Medievalista

In Memoriam

From the east to the west: the military orders - a foreword

Early templar administration in Provence and North-Eastern Spain

Abstract Information about the creation of Templar convents and a province in Provence, north-eastern Spain and neighbouring territories before 1150 is limited. Some types of evidence, however, suggest the establishment of convents. These include references to the construction of buildings to house Templars; the introduction of the term magister to describe some local officials; lists of brothers resident in a particular place; the appearance of the offices of claviger (“keeper of the keys”) and chaplain; and the close links formed between some laymen and Templar communities. It is clear that some convents were also setting up dependencies or granges by the middle of the 12th century. From very early on, there was a Templar official with authority on both sides of the Pyrenees, and he came to be given the title of magister, although the first reference to the province of “Provence and a certain part of Spain” does not occur until 1143. It is possible, though not certain, that provincial chapters began to be convened before 1150.

Resumo A informação sobre a criação dos conventos dos templários e da própria província da Provença, que incluía o nordeste de Espanha e territórios vizinhos antes de 1150, é limitada. Todavia, algumas provas sugerem a criação de conventos. Estas incluem referências à construção de edifícios para a habitação dos templários; a introdução do termo magister para descrever alguns oficiais locais; listas de freires residentes em determinado local; o aparecimento dos postos de claviger (claveiro, ou celeireiro) e de capelão; e os laços estreitos formados entre alguns leigos e as comunidades templárias. É claro que alguns conventos estavam também a estabelecer dependências ou granjas em meados do século XII. Havia desde muito cedo um oficial templário com autoridade em ambos os lados dos Pirenéus, a quem veio a ser dado o título de magister, embora a primeira referência à província de “Provença e uma certa parte de Espanha” não ocorra até 1143. É possível, embora não certo, que os capítulos provinciais tenham começado a ser organizados antes de 1150.

The beginnings of the Order of Saint John in Jerusalem, or: Muristan revisited

Abstract The order of Saint John was founded during the 12th century south of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem in an area known today as Muristan. The heart of the order's residence was the once famous hospital, which was the origin of numerous pilgrim hostels and hospitals throughout Europe. Given its historical significance, it is surprising how little is known about this building complex. Through pilgrims' reports and statutes of the order, the functioning of the hospital is relatively well known. But as a result of later changes and destruction only a few remnants of the medieval building stock have survived and are largely unexplored until today. In an interdisciplinary research project the development of the Muristan from antiquity to modern times is being investigated. Archival records are being re-evaluated, preserved and accessible architectural remains are documented and analysed by methods of building archaeology. This article presents some results of the project on the medieval development of the Muristan and the seat and hospital of the Order of St. John.

Resumo A ordem de São João foi fundada durante o século XII, a sul da Igreja do Santo Sepulcro em Jerusalém, numa área hoje conhecida como Muristan. O centro do convento da ordem era o outrora famoso hospital, que deu origem a vários albergues e hospitais para peregrinos em toda a Europa. Dado o seu significado histórico, é surpreendente que pouco se saiba sobre este complexo de edifícios. Através dos relatos de peregrinos e dos estatutos da ordem, conhece-se o funcionamento do hospital com alguma segurança. Mas, em consequência de mudanças e de destruições posteriores, só sobreviveram alguns vestígios dessa construção medieval, os quais foram pouco explorados até aos dias de hoje. O desenvolvimento do Muristan desde a antiguidade até os tempos modernos é o objecto de um projecto de investigação interdisciplinar em curso. No âmbito desse projecto, os registos de arquivo, as plantas e as fotografias foram reavaliados, enquanto os vestígios arquitectónicos preservados e acessíveis estão a ser analisados segundo os métodos da arqueologia da arquitectura. O presente artigo apresenta alguns dos resultados desse projeto sobre o desenvolvimento medieval do Muristan, sede e hospital da Ordem de São João.

The Templar Order, Portugal, and the Latin East: A New Document for an Old Debate

Resumé Au Portugal, le Temple a longtemps été pensé en dehors de l’Orient latin et il le reste encore sauf exceptions comptées. L’idée prévaut, même chez les spécialistes, que la province portugaise de l’ordre, bénéficiant d’une autonomisation graduelle, aurait connu, à la fin du XIIIe siècle, un éloignement définitif de la Terre sainte. Pour battre en brèche ce préjugé, l’étude s’appuie sur un document inédit conservé à l’Archivo de la Corona de Aragón qui, en 1282, implique Lourenço Martins, lieutenant du maître provincial de Portugal, dans un transport méditerranéen de Barcelone à Acre. Celui-ci s’est opéré avec quatre frères, quarante-cinq à cinquante bêtes, accompagné des écuyers et des victuailles leur correspondant. À l’époque, il n’avait rien de singulier et il s’inscrit dans une tradition de relations entre le Portugal et l’Orient latin qui reste très méconnue. Les Templiers n’en étaient pas les seuls acteurs, mais ils y ont joué un rôle crucial, qui infirme le caractère national si volontiers prêté à leur ordre au pays de Fernando Pessoa et d’un templarisme toujours vif.

Abstract In Portugal, the Temple has long been thought as having no connections with the Latin East and it still remains so with few exceptions. Even among specialists, it is still admitted that the Portuguese province of the order, by benefiting from a gradual autonomy, would have known a definitive estrangement from the Holy Land at the end of the thirteenth century. To challenge this preconceived idea, it is used in this paper an unpublished document kept in the Archivo de la Corona de Aragón which, in 1282, implicates Lourenço Martins, lieutenant of the provincial master of Portugal, in a Mediterranean transport from Barcelona to Acre. He would travel with four brothers, forty-five to fifty animals, accompanied by the squires and their corresponding bales and supplies. At the time, such shipments were not uncommon. They formed part of a tradition of contacts between Portugal and the East which remains largely unknown. The Templars were certainly not the only agents of this relationship, but they played a crucial role, which undermines the national character so readily lent to their order in the land of Fernando Pessoa and of an ever-lively Templarism.

The catalan Queralt-Timor lineage and its relationship with the Order of the Temple (12th-14th centuries)

Resumen La encomienda del Temple de Barberà (Tarragona) fue una de las principales de la Corona de Aragón, gracias en parte a la colaboración de una de las “familias templarias” más notables de Catalunya: los Queralt-Timor de Santa Coloma. Desde el origen de la encomienda, últimas décadas del siglo s. XII, fueron sus principales benefactores y, más adelante, dieron a la Milicia caballeros de primer rango (Pere II de Queralt, Jaume de Timor, Arnau de Timor, Dalmau de Timor... Todos guerreros de vocación participaron activamente en las conquistas que llevó a cabo la monarquía en el siglo XIII. Pero además, la familia Queralt desarrolló una política matrimonial constante que la emparentaría con diferentes linajes principales del país, así mismo relacionados con el Temple: los Castellnou, los Anglesola, los Rocabertí... Este artículo se interesa particularmente por la vida y las actividades de estos personajes con intención reivindicativa y deseo de situarlos en el lugar que merecen en la historia del Temple.

Abstract The commandery of the Temple of Barbera (Tarragona) was one of the leading ones of the Crown of Aragon, thanks in part to the collaboration of one of the most notable ‘Templar families’: Queralt-Timor of Santa Coloma. From the beginning of this commandery in the last decades of the twelfth century, they had been its main benefactors and, later on, provided the Militia with knights of the first rank (Pere II de Queralt, Jaume de Timor, Arnau de Timor, Dalmau de Timor...). They were all professional warriors and took an active part in the conquests which the monarchy carried out in the thirteenth century. But in addition, the Queralt family developed a continuous matrimonial policy which linked it by marriage to the different main lineages of the country, also connected to the Temple: Castellnou, Anglesola, Rocaberti… This article is particularly interested in the life and activities of these individuals with the intention of re-evaluating their contribution and giving them the place they deserve in the history of the Temple.

Women and parish liturgy. Lay women's religion in the lordship of the Military Order of Calatrava in rural Castile (15^th-16^th centuries)

Resumen Este artículo analiza algunos aspectos de la vida religiosa de mujeres seglares comunes, ni religiosas ni pudientes -un tema poco tratado en la historiografía-, habitantes de poblaciones rurales del señorío calatravo en Castilla durante los siglos XV y XVI. Además, estudia las actitudes de las jerarquías de la Orden de Calatrava hacia ciertas prácticas que estas mujeres protagonizaban. Seleccionamos seis puntos de atención en torno a la vivencia femenina de la liturgia parroquial: la propia asistencia de las mujeres al culto litúrgico, su participación en la configuración del espacio sagrado de los templos, las mujeres como objeto de segregación y a la vez sujeto de socialización durante las celebraciones religiosas, la iniciativa femenina en el marco funerario, ciertos indicios de devoción eucarística y una peculiar forma de caridad ejercida por un comendador mayor de la Orden de Calatrava hacia ciertas niñas huérfanas. A lo largo de este estudio, emergen aspectos tan variados como el gusto femenino por vestir imágenes o la presencia de mujeres en el Convento masculino de Calatrava.

Abstract This paper analyses some aspects of the religious life of common secular women, neither religious nor wealthy ─a topic rarely addressed in historiography─, living in rural villages of the Calatrava lordship in Castile in the 15th and 16th centuries. Additionally, it studies the attitudes of the hierarchy of the Order of Calatrava towards certain practices in which they were involved. We have selected six points of attention regarding the feminine experience of the parish liturgy: women's very attendance at liturgical ceremonies, their participation in the configuration of the sacred space of the temples, women as objects of segregation and at the same time subjects of socialisation during religious celebrations, women's initiative in the funerary setting, certain signs of Eucharistic devotion and a peculiar form of charity for certain orphan girls exercised by a comendador mayor (major commander) of the Order of Calatrava. Throughout this study, aspects as varied as the feminine taste for dressing statues or the presence of women in the male Monastery of Calatrava emerge.

National Rivalry among Hospitallers? The Case of Bohemia and Austria, 1392-1555

Abstract The medieval Hospitaller priory of Bohemia was riven by ethnic divisions and mutually unintelligible languages. The prior’s lieutenant for Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, who often resided at the important commandery of Mailberg, could have been a nucleus for Austrian independence from Bohemia. The paper edits and discusses a document from 1392 where the prioral chapter deals with a quarrel between Hospitallers in Austria and Styria; their fellow-Hospitallers from the lands of the Bohemian crown (Bohemia proper, Moravia, Silesia) carefully avoided to be offend Duke Albert III of Austria. In the following decades tensions between two rival Habsburg lines in Austria and Styria weakened the position of the Hospitaller lieutenants for the Habsburg lands, especially during the Hussite wars. After the reunification of the Habsburg lands in the early 1460s the commandery of Mailberg was given by Emperor Frederick III and his son Maximilian to their courtiers and creditors, some of whom were not even Hospitallers. With papal support Frederick III tried to transfer Mailberg to his newly-founded military-religious order of St. George at Millstatt in Carinthia. But when the Habsburg rulers became kings of Bohemia and Hungary in 1526, they ceased to be interested in splitting up the Hospitaller priory of Bohemia. In the early modern period this proved to be more important for the future of the priory than “proto-national” identities.

Resumo O Priorado do Hospital na Boémia medieval, com sede em Praga, estava fragmentado por divisões étnicas e por línguas mutuamente ininteligíveis. O lugar-tenente do prior para a Áustria, Estíria, Caríntia e Carniola, que muitas vezes residia na importante comenda de Mailberg, poderia ter constituído o núcleo para a separação da Áustria relativamente à Boémia. Neste artigo edita-se e discute-se um diploma de 1392, com a resolução do capítulo do Priorado sobre a disputa entre os Hospitalários da Áustria e da Estíria, no qual os hospitalários das terras da coroa da Boémia (Boémia propriamente dita, Morávia, Silésia) evitaram cuidadosamente ofender o duque Alberto III da Áustria. Nas décadas seguintes, as tensões entre as linhas rivais dos Habsburgos na Áustria e na Estíria enfraqueceram a posição dos lugares-tenentes do Hospital, em particular durante as guerras hussitas. Após a reunificação das terras dos Habsburgos no início da década de 1460, Mailberg foi dada pelo imperador Frederico III e pelo seu filho Maximiliano a cortesãos e a credores, alguns dos quais nem sequer eram freires do Hospital. Com o apoio papal, Frederico III tentou transferir Mailberg para sua recém-fundada Ordem religiosa-militar de São Jorge, sediada em Millstatt, na Caríntia. Mas quando os Habsburgos se tornaram reis da Boémia e da Hungria em 1526, deixaram de se interessar pela divisão do Priorado do Hospital da Boémia. No início da época moderna, isso seria mais importante para o futuro do Priorado do que as identidades "protonacionais".

Sources and context of the eucharistic miracles of the Cantigas de Santa María 128 and 208.

Riassunto Le Cantigas de Santa María 104, 128, 147 e 208 presentano dei miracoli eucaristici dove delle ostie subiscono una trasfigurazione. Le loro fonti non sono ancora state ben definite dalla critica. Questo studio vuole offrire delle nuove ipotesi sui precedenti delle Cantigas 128 e 208, incentrate sul motivo dell’adorazione di un’ostia consacrata da parte di alcune api. Se per la Cantiga 128 si evidenzia l’influenza di una versione contenuta in una collezione miracolistica di provenienza catalana, in quanto portatrice di dettagli condivisi in esclusiva col testo galego medievale, per la Cantiga 208 viene ribadita la presenza, alla base, dell’opera del cistercense tedesco Cesario di Heisterbach, con alcune innovazioni da imputare forse alla stessa corte del sovrano per far fronte ad alcune esigenze dottrinali del tempo.

Abstract The Cantigas de Santa María 104, 128, 147, and 208 present Eucharistic miracles where the hosts undergo a transfiguration. Their sources have not yet been well defined by scholars. This study aims to offer new hypotheses on the precedents of Cantigas 128 and 208, centered on the motif of the adoration of a consecrated host by some bees. If for Cantiga 128 the influence of a version contained in a miraculous collection of Catalan origin is highlighted, as it bears details shared exclusively with the medieval Galician text, for Cantiga 208 the presence is reiterated, at the base, of the work of the Cistercian monk Cesario of Heisterbach, with some innovations to be attributed to the same court of the sovereign to perhaps some doctrinal needs of his time.

Islamic tradition pottery in Portuguese contexts. 12^th-14^th centuries

Resumo Pretende-se1 avançar com uma primeira análise às lógicas de continuidade entre o período islâmico e os momentos posteriores à conquista cristã, patentes na cerâmica produzida em várias cidades e áreas geográficas do território nacional. Muito embora se assuma o carácter preliminar desta abordagem, tenta-se também uma interpretação das diferenças regionais assinaladas, a partir de factores como o âmbito temporal da presença islâmica e as relações centro-periferia. Verifica-se que a leitura defensora da disrupção, oferecida por alguma história política, não encontra apoio no registo arqueológico, em especial nas latitudes mais meridionais. Aí anuncia-se não só um cenário de evidente manutenção das tradições de período islâmico, mas também a integração contínua de inovações e tendências provenientes da região peninsular onde o poder muçulmano continuava a dominar, nas cadeias operatórias locais. Esta realidade demonstra como séculos de integração cultural centrada no Mediterrâneo, e especialmente evidente nas materialidades, resistiram ao surgimento de novas fronteiras e à chegada de novos actores sociais.

Abstract The excessive tutelage of Political History over the study of medieval materials, frequently results in attempts to link directly the archeological record with an historical conjuncture, generally disruptive. One example is the tendency to assume that some characteristics of Islamic pottery were exclusive to the time frame of the Muslim domain, submitting the material culture to a political and institutional chronology which reveals as totally artificial. In this paper we intend to start systemizing data that allows us to consider that the integration of the southern cities in the Christian territory did not cause a moment of rupture, at least in the material creations. On the contrary, by valuating the inputs of stratigraphic and contextual data, we verify that continuities do not restrain to the maintenance of technical knowledge, formal patterns or ornamental options. In some latitudes, in the century following the Christian conquest, the pottery production continued to incorporate innovations and tendencies from regions where Muslim powers proceed ruling. This observation allows us to conclude that some material expressions of a cultural universe that was structured by centuries of Mediterranean interchange, survived the establishment of new political frontiers and the arrival of new social actors.

Recensão / Review: La Reconquista. Ideología y justificación de la Guerra Santa Peninsular

Recensão / Review: Manuscritos Iluminados Europeus na Coleção Calouste Gulbenkian.

Recensão/Review: La sociedad política en Jerez de la Frontera a finales de la Edad Media.