues or organs represent one of the most formidable challenges in the field of transplantation. Traditionally, cell-mediated alloimmune responses were considered the preeminent cause of rejection and have remained the focus of immunosuppressive drugs during the last several decades. More recently, attention has also been directed to the alloantibody-mediated damage and the innate immune system in initiating and effecting the immune injury to the transplanted organs. As a corollary to the above considerations, the earlier Banff classifications focused more on diagnosing and categorizing cellular rejection. There have occurred some significant changes in the cell-mediated rejection in recent Banff updates, but the changes are not as drastic or widespread, as those of the antibody-mediated rejection. Acute/active cell-mediated rejection may occur early or considerably late after renal transplantation. In this context, the terms of acute and chronic are not synonymous to their traditional connotations in pathology in terms of speed or duration of reaction. Acute rejection may occur many years after transplantation, and conversely, chronic changes may be present in the graft from the outset, derived from donor changes. Acute/active cell-mediated rejection, although markedly reduced in recent years, still remains one of the common causes of both acute and chronic renal allograft injury and dysfunction throughout the world. Luckily, a vast majority of cases of acute/active cell-mediated rejection respond rapidly and completely to the conventional anti-rejection treatment. In spite of this, it remains one of the most important causes of graft loss, especially in the long-term. Renal allograft biopsy still remains the gold standard test for an accurate diagnosis and categorization of cell-mediated rejection. A standardized approach to renal biopsy study is necessary if the full benefits of this invasive procedure are to be realized. Prior to the early 1990s, there were no uniformly accepted criteria for the diagnosis and classification of renal allograft pathology in general and rejection in particular. During early 1990s, a group of dedicated nephropathologists, clinicians and basic scientists set out to standardize the histopathological study of renal allograft biopsies for the uniform reporting of the pathological lesions across the world. These efforts have continued since then and have resulted in marked refinements in the diagnostic criteria and categories of rejection observed on renal allograft biopsies. The present paper forms the second attempt of the series to address the evolutionary changes in the diagnostic criteria and the classification of the rejection process on renal allograft biopsies as these took place over the years since the early 1990s. An earlier paper described in detail the changes that occurred in the category of antibody-mediated rejection. In this paper, we will discuss the changes that have occurred in the diagnosis and categorization of cell-mediated rejection and the focus, as in previous paper, will be on the morphological findings as observed on renal allograft biopsies. <![CDATA[<b>What’s new in hepatorenal syndrome? An updated review for the nephrologist</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en In advanced cirrhosis, increased levels of vasodilators and impaired cardiac compensatory response decrease effective arterial blood volume, causing vasoconstriction of renal arteries and kidney failure in up to 40% of patients after 5 years of follow-up. Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) diagnostic criteria are: cirrhosis with ascites; serum creatinine (SCr) &gt; 1.5 mg/dL (with no improvement 2 days after diuretic withdrawal and albumin administration). Shock, nephrotoxics and acute parenchymal kidney disease must be excluded. The HRS is classified in: type 1, defined by a 100% increase in SCr to &gt; 2.5 mg/dL in < 2 weeks, and type 2, with a slower and milder decrease in kidney function. Type 3 HRS is an emerging concept, referring to HRS in patients with coexistent kidney disease. Left untreated, average survival of type 1 HRS is 2 weeks whereas in type 2 it is 6 months. Treatment of HRS lies on reversal of the hepatic disease or liver transplantation (combined liver-kidney transplant may be appropriate for patients who have been on renal replacement therapy (RRT) for more than 8 weeks). However, with today’s available therapy, there may be reversibility of HRS without liver transplant. Type 1 HRS is treated with vasoconstrictors (mainly terlipressin; noradrenalin may be an alternative in patients in intensive care units) and albumin. Reversal of HRS occurs in about half of patients. If SCr does not decrease and patients have classic indications for dialysis, RRT can be used as a second-line treatment until liver recovery or transplant. MARS (molecular readsorbent recirculating systems) and Prometheus systems should be considered experimental. Type 2 HRS treatment is based on repeated large-volume paracentesis and albumin administration. If ineffective, vasconstrictors are used. Since renal impairment is mild, RRT is not indicated. If liver recovery/transplant are unfeasible, patient’s treatment should avoid futilities.<hr/>Na cirrose avançada, os vasodilatadores associados a uma resposta cardiaca inadequada diminuem a volemia, causando vasoconstrição das artérias renais e insuficiência renal em ate 40% destes doentes apos 5 anos de seguimento. Critérios diagnósticos do Síndrome Hepatorrenal (SHR): cirrose com ascite; creatinina sérica &gt;1.5 mg/dL (persistente 2 dias apos suspensão de diuréticos e albumina); exclusão de choque, nefrotoxicos e doença renal parenquimatosa aguda. Classificação do SHR: tipo 1 (duplicação da creatinina inicial para &gt;2.5 mg/dL em <2 semanas) e tipo 2 (agravamento mais lento e ligeiro da função renal). Recentemente, descreve-se ainda o SHR tipo 3, em doentes com SHR e patologia renal simultâneos. Sem tratamento, a sobrevida no SHR tipo 1 e aproximadamente 2 semanas e no SHR tipo 2 seis meses. O tratamento do SHR baseia-se na reversão da doença hepática de base / no transplante hepático (transplantes de fígado-rim reservam-se para doentes em dialise ha mais de 8 semanas). No entanto, com a terapêutica actualmente disponível, pode haver reversão do SHR sem transplante hepático. O SHR tipo 1 trata-se com vasoconstritores (principalmente terlipressina; se doente em Unidade de Cuidados Intensivos, a noradrenalina pode ser uma alternativa) e albumina. Espera-se reversão do SHR em aproximadamente metade dos doentes. Se a creatinina não diminuir e o doente tiver indicações clássicas para dialise, esta pode ser utilizada ate a recuperação hepatica / ao transplante. Os sistemas MARS (Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System) e o Prometheus devem ser considerados experimentais. O tratamento do SHR tipo 2 consiste em paracenteses evacuadoras periodicas com albumina. Se ineficazes, podem-se usar vasoconstritores. Como a disfunção renal e ligeira, a dialise nao esta indicada. O tratamento dos doentes em que a recuperação hepática / o transplante não são possíveis deve evitar futilidades. <![CDATA[<b>Disruption of urate transport in familial renal glucosuria and report on SGLT2 expression in normal and pathological kidney</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400006&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Familial renal glucosuria (FRG) is a rare co-dominantly inherited benign phenotype characterized by the presence of glucose in the urine. It is caused by mutations in the SLC5A2 gene that encodes SGLT2, a Na+ -glucose co -transporter. The purpose of our current work was twofold: to characterize the molecular and phenotype findings of an FRG cohort and, in addition, to detail the SGLT2 expression in the adult human kidney. The phenotype of FRG pedigrees was evaluated using direct sequencing for the identification of sequence variations in the SLC5A2 gene. The expression of SGLT2 in the adult human kidney was studied by immunofluorescence on kidney biopsy specimens. In the absence of renal biopsies from FRG individuals, and in order to evaluate the potential disruption of SGLT2 expression in a glucosuric nephropathy, we have selected cases of nucleoside analogues induced proximal tubular toxicity. We identified six novel SLC5A2 mutations in six FRG pedigrees and described the occurrence of hyperuricosuria associated with hypouricaemia in the two probands with the most severe phenotypes. Histopathological studies proved that SGLT2 is localized to the brush -border of the proximal tubular epithelia cell and that this normal pattern was found to be disrupted in cases of nucleoside analogues induced tubulopathy. We present six novel SLC5A2 mutations, further contributing to the allelic heterogeneity in FRG, and identified hyperuricosuria and hypouricaemia as part of the FRG phenotype. SGLT2 is localized to the brush -border of the proximal tubule in the adult human normal kidney, and aberrant expression of the co-transporter may underlie the glucosuria seen with the use of nucleoside analogues.<hr/>A Glicosúria renal familiar (GRF) é um fenótipo de transmissão autossómica co -dominante, causada por mutações do gene SLC5A2 que codifica SGLT2, o principal co -transportador de Na+ -glucose do túbulo proximal. Caracteriza-se pela redução da reabsorção tubula renal de glucose, causando glicosúria na ausência de hiperglicemia e de outros sinais de disfunção tubular. O objectivo do trabalho aqui apresentado foi caracterizar a nível molecular e fenotípico um conjunto de famílias afectadas por esta entidade e ainda detalhar a expressão de SGLT2 “in vivo” em amostras de tecido renal normal e patológico. Avaliámos fenotipicamente um grupo de indivíduos afectados por GRF e identificámos por sequenciação directa as alterações encontradas ao gene SLC5A2. A expressão de SGLT2 no rim adulto humano foi estudada por microscopia de fluorescência. Na ausência de biópsias renais de indivíduos afectados com GRF e de modo a avaliar potenciais alterações de expressão de SGLT2 em nefropatias com glicosúria, seleccionamos casos de lesão tubular proximal por toxidade de análogos de nucleósidos. Identificamos seis novas mutações de SLC5A2 em indivíduos de seis famílias. Nos indivíduos com glicosúria mais severa observamos igualmente hiperuricosúria com hipouricemia. Pudemos demonstrar que no rim adulto normal, SGLT2 está presente na bordadura em escova do epitélio do tubo proximal e que em casos de tubulopatia dos análogos dos nucleósidos a sua expressão está diminuída. Apresentamos assim seis novas mutações de SLC5A2 que contribuem para a heterogeneidade alélica da GRF e identificámos a hiperuricosúria com hipouricemia como características deste fenótipo. Confirmámos a expressão de SGLT2 na bordadura em escova do túbulo proximal e demonstramos que a diminuição da sua expressão pode estar subjacente à glicosúria observada na terapêutica com análogos dos nucleósidos <![CDATA[<b>Renal Involvement in Multiple Myeloma</b>: <b>an experience of a single centre</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400007&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Introduction: Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell dyscrasia that accounts for almost 10% of all haematologic malignancies. It often presents with acute kidney injury that has long been associated with a poor prognosis. It is important to recognize markers of poor prognosis to promote an early and aggressive management of the disease, to improve disease outcomes. Subjects and Methods: We have, therefore, investigated the clinical presentation and outcome of all 44 myelomas diagnosed in our hospital, comparing those with and without renal involvement and exploring factors associated with mortality over a 2-year period of time using the Cox regression method. Results: We found that the group of patients with renal disease (n = 18) were at higher stages of disease (stage III, 78% vs. 23%, p= 0.001), had higher percentage of plasma cells (≥ 15%, 72% vs. 38%, p = 0.027), higher values of B2-microglobulin (≥ 4.5mg/L, 83% vs. 35%, p = 0.001), lower values of haemoglobin (Hb < 9.5g/dL, 50% vs. 15%, p = 0.013) and lower values of albumin (< 3.5g/dL, 39% vs. 12%, p = 0.033). The most common type of renal involvement was cast nephropathy (44%). This group of patients had significantly lower survival at 12 and 24 months (75% versus 92% and 41% versus 91%). In the multivariate analysis, two factors were found to be significantly and independently associated with mortality: serum albumin < 3.5g/dL [hazard ratio 6.68, CI: 1.27-33.05; p = 0.025] and light chain MM (HR 7.34; CI: 1.63-49.4; p = 0.009). Conclusions: Renal involvement is a common complication of multiple myeloma and these patients have poor survival. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to have a high suspicion index to do an early diagnosis and to promote early and aggressive management of renal insufficiency and myeloma. However, this worse outcome seems to be related to the presence of other markers of poor prognosis, like more advanced stages of disease, higher tumour loads and lower values of haemoglobin and albumin, since renal disease was not a risk of death in the multivariate analysis.<hr/>Introdução: O mieloma múltiplo é uma discrasia de células plasmocitárias, que corresponde a cerca de 10% de todas as neoplasias hematológicas. O mieloma múltiplo apresenta-se, frequentemente, com lesão renal aguda que tem sido associada a um pior prognóstico. É importante reconhecer marcadores de mau prognóstico, de forma a que um tratamento precoce e agressivo da doença permita uma melhoria da evolução e dos resultados. Material e métodos: Procedemos à investigação de todos os mielomas múltiplos diagnosticados no nosso hospital durante 2 anos (44 casos), relevando a apresentação clínica, comparando aqueles com e sem envolvimento renal e explorando fatores associados a morte durante um período de tempo, utilizando o método de regressão de Cox. Resultados: Observámos que o grupo de doentes com envolvimento renal (n = 18) estavam em estádios mais avançados da doença (estádio III, 78% vs. 23%, p = 0,001), apresentavam maior percentagem de plasmócitos na medula óssea (≥ 15%, 72% vs. 38%, p = 0,027), valores de B2-microglobulina mais elevados (≥ 4,5mg/L, 83% vs. 35%, p = 0.001), valores mais baixos de hemoglobina (Hb < 9,5g/dL, 50% vs. 15%, p = 0,013) e valores mais baixos de albumina (< 3,5g/dL, 39% vs. 12%, p = 0,033). A forma mais comum de envolvimento renal foi a nefropatia de cilindros (44%). Este grupo de doentes teve uma sobrevida significativamente inferior aos 12 e 24 meses (75% versus 92% e 41% versus 91%). Na análise multivariada, encontrámos 2 fatores preditores independentes de morte: um valor de albumina sérica < 3,5g/dL (rácio de probabilidade 6,68, IC: 1,27-33,05, p = 0,025) e o MM de cadeias leves (rácio de probabilidade 7,34, IC: 1,63-49,4, p = 0,009). Conclusões: O envolvimento renal é uma complicação comum do mieloma múltiplo e estes doentes têm uma menor sobrevida. É de crucial importância ter um alto índice de suspeição da doença para se estabelecer um diagnóstico precoce e promover um tratamento rápido e agressivo da lesão renal e do mieloma. No entanto, o pior prognóstico dos doentes com doença renal parece estar relacionado com a presença simultânea de outros marcadores de mau prognóstico, como estádios mais avançados da doença, maiores cargas tumorais e valores mais baixos da hemoglobina e albumina, uma vez que a doença renal não foi um risco preditivo de morte na análise multivariada. <![CDATA[<b>Outcomes assessment with two different medication administration modalities for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400008&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Background: The treatment of hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients relies on adequate control of serum phosphorus (Pi) and PTH levels. Patient (pt) compliance to oral therapy at home is known to be quite poor and cannot be monitored. There is evidence that pulse (every other day) therapy with vitamin D compounds is as effective as daily administration. We hypothesized that the same might apply to calcimimetics. Objective: To assess the effect on metabolic endpoints of changing cinacalcet oral treatment from a daily, home-based administration (H), to a three-times/week witnessed administration at the end of each dialysis session in the clinic (C). Patient and methods: 93 prevalent dialysis pts in 6 clinics were included in an observational retrospective study, each patient serving as his own historical control. Inclusion criteria were: ESRD treated by haemodialysis; PTH levels &gt; 500 ng/L and cinacalcet prescription for more than 9 months. Data was drawn from a database common to all participating clinics - EuCliDc. Blood samples were collected at the beginning of dialysis and treated at a central laboratory. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus, albumin and PTH were registered every 3 months, as well as vitamin D and cinacalcet dosages, in the last 9 months of period H and first 9 months of period C. Values during H prescription were compared with values after change to C administration through paired samples t-test. Results: We detected a significant reduction in the dose of Cinacalcet from an average dose of 1221mg/month in period H to an average dose of 674.4mg/month in period C, p < 0.0001 (95% CI 689.4 / 405.1), keeping identical dosages of Vitamin D metabolite 21.3 mic/month vs. 31.9mic/month, p=.167. This dose reduction was translated, as expected, in cost savings, going from an average Cinacalcet cost of 256€/month/pt to 137.6€/month/patient, p < 0.0001. PTH was more elevated in the C group 903.5 vs. 807.9ng/L, < 0.028, phosphate levels were identical, 5.0 in period H and 4.8mg/dl in period C, p = 0.065. Conclusion: Administration of Cinacalcet under supervision 3 times per week, post -dialysis, was shown to be safe, guarantees compliance and saved considerable resources for the same therapeutic efficacy.<hr/>Contexto: O controlo do hiperparatiroidismo nos doentes em diálise, passa pela adequação dos níveis do Fósforo e da PTH. A aderência dos doentes à terapêutica oral no domicílio é reconhecidamente deficiente e impossível de monitorizar. Estando estabelecida a evidência que terapêutica em “pulsus” orais (em dias alternados) com metabolitos activos da vitamina D é tão eficaz como a terapêutica diária, quisemos testar se o mesmo se aplicava à terapêutica com Cinacalcet. Objectivo: Avaliar o efeito no metabolism ósseo da mudança da terapia com Cinacalcet, de um regime diário no domicílio (H), para a administração supervisionada na clínica (C) 3 vezes por semana, no final de cada diálise. Doentes e Métodos: 93 doentes prevalentes em tratamento de hemodiálise em 6 clínicas foram incluídos neste estudo observacional, retrospectivo, cada doente servindo como seu próprio controlo histórico. Os critérios de inclusão exigiam valores de PTH &gt; 500ng/L e tratamento com Cinacalcet há mais de 9 meses. A informação foi colhida de uma base de dados comum a todas as clínicas envolvidas - EuCliD©. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas no início de cada tratamento e analisadas em laboratório central. Os valores de cálcio, fósforo, albumina e PTH foram registados trimestralmente, bem como as doses de terapêutica com metabolitos da vitamina D e Cinacalcet, nos últimos 9 meses do período H e primeiros 9 meses do período C. Os valores durante a prescrição H foram comparados com os valores obtidos após a mudança para a prescrição C através de test-t emparelhado. Resultados: Verificámos existir uma acentuada redução na dose de Cinacalcet de um valor médio de 1221mg/ mês no período H para um valor médio de 674.4mg/mês no período C, p<0.0001 (95% CI 689.4 / 405.1), mantendo doses idênticas de vitamina D (Paricalcitol) de 21.3 mic/mês vs 31.9mic/mês, p=.167. Esta redução de dose teve uma tradução esperada de redução de custos de um custo médio de Cinacalcet de 256€/mês/doente para 137.6€/mês /doente, p< 0.0001. O valor de PTH foi mais elevado no grupo C 903.5 vs 807.9ng/L, p < 0.028, os níveis de fósforo foram idênticos, 5.0 no período H e 4.8mg/dl no período C, p=0.065. Conclusão: A administração supervisionada de Cinacalcet 3 vezes por semana, mostrou ser segura, garantir a aderência terapêutica e economizar consideravelmente para a mesma eficácia terapêutica. <![CDATA[<b>Clinical evolution in adults with nephrotic syndrome diagnosed in paediatric ages</b>: <b>a single-centre experience</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400009&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Background: Most renal disorders affecting children (apart from simple urinary infections) are chronic and the majority of these children require additional and specific nephrological care throughout adulthood, with undeniable physical, psychological and social implications arising therefrom. Aim: The primary aim of the current study was to examine the clinical outcome of patients suffering from nephrotic syndrome, transferred for continued care from a tertiary paediatric facility to the adult-oriented Nephrology Department at the Centro Hospitalar e Universitario de Coimbra. Subjects and Methods: Data collection was registry-based and retrospectively collected. General characterization of the 109 patients transferred is supplied, followed by an analysis of the 28 patients with a diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome. Clinical outcomes evaluated included need for ongoing immunosuppressive therapy, disease recurrence, progression to chronic kidney disease and/or renal replacement therapy, anaemia, phosphorus and calcium metabolism, serum albumin and proteinuria. Results: The two most prevalent groups of glomerular diseases presenting with nephritic syndrome were minimal change disease and focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. Half of the patients with nephrotic syndrome are currently off chronic immunosuppressive therapy and disease recurrence occurred in only three of the 22 patients still followed at our Nephrology Department during the final year of follow-up (mean follow-up of 82.7 ± 59.7 months). Those who developed chronic kidney disease with need for renal replacement therapy had focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis on the initial kidney biopsy. Conclusions: Our results corroborate those found in other published studies and patients still followed remain clinically stable, with only three suffering disease relapse during the final year of follow-up. The specificities of kidney disorders diagnosed in childhood and their individual aspects deserve special care and benefit from a transition appointment involving the patient´s paediatrician and a nephrologist, as well as from the upkeep of national prospective registries dedicated to paediatric kidney disease.<hr/>Introdução: A maioria das alterações renais que afectam as crianças (excluindo as infecções urinárias simples) são crónicas, e a generalidade destas crianças necessita de cuidados nefrológicos específicos durante a vida adulta, com inegáveis implicações físicas, psicológicas e sociais daí decorrentes. Objectivos: O objectivo primário deste estudo foi avaliar a evolução clínica dos pacientes com síndroma nefrótica, transferidos de uma unidade pediátrica terciária, para continuação de cuidados no Serviço de Nefrologia do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra. Material e Métodos: A colheita de dados foi retrospectiva e baseada em registos hospitalares. É fornecida a caracterização geral dos 109 pacientes transferidos, seguido de uma análise dos 28 pacientes com diagnóstico de síndrome nefrótica. Os resultados clínicos avaliados incluíram a necessidade de terapêutica imunossupressora de manutenção, recorrência da doença, progressão para doença renal crónica e/ou terapêutica de substituição da função renal, anemia, fósforo e metabolismo do cálcio, albumina sérica e proteinúria. Resultados: Os dois grupos mais prevalentes de doenças glomerulares que se apresentaram com síndroma nefrótica foram a doença de lesões mínimas e a glomeruloesclerose focal e segmentar. Metade dos pacientes com síndroma nefrótica estão actualmente sem terapêutica imunossupressora e recorrência da doença de base ocorreu em apenas três dos 22 pacientes ainda em seguimento no nosso Serviço durante o último ano de seguimento (tempo médio de seguimento 82,7 ± 59,7 meses). Aqueles que desenvolveram doença renal crónica com necessidade de terapêutica de substituição da função renal apresentavam glomeruloesclerose focal e segmentar na biópsia renal inicial. Conclusões: Os nossos resultados corroboram os encontrados em outros estudos publicados e os que mantêm seguimento continuam clinicamente estáveis, com apenas três recidivas durante o último ano de seguimento. As especificidades das patologias renais diagnosticadas na infância e os seus aspectos particulares merecem atenção especial e beneficiariam de uma consulta de transição que envolvesse o pediatra do paciente e um nefrologista, bem como a manutenção de registos nacionais dedicados à doença renal pediátrica. <![CDATA[<b>New onset of mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis after persistent hepatitis C virus eradication</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400010&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Introduction: Since its identification, hepatitis C virus infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several B cell disorders, specifically mixed cryoglobulinemia. Case Report: The authors describe the case of a 41-year-old male, who developed a mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis with renal involvement, several years after successful eradication of HCV with interferon therapy. discussion: Similar cases described in the literature are reviewed in this report. Possible explanations for the physiopathology of the disease and its implications in therapy are commented.<hr/>Introdução: Desde que foi identificado, o vírus da hepatite C tem sido implicado na fisiopatologia de diversas doenças linfoproliferativas do tipo B, nomeadamente na criogloblulinemia mista. Caso clínico: Descrevemos o cas crioglobulinemia mista com envolvimento renal, apesar de prévia erradicação do VHC. Discussão: Revemos casos similares descritos na literatura, assim como a fisiopatologia e tratamento desta entidade clínica. <![CDATA[<b>Nephrotic proteinuria in a patient with Rhupus</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400011&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en The kidney is often affected by connective tissue diseases and their treatments. We report the case of a 45-year-old Caucasian female who presented to our nephrology department with nephrotic proteinuria (maximum 6200 mg per day) and a history of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with antimalarial, corticotherapy and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Furthermore, on clinical assessment we identified four criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We promptly withdrew the NSAIDs and, after 3 months without significant reduction in proteinuria, we decided to perform a renal biopsy. The histological examination found a stage 1 membranous nephropathy (suggestive of class V lupus nephritis). After less than six months without NSAIDs, there was spontaneous complete clinical remission of the nephrotic syndrome. In this paper we discuss the aetiology of the glomerular disease in this patient as an adverse effect of NSAIDs treatment versus glomerular disease associated to RA/ SLE (Rhupus)<hr/>O rim é frequentemente atingido por doenças do tecido conjuntivo e pelos seus tratamentos. Apresentamos o caso de uma doente leucodérmica de 45 anos referenciada à consulta de Nefrologia por proteinúria nefrótica (máximo 6200 mg por dia), com história de artrite reumatóide (AR) tratada com anti-malárico, corticoterapia e anti-inflamatórios não esteróides (AINEs). A avaliação clínica permitiu adicionalmente identificar quatro critérios de Lúpus Eritematoso Sistémico (LES). Suspenderam-se os AINEs e após 3 meses sem redução significativa da proteinúria decidiu-se efetuar biópsia renal. O exame histológico revelou nefropatia membranosa estádio 1 (sugestiva de nefrite lúpica classe V). Em menos de seis meses sem AINEs houve uma remissão completa da síndrome nefrótica. Neste artigo discutimos a etiologia da doença glomerular desta doente como efeito adverso do tratamento com AINEs versus doença glomerular associada a AR/LES (Rúpus). <![CDATA[<b>Renal sarcoidosis presenting as renal failure</b>: <b>report of three cases with interstitial nephritis and normocalcemia</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0872-01692013000400012&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en Sarcoidosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause. The histopathological feature is the presence of the non-caseating granuloma in any organ involved. The mechanisms most frequently implicated in renal dysfunction are due to disturbances in calcium metabolism; more rarely, granulomatous interstitial nephritis and glomerular disease may occur. The authors report three cases of sarcoidosis presented as interstitial nephritis with renal failure. Prednisolone treatment was performed at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day with partial and sustained recovery of renal function.<hr/>A sarcoidose e uma doença inflamatória cronica, de atingimento multissistemico, cuja etiologia permanece ainda por identificar. Caracteriza-se, do ponto de vista histopatológico, pela formação de granulomas não caseosos em qualquer órgão envolvido. Os mecanismos mais frequentemente implicados na disfunção renal devem-se aos distúrbios no metabolismo do cálcio; mais raramente podem ocorrer nefrite intersticial granulomatosa e doença glomerular. Os autores apresentam três casos de nefrite intersticial com o achado de insuficiência renal como manifestação inaugural de sarcoidose. Foi efectuado tratamento com prednisolona na dose de 1 mg/Kg/dia, verificando-se recuperação parcial e sustentada da função renal.