e-Journal of Portuguese History

On the kings of Portugal, or how an image of a far-away region came to be established in Holland

At the end of the fourteenth century efforts were made to establish better, mainly commercial, relations between the county of Holland and Portugal. At that moment Portugal was certainly no terra incognita for the inhabitants of Holland, as is shown by the fact that a village in Holland already earlier derived its name and coat of arms from Portugal. Yet a clear and positive image, that could serve political goals, was lacking. Such an image was provided by a Middle-netherlandish poem, written shortly before 1390, in which the reestablishing of royal virtues in Portugal was praised.

No final do século XIV, foram desenvolvidos esforços no sentido de melhorar as relações entre Portugal e a Holanda, nomeadamente comerciais. Nessa altura, Portugal certamente não era um território desconhecido para os habitantes da Holanda, como se comprova pelo facto de uma vila holandesa usar o nome e as armas inspiradas nos de Portugal. No entanto, uma imagem clara, que poderia servir propósitos politicos, não chega a existir. Ela aparece num poema holandês, escrito á volta de 1390, no qual se enaltece o restablecimento das virtudes reais em Portugal.

Inquisitorial Punishments in Lisbon and Évora

Punishments of more than 8,000 people sentenced by the Portuguese Inquisition from 1636 to 1778 are analyzed. Incarceration was by far the most common punishment, accounting for more than two thirds of all sentences. Around six percent of those sentenced were executed. Exile and the galleys were common punishments that met the State's needs, as well as those of the inquisitors. Religious figures received systematically different punishments for the same "defects" of sodomy and apostasy. New Christian punishments differed from those given to Old Christians; New Christians were more likely to die and be imprisoned, whereas Old Christians were exiled, whipped and sent to the galleys more frequently.

São analisadas as punições recebidas por mais de 8.000 pessoas condenadas pela Inquisição Portuguesa entre 1636 e 1778. O encarceramento era, de longe, a punição mais comum, representando mais de dois terços de todas as sentenças. Cerca de seis por cento dos condenados foram executados. O exílio e as galés eram castigos comuns que asseguravam as necessidades do Estado, bem como as dos inquisidores. Figuras religiosas receberam punições sistematicamente diferentes para os mesmos "defeitos" de sodomia e apostasia. As punições aos cristãos-novos eram diferentes das que os cristãos-velhos recebiam; os cristãos-novos eram geralmente condenados à morte ou presos, enquanto os cristãos-velhos eram mais frequentemente exilados, açoitados e enviados para as galés.

The diversification of Portugal's commercial relations in the late eighteenth century: between discourse and praxis.

The diversification of trading partners marked the context of Portugal’s economic relations with the outside world in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This had also been a frequent argument put forward in the organized discourse of Portuguese economic thought throughout the eighteenth century. Without claiming to be exhaustive, this article examines the testimonies of some of the eighteenth-century authors who reflected at greater length on the advantages of diversifying trading partners. After this, an analysis is made of some of the more distinctive manifestations of this experience, essentially related to the marked changes that took place in the shipping sector and the readjustments in the economic importance of trading partners.

A diversificação de parceiros comerciais marcou o quadro das relações económicas de Portugal com o exterior no final de Setecentos e princípios de Oitocentos. Esse havia sido também um argumento frequente no discurso organizado do pensamento económico português ao longo do século 18. Sem pretender ser exaustivo, o texto aborda os testemunhos de alguns dos autores setecentistas que reflectiram mais longamente sobre as vantagens da diversificação de parceiros. De seguida são exploradas as manifestações mais distintivas desta experiência de diversificação, essencialmente relacionadas com mudanças pronunciadas no sector da navegação e com reajustamentos no peso económico dos parceiros.

Slander, Ideological Differences, or Academic Debate? The "Verão Quente" of 2012 and the State of Portuguese Historiography

Fernão Mendes Pinto and the “Peregrinação”

Europe views the Revolt of 1857