Motricidade

Direção técnica de piscinas: o(a) profissional fragmentado(a)

The use of control group in the sports science research: the ethical challenge

Abstract Medical ethicists have questioned the use of no-treatment controlled studies (placebo and sham procedure) of new therapies when safe and effective standard therapies are available for use as an active or “equivalence” control. Currently, ethical and conduct principles for biomedical research specifically prohibit projects that do not make or deny the “best-proven diagnosis and therapeutic treatment” to any participant in a clinical trial, including individuals who consent to randomisation into a control group. Studies of psychophysiological therapies are often criticised for not having a placebo or sham treatment control group. In sports science research, particularly in the case of clinical exercise, the use of control groups also raises ethical questions. This article briefly reviews the problem and discusses the ethical standards governing human research derived from the Nuremberg Code and the Declaration of Helsinki.

The influence of distance travelled on teams’ performance indicators of Brazilian championship series A in the 2015-2019 seasons

RESUMO O presente estudo apresenta os seguintes objetivos: i) verificar os indicadores de performance das equipes do Campeonato Brasileiro Série A dos anos de 2015 a 2019 em relação às distâncias viajadas para as partidas; ii) comparar a pontuação conquistada por partida de acordo com a qualidade do adversário e distância viajada. A amostra analisada consiste em todos os jogos do Campeonato Brasileiro série A de 2015 a 2019. Os dados foram coletados no site InStatScout (InStat Limited, Limerick, Irlanda), foi utilizado o site da CBF para consultar o local da partida e a qualidade das equipes (CBF). As distâncias viajadas em linha reta foram calculadas em um site especializado (Cidade Mapa). Os resultados demonstraram que as equipes que não viajaram apresentaram melhores índices de desempenho ofensivos e defensivos (p< 0.001) e maior pontuação por partida (p< 0.001). As equipes que fizeram viagens muito longas (> 1.000 km) apresentaram maiores déficits nos índices de desempenho (p< 0.001). As equipes ganharam menos pontos por partida quando enfrentaram adversários de alta qualidade (p< 0.001) e, parece que essa pontuação diminuiu ainda mais com viagens muito longas (p< 0.001). Assim, a logística de viagem parece ser fundamental e pode ser mais um fator a ser considerado pelas comissões técnicas ao planejar as cargas de treinamento e as estratégias para os jogos.

Abstract The present study presents the following objectives: i) verify the performance indicators of the teams of the Brazilian Championship A Series from the years 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 regarding the distances travelled to the matches; ii) compare the score achieved per match according to the quality of the opponent and distance travelled. All games of the Brazilian Championship Series A of 2015 until 2019 were considered for sample. The data were collected on the InStatScout website (InStat Limited, Limerick, Ireland); the CBF website was used to consult the match venue and the quality of the teams. The distances travelled in a straight line were calculated on a specialized website. The results showed that the teams that did not travel presented better offensive and defensive performance indexes (p< 0.001) and higher scores per match (p< 0.001). The teams that made long trips (> 1,000 km) showed greater deficits in performance indices (p< 0.001). Teams tended to earn fewer points per match when facing high-quality opponents (p< 0.001), and the score decreased with long trips (p< 0.001). Thus, travel logistics are fundamental and another factor to be considered by the technical committees when planning the training loads and strategies for the matches.

Profile of musculoskeletal injuries among young soccer players

RESUMO O jogo de futebol é caracterizado por exigências físicas diversas e alta prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas (LM). O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a prevalência e características de LM entre jovens praticantes de futebol. A casuística consistiu em 176 participantes com 10-17 anos de idade, os quais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos etários: Sub-11; Sub-13; Sub-15; e Sub-17. Além de informações demográficas e antropométricas, foram coletados de casos retrospectivos de LM. O grupo Sub-17 revelou as maiores taxas de ocorrência de LM retrospectiva. O grupo Sub-11 registrou a maior taxa de LM por participante lesionado (46.2%); 50 casos (62.5%) durante treinamentos. Membros inferiores foram os principais locais de instalação de lesões, com 66 casos (82.5%), e tornozelo/pé foi o segmento anatômico com maior prevalência (45.5%). Houve maior predomínio de LM não-traumáticas, com 44 casos (55%), e maior ocorrência de casos de natureza leve, com 49 casos (61.3%). A maioria dos casos envolveu retorno assintomático às atividades de treino, totalizando 57 casos (71.3%); 62 casos (77.5%) ocorreram sem a necessidade de suporte médico ou terapêutico. A prevalência de LM entre jovens praticantes de futebol envolveu agravos em membros inferiores na região de tornozelo/pé, de severidade leve e não requereram tratamento.

Abstract Soccer performance is characterized by diverse athletic demands and a high prevalence of sports injuries (SI). The current study aimed to describe the prevalence and sports injury characteristics among young soccer players. Casuistry was constituted of 10-17 aged soccer players who were divided into four (4) age groups: Sub-11; Sub-13; Sub-15; and Sub-17. Demographic and anthropometric parameters, as well as retrospective SI, were collected as dependent variables. Sub-17 exhibited higher SI cases prevalence, and Sub-11 reported greater SI incidence by injured participants (46.2%); 50 cases (62.5%) derived from training sessions. Inferior limbs were the main anatomical sites of SI onset, and ankle/foot constituted the main region related by participants (45.5%). In terms of mechanisms, non-traumatic SI were the more prevalently related (55%). Likewise, the asymptomatic return was more commonly reported, totalizing 57 cases (71.3%). In conclusion, SI prevalence among young soccer players consisted of light cases on inferior limb sites in the ankle/foot and non-associated with medical support.

Predictive factors of the setting performance and distribution per game complex in junior female volleyball

Abstract The present study aimed to analyse the associations between spatiotemporal characteristics of the setting and the origin of the ball in terms of the game complexes for junior female volleyball teams. Multinomial logistic regression and multiple correspondence analysis were applied to analyse 3.675 setting actions (Complex I= 1.593, Complex II= 2.082) in the final phase of the Greek Junior Championship. Results showed that the origin of the ball from the left lane of the court eases the setter for an accurate setting during CI while passing from the right lane incommodes the setter during CII. Regarding setting zone, for accurate setting, odds are increased by 3.2 for zone 4 during CI while decreased by 23.8 for zone 3 during CII. The junior setters’ distribution of setting is predictable and creates favourable conditions for the opponent to deal with it. The improvement of junior female setters’ ability to follow the team’s offensive tactic regardless of the ball’s origin, to manipulate passes received from the right lane of the court during CII and the acceleration of setting tempo for the wing hitters could be training goals for coaches.

What do the parents perceive, and how it affects children’s motor competence? An exploratory study in 5 to 11 years old south Brazilian children

Abstract The present study examines sex differences regarding children’s self-perceptions and motor competence (locomotor and object control subtests), parents’ perceptions about their boys’ and girls’ competence, and the associations among these variables. Parents and their children (N= 77; M= 8.70, SD= 2.13) participated in the study. The children’s motor competence was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development — Second Edition (TGMD-2). The children’s self-perceptions were assessed using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance and the Self-Perception Profile for Children, depending on the child’s age. The parental perception of their children’s motor competence was assessed using an adapted version of the children’s perceptions of motor competence. Boys and girls were similar regarding the locomotor subtest; boys showed significantly higher scores for the object control subtest than girls. Parents’ perceptions of children’s motor competence were significantly related to the children´s motor competence and were the stronger predictor in the locomotor model and the second predictor in the object control subtest model; sex was the stronger predictor for the object control subtest. Our findings address new information regarding children’s motor and parents’ motor competence.

Does the satisfaction of psychological needs predict the development of life skills in dual-career athletes?

Abstract The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate whether total need satisfaction and three separate basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) predict life skills development in dual-career athletes according to sex, type of sport, type of higher education institution and financial support. Participants included 136 Brazilian university athletes (65 boys and 71 girls) aged 17–23 years. Data collection was conducted via Basic Needs Satisfaction in Sport Scale (BNSSS) and the Life Skills Scale for Sport (LSSS). Bayesian multilevel linear regression model found that total need satisfaction and three separate basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) influenced life skills (teamwork, social skills, leadership, goal setting and communication) and total life skills development in dual-career athletes. Total need satisfaction influenced leadership and total life skills. Competence and relatedness influenced goal seating, social skill, leadership and total life skills. Autonomy might not have a strong correlation with life skills development dimensions standardised scores and total life skills standardised score independent of sex, type of sport, type of higher education institution and financial support. Based on such findings, satisfaction of all three basic needs combined (total need satisfaction) and separate autonomy, competence and relatedness was positively associated with the development of life skills in dual-career athletes.

An analysis of the perception of brand equity among members and non-members of football teams and its influence on behavioural intentions

Abstract A strong brand has been identified as a long-term success factor. Still, there is a gap in the perception of different types of fans about the brand equity dimensions of football teams and how their dimensions influence loyalty in the Brazilian context. The purpose of the present study was to analyse the perception of brand equity among members and non-members of football teams and its influence on behavioural intentions. Data were collected from 420 fans of a State Football Championship from Brazil through an online survey and analysed using multigroup structural equation modelling. In that context, the brand mark was not an association considered by the fans, and the analysis indicated a better perception of the brand equity dimensions by the members, and the analysis with the complete sample indicated the relevance of the model (R2= 77%). Specifically, internalisation, social interaction, and management dimensions significantly impacted the behavioural intentions of football fans. The study provides an understanding of the dimensions of brand equity in a context not previously studied and the different perceptions of these dimensions through multigroup analysis. Further, it informs marketers of the brand equity elements that must be taken into account in an attempt to leverage team behavioural intentions.

The effects of preventive shoulder exercises in electromyographic and pain levels in child swimming athletes: a before-after analysis

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate maximum voluntary contraction through surface electromyography in stabilizer shoulder muscles, as well as the clinical evaluation of shoulder injury in the pre, post, and detraining stages of specific training in child swimmers. Twelve competitive swimmers volunteered for this study. Anthropometric measurements, clinical examination, electromyography (with Delsys® data acquisition system), and pain intensity levels were performed. Clinical examination and EMG data were compared using repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction pre, post, and after detraining. The intervention program lasted for 12 weeks. The pain group presented higher pain intensity values compared to the post-intervention program. Most of the tests presented lower values at the detraining compared to the baseline. After the intervention, pain levels significantly decreased in five tests. Muscle strengthening work is highly recommended because it improves the swimmer’s shoulder performance, reducing injuries and decreasing pain intensity after 12 weeks of intervention.

The drag coefficient variations across different speeds in able-bodied, transradial and transtibial amputee cyclists by numerical simulations

Abstract Drag crisis has been described as a drop in the drag coefficient (Cd). This procedure was lately assessed in able-bodied cyclists in time trial position by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the phenomenon of the drag crisis by computer fluid dynamics in transradial and transtibial amputee cyclists in the upright position. A male elite-level cyclist was recruited for this research. The subject was scanned (3D geometry with a 3D Scan) with his competition bicycle, helmet, suit, and shoes. Consequently, transradial and transtibial 3D models were created editing the able-bodied 3D model. To perform the CFD analyses, a domain measuring 7 x 2.5 x 2.5 m (length, width and height, respectively) was created around each bicycle-cyclist model. The domains were meshed with more than 42 million elements. Numerical simulations by CFD were performed in fluent numerical for speeds between 1 m/s and 13 m/s, with increments of 1 m/s. The total Cd decreased with speed. It ranged from 0.84 to 0.55 in the able-bodied, 0.86 to 0.64 in the transradial and 0.90 to 0.61 in the transtibial. The drag crisis phenomenon was observed between 1m/s and 4m/s in all models.

The relationships between body composition, phase angle, and strength in youth athletes from Paraná

RESUMO A bioimpedância fornece dados do ângulo de fase, sendo utilizado para monitorar atletas. A força e a potência musculares são características fisiológicas/motoras importantes nos esportes que envolvem movimentos intensos. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar relações entre a composição corporal, o ângulo de fase e a força de membros superiores/inferiores em atletas adolescentes de diferentes esportes. A amostra foi constituída por 473 atletas (Masculino: 285 e Feminino: 188), com idade média de 16.4+ 1.2 anos. A estatística adotada foi Análise das Componentes Principais, com grupos de análise formados como Geral, Masculino e Feminino. Os testes de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin e Bartlett´s (p< 0,01) apresentaram-se como bons resultados para seguir com a Análise das Componentes Principais. O total de variância mostrou que a formação das componentes foi de três componentes para Geral, quatro para Masculino e cinco para Feminino, onde, a variância explicada pelas Análise das Componentes Principais em cada grupo foi de 73.9, 78.7 e 83.1% respectivamente. O ângulo de fase é uma variável relativamente nova ao avaliar o contexto desportivo, mostrando-se importante no monitoramento da condição física de atletas adolescentes, onde nas atividades que são solicitadas uma condição muscular mais vantajosa faz-se presente quando se aumenta a massa muscular, onde além de possuir boa relação com a força, também se relaciona com as variáveis de composição corporal e da bioimpedância.

ABSTRACT The Bioimpedance provides phase angle data, and it is used to monitor athletes. Muscle strength and power are important physiological/motor characteristics in sports that involve intense movement. The aim of this study was to verify the relationships between body composition, phase angle and upper/lower limb strength in adolescent athletes from different sports. The sample consisted of 473 athletes (Male: 285 and Female: 188), with a mean age of 16.4+ 1.2 years. The adopted statistic was Principal Component Analysis, with analysis groups formed as General, Male and Female. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and Bartlett's (p< .01) tests showed good results to follow Principal Component Analysis. The total variance showed that the formation of components was three for General, four for Male and five for Female, where the variance explained by the Principal Component Analysis in each group was 73.9, 78.7 and 83.1%, respectively. The phase angle is a relatively new variable when evaluating in the sports context, it proved to be important in monitoring the physical condition of adolescent athletes, where in activities that are requested, a more advantageous muscle condition is presented when muscle mass is increased, where in addition to having a good relationship with strength, and it is also related to the variables of body composition and Bioimpedance.

What pacing is used by the best swimmers in the 200m freestyle?

Abstract We examine the pacing strategies of elite swimmers of the 200 m freestyle from six long courses World Championships and three editions of the Olympic Games. The entries, partials, and total race times of the finalist swimmers were analysed. The results showed that the 1st lap is the one with the most significant difference, both for males (.0008) and females (< .0001), justified by the push-off against a solid (block). In addition, athletes perform their strategies assuming a negative correlation in the 1st half of the race and a positive correlation in the 2nd half. Also, the winner’s time difference percentage was below compared with the median of total race time, where the Transition α (difference between 1st to 2nd and 3rd places, and the difference of 3rd place to other athletes) is faster in the 2nd half of the race by +3.23% for men and +2.50% for women. It is concluded that the 1st lap presents better reciprocity to the final time. The winners are faster than the median in the 2nd half of the race. Still, the %Time becomes an option, related to the possibility of using the pacing of different athletes, as an option for coaches and athletes.

Construction and validation of the instrument: checklist and risk assessment matrix in mountain sports

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver e validar o instrumento checklist e matriz de avaliação do risco (CMAR) em desportos de montanha, nomeadamente, pedestrianismo, canyoning e escalada. O desenvolvimento do CMAR realizou-se mediante análise documental, revisão de literatura e consulta de especialistas. A validação de conteúdo do CMAR efetuou-se recorrendo à técnica Delphi, envolvendo 10 especialistas (idade: 35-58 anos, 42,30± 7,70 anos; experiência na área: 17,00± 6,8 anos), e a validação de constructo recorrendo à análise fatorial exploratória, envolvendo 548 técnicos e praticantes de pedestrianismo (n= 182), canyoning (n= 183) e escalada (n= 183). A 1|ª versão do CMAR revelou-se pertinente, clara e objetiva (ICCespecialistas: 0,85-0,90) e incluiu 51 itens (fatores de risco) agrupados em 3 dimensões. A versão final do CMAR incluiu 36 itens estruturados em 4 dimensões (humana, materiais e equipamentos, ambiental, e segurança e emergência), a serem avaliados numa matriz de risco de 5x5 pontos (probabilidade x consequência), que resulta num nível de risco estratificado correspondente a uma recomendação, ação e tratamento (KMOmodelo: 0,816; variância justificada modelo: 56,4%). O CMAR evidenciou valores bons de confiabilidade e bons a aceitáveis de validação de construto, viabilizando a sua utilização na análise e gestão de risco nos desportos de montanha pedestrianismo, canyoning e escalada.

Abstract This study aims to develop and validate the checklist instrument and risk assessment matrix (CMAR) in mountain sports, namely hiking, canyoning, and climbing. The development of the CMAR was carried out through document analysis, literature review, and expert consultation. The content validation of the CMAR was done using the Delphi technique, involving 10 experts (aged: 35-58 years, 42.30± 7.70 years; experience in the area: 17.00± 6.8 years), and the construct validation using exploratory factor analysis, involving 548 technicians and practitioners of hiking (n= 182), canyoning (n= 183), and climbing (n= 183). The 1st CMAR version proved to be relevant, clear and objective (ICCspecialists: .85-.90) and included 51 items (risk factors) grouped into 3 dimensions. The final version of the CMAR included 36 items structured in 4 dimensions (human, materials and equipment, environmental, and safety and emergency), to be evaluated in a risk matrix of 5x5 points (probability x consequence), which leads up to a stratified risk level corresponding to a recommendation, action, and treatment (KMOmodel: 0.816; justified variance model: 56.4%). CMAR demonstrated good reliability and good-to-acceptable values for construct validation, enabling its use in risk analysis and management in mountain sports, such as hiking, canyoning, and climbing.

Scientific evidence of factors that may affect sports performance in Paralympic powerlifting: a scoping review

RESUMO O objetivo desta pesquisa é apontar os estudos que descrevem variáveis que se associam a um impacto positivo no desempenho competitivo em atletas de para powerlifting. Para desenvolver o estudo foi utilizada as diretrizes Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) e os estudos foram extraídos de bases de dados eletrônicas como Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect e EBSCO. Foi realizado um processo de seleção por título, resumo e texto completo, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Inicialmente foram identificados 154 estudos que após a eliminação de duplicatas e aplicação dos critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados 8 artigos originais para análise qualitativa. Os resultados indicam que existem fatores fisiológicos e biomecânicos relacionados ao desempenho esportivo. A ingestão de placebo, uso de monohidrato de creatina, percentual de massa magra, predisposição genética e diversos métodos de recuperação de curto e médio prazo, como agulhamento seco e imersão em água fria, são fatores fisiológicos relacionados ao desempenho. Em relação aos fatores biomecânicos, foi evidenciado que a mensuração da preensão da barra se relaciona com maior produção de força e velocidade propulsora média.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to point out the studies that describe variables that are associated with a positive impact on competitive performance in paralympic powerlifting athletes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were used to develop the study, and the studies were extracted from electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect and EBSCO. A selection process was carried out by title, abstract and full text, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Initially, 154 studies were identified. After eliminating duplicates and applying the inclusion criteria, 8 original articles were selected for qualitative analysis. The results indicate that there are physiological and biomechanical factors related to sports performance. Placebo intake, use of creatine monohydrate, lean body mass percentage, genetic predisposition, and various short- and medium-term recovery methods, such as dry needling and cold water immersion, are physiological factors related to performance. Regarding biomechanical factors, it was evidenced that the measurement of bar grip is related to greater force production and average propulsive speed.

Exercise training in children and adolescents with mouth breathing syndrome:a systematic review

ABSTRACT The breathing pattern of Mouth Breathing (MB) implies the adaptation of body posture to facilitate the passage of airflow through the oral cavity, which can be prevented or reversed through physical exercise. However, there is no consensus on which is the best model of exercise program to minimise these postural adaptations. The purpose of the review was to investigate the effect of different physical exercise programs on the posture of mouth-breathing children and adolescents. The research was performed in Scopus, PubMed, Lilacs, Bireme, and Scielo databases in November 2022. The following descriptors were included: “mouth breather and exercise”, “mouth breathing and exercise”, “nasal obstruction and exercise”, “mouth breather and exercises”, “mouth breathing and exercises”, and “nasal obstruction and exercises”. Clinical trials related to the effect of physical exercise on the posture of MB children and adolescents were considered. Among 2796 identified studies, six were included. The mean score of the methodological quality scale of the selected studies was 5.5 points on a scale of 0 to 10. All studies showed an improvement in body posture after the exercise program. The exercise programs comprised muscle strengthening and stretching exercises, neuromuscular proprioceptive facilitation, and postural and diaphragmatic reeducation. The duration of the programs and the weekly frequency varied in the studies. Although it is difficult to compare studies and establish guidelines for formulating an exercise protocol, it was observed that upper limb strengthening and stretching exercises could effectively improve the body posture of MB children and adolescents.

A influência dos media no desporto: uma revisão narrativa

RESUMO O desporto, em particular o futebol, e os media desenvolveram ao longo de várias décadas uma relação de convivência complexa, mutuamente vantajosa. Contudo, até à data, os estudos sobre esta relação simbiótica são ainda reduzidos, notando-se uma clara escassez de suporte científico sobretudo no que diz respeito aos efeitos que os media podem provocar nos atletas de futebol profissional. Assim, foi objetivo da presente revisão narrativa contribuir para uma melhor compreensão deste fenómeno. A literatura sobre esta matéria foca-se sobretudo nas audiências, aqui considerada enquanto recetora das mensagens. Todavia, e no essencial, os estudos indicam alguma dificuldade em definir um modelo comunicacional específico ao desporto, nomeadamente sobre a hipotética relação causa/efeito (emissão de mensagem/efeito sobre o recetor). Para além disso, haverá que considerar que esta simbiose media/desporto evolui no tempo num circuito de autoalimentação, potenciado pela tecnologia e pelo contexto social e cultural que envolve o desporto. Embora a literatura consultada sugira a existência de um efeito dos media no futebol profissional, não parecem existir evidências sólidas dessa influência, por exemplo, na prontidão desportiva dos jogadores e/ou das equipas. Na opinião dos autores consultados, a temática exige uma abordagem bio comportamental, no sentido de proporcionar explicações para os eventos comportamentais mas também de carácter psicofisiológico associado ao stress competitivo. Haverá um longo caminho a percorrer na compreensão desta temática, onde a perspetiva dos jogadores e treinadores de futebol profissional se afigurará como um contributo imediato e fundamental para alavancar a investigação nesta área.

Abstract Sport, football in particular, and the media have developed a complex, mutually advantageous relationship over several decades. However, to date, studies on this symbiotic relationship are still limited, noting an apparent lack of scientific support, especially concerning the effects that the media can have on professional football players. Thus, this narrative review aimed to contribute to a better understanding of this phenomenon. The literature on this matter focuses mainly on audiences, considered here as recipients of messages. However, essentially, studies indicate some difficulty in defining a specific communication model for sport, namely regarding the hypothetical cause/effect relationship (message/effect on the receiver). Furthermore, it should be considered that this media/sport symbiosis evolves over time in a self-feeding circuit, boosted by technology and the social and cultural context that surrounds sports. Although the consulted literature suggests the existence of an effect of the media in professional football, there does not seem to be solid evidence of this influence, for example, in the sports readiness of players and/or teams. In the opinion of the consulted authors, the subject requires a bio-behavioural approach in the sense of providing explanations for behavioural events but also of a psychophysiological nature associated with competitive stress. There will be a long way to go in understanding this issue, where the perspective of professional football players and coaches will appear as an immediate and fundamental contribution to leverage research in this area.