Scielo RSS <![CDATA[Comunicações Geológicas]]> http://scielo.pt/rss.php?pid=1647-581X20090001&lang=pt vol. num. 96 lang. pt <![CDATA[SciELO Logo]]> http://scielo.pt/img/en/fbpelogp.gif http://scielo.pt <![CDATA[<b>Sinclinal de Vila Velha de Ródão (Zona Centro-Ibérica, Portugal)</b>: <b>litostratigrafia, estrutura e modelo de evolução da tectónica Varisca</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100001&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt A revisão da cartografia geológica à escala 1:25 000 do sinclinal de Vila Velha de Ródão evidenciou a presença de uma sucessão, datada do Ordovícico Inferior ao Silúrico inferior, similar à do sinforma D3 de Amêndoa-Carvoeiro e novos elementos sobre a deformação Varisca. Observaram-se cavalgamentos precoces, posteriormente reactivados como cavalgamentos de geometria em duplex vergentes para NE (forethrusts), retrocavalgamentos (backthrusts) e retrodobras (backfolds), dobras com clivagem de plano axial e estruturas lineares; toda esta deformação mostra carácter progressivo, em regime dominantemente coaxial, resultou da actuação da fase principal D1 da orogenia Varisca. A deformação progressiva é compatível com a compressão máxima NE-SW que pode originar descolamentos em profundidade do tipo thin-skinned e estruturas triangulares, a várias escalas. Á escala regional, o sinclinal estudado está posicionado entre duas estruturas em flor e é afectado ainda por rampas laterais Variscas, posteriormente reactivadas em desligamentos direitos e esquerdos durante a actuação dos episódios tardi-Variscos e da orogenia Alpina.<hr/>The revision of the geological mapping (scale 1:25 000) of the Vila Velha de Ródão syncline revealed a succession whose data ranged from the early Ordovician to the lower Silurian, similarly to the D3 Amêndoa-Carvoeiro sinform and new elements about the Variscan deformation. Early overthrusts, reactivated forethrusts with duplex geometry with NE facing, backthrusts and backfolds, folds with axial cleavage and linear structures were also observed; all of these deformation shows progressive character, in coaxial regime, resulted from the main phase D1 of the Variscan orogeny. This deformation matches maximum NE-SW compression which can create thin-skinned décollement in depth and triangular structures of various scales. The syncline is located between two flower structures in regional scale and is affected by Variscan lateral ramps reactivated in dextral and sinistral strike-slip faults during the action of the late-Variscan episodes and of the Alpine orogeny. <![CDATA[<b>The Cretaceous Formations from the Eastern Algarve</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100002&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt Le Crétacé de l’Algarve oriental est constitué de 14 formations, du Berriasien au Cénomanien. Dix d’entre elles sont spécifiques à cette région. Ces dernières unités lithostratigraphiques font l'objet d'une définition formelle. Le contenu lithologique synthétique, les principales associations paléontologiques et les limites de chaque formation sont décrits à partir d'une coupe de référence précisément localisée et illustrée par des planches photographiques. Les propositions d'âges sont argumentées. Les principales variations de faciès sont mentionnées. Une corrélation avec les formations de l'Algarve central et occidental est proposée.<hr/>The Cretaceous series from the Eastern Algarve consists of fourteen formations between the Berriasian and the Cenomanian. Ten of those are peculiar to this area. These last lithostratigraphic units are formally defined. The lithologic compositions, the main palaeontologic associations and the boundaries of each formation are described from a reference section, precisely located and illustrated with mean of photographic plates. The dating of these units is argued. The major facies changes are mentioned. A correlation with the formations of the Central and Western Algarve is proposed.<hr/>O Cretácico do Algarve oriental é constituído por 14 formações, do Berriasiano ao Cenomaniano. Dez destas formações são típicas desta região. Estas últimas unidades litostratigráficas são formalmente definidas. A composição litológica sintética, as principais associações paleontológicas e os limites de cada formação são descritos a partir dum corte de referência, localizado com muita precisão e ilustrado por estampas fotográficas. A idade destas formações é argumentada. As principais variações de fácies são mencionadas. Uma correlação com as formações do Algarve central e ocidental é proposta. <![CDATA[<b>Homogeneização da Cartografia Geológica do Cenozóico da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (</b><b>AML</b><b>)</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100003&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt Neste trabalho procura identificar-se alguns dos problemas relacionados com a cartografia do Cenozóico da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (AML) na sequência do protocolo de colaboração entre a Junta Metropolitana de Lisboa, Instituto Geológico e Mineiro e a Fundação da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa destinado a enquadrar o desenvolvimento da Cartografia Geológica na AML. A região da AML integra-se na Bacia do Baixo Tejo, que se estende, com direcção aproximadamente NE-SW, desde o litoral ocidental (Península de Setúbal), até à área de Placência, em Espanha. Este protocolo, que teve como principal objectivo a revisão e actualização da cartografia geológica de base e produção de cartografia geológica temática para a região da AML, permitiu que se efectuasse a normalização e homogeneização das unidades litostratigráficas representadas na carta geológica, estabelecer correlações entre elas (Tabela I) e a elaboração de mapas de conjunto a várias escalas.<hr/>The main aspects related with the geological mapping of the Cenozoic units of the “Lisbon Metropolitan Area” (AML) are presented. The mapped area makes part of the “Lower Tagus Basin” which extends from the littoral western part of the Setúbal Peninsula and crosses the Portugal/Spain border in the Castelo Branco region. The basin was differentiated during the Eocene and evolved up to the present. The mapped unities are integrated in the evolution of the basin and reflect the different infill stages under different sedimentary contexts. Taking into account the relations between the sediments infill and their genetic environments, the basin can be subdivided in 3 sectors: the distal one, with alternating marine and continental deposits in the Lisboa area and always marine in most of the Setúbal Peninsula; the middle sector with continental environments and some brackish episodes during high sea levels; and the proximal sector with exclusively continental sedimentation. In the distal sector, high-resolution stratigraphy could be achieved for the Neogene deposits; fifteen lithostratigraphic units have been characterized for the Lisboa region, twelve for the Almada area and eight for the remaining Setúbal Peninsula region. In the middle sector, that occupies great part of Ribatejo and Alto Alentejo provinces, it was possible to characterize just five units for the same time interval. In some areas, a number of units were merged due to their lithological similarity. The AML project allowed to normalize and homogenize the mapped lithostratigraphic units and to establish some correlations between them. These facts are reflected in the presentation of general maps from which the 1/100 000 scale map is an example. The lithostratigraphic units and symbols are also presented as well as the old units used in the geological maps at the 1/50 000 scale. <![CDATA[<b>Palaeogeographic control of the Jurassic clay sedimentation of the Essaouira atlasic basin (Western High Atlas, Morocco)</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100004&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt Les variations des proportions de minéraux argileux de la série sédimentaire du Jurassique du domaine d'Essaouira (Nord du Bassin du Haut Atlas occidental) permettent d'identifier trois zones minéralogiques. Les effets de la diagenèse sur les assemblages argileux étant négligeables, leur évolution dépend principalement de la conjugaison de facteurs paléogéographiques. L’activité tectonique des bordures continentales suite à la subsidence du bassin s’exprime tout au long de la série par un apport accrue de l'illite et parfois de la chlorite. Cette activité tectonique est entrecoupée par des phases de ralentissement de la subsidence qui permettent la mise en place, sous un climat chaud, de couvertures pédologiques responsables de l’apport dans le bassin de kaolinite, d'interstratifiés puis de smectites. Les variations du niveau de la mer s'expriment au Callovien où la transgression généralisée permet de favoriser une sédimentation argileuse détritique aux dépend d’une sédimentation chimique.<hr/>Jurassic clay mineral assemblage variations of sediments outcropping in the Essaouira field (North of Western High Atlas Basin) permit to identify three mineralogical zones. As the effects of burial diagenesis seem weak, the vertical evolution of clays depends mainly from various combinations of palaeogeographic factors. The input of illite and sometimes of chlorite throughout the series results from tectonic movements of the continental edges in relation with the subsidence of the basin. This tectonic activity is intersected by phases with deceleration of subsidence which allow the installation, under a hot climate, of pedological covers responsible for the input in the basin of kaolinite, mixed-layers and, later smectites. The variations of sea level are also expressed in the Callovian succession, where the generalized transgression permits the development in the basin of a detrital clay sedimentation instead of a chemical sedimentation. <![CDATA[<b>Stratigraphy of the Lower Devonian of Tidikelt Plateau of In Salah (Central Sahara Algeria)</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100005&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt L'analyse palynologique liée avec la corrélation séquentielle a permis de déterminer la stratigraphie du Dévonien Inférieur du Tidikelt. Le Lochkovien se caractérise par la présence des miospores comme Perotrilites microbaculatus, Emphanisporites cf. micrornatus, Scylaspora tidikeltense, Apiculiretusispora spicula, Emphanisporites spinaeformis et Dictyotriletes emsiensis les autres connus aussi dans le bassin d'Illizi. Le Lochkovien est composé de sept cycles sédimentaires localement partiellement érodés. L'analyse palynologique a prouvé qu'il manque des sédiments du Lochkovien terminal. Le milieu de sédimentation est fluvio-lacustre et épisodiquement dunaire. Les miospores du Praguien comme Camptozonotriletes caperatus, Apiculiretusispora arenorugosa, Dictyotriletes subgranifer, Verrucosisporites polygonalis, Dibolisporites D. cf. gibberosus var. major et Cymbosporites proteus sont étroitement comparable avec les autres du Praguien de Algérie. L'analyse palynologique ainsi que l'analyse séquentielle indiquent le manque des sédiments du Praguien inférieur de l'Algérie. Toutes les sédimentations de Praguien sont d'une provenance lacustre. Si le Lochkovien avait sept cycles de sédimentation, au Praguien on observe la dimination du nombre de cycle (trois cycles de sédimentation). Les miospores d'Emsien comme Emphanisporites annulatus, Camarozonotriletes sextantii Dibolosporites echinaceus, avec les autres, sont en général analogues aux données des autres forages du Sahara. Le milieu de sédimentation est marin. On observe seulement un cycle sédimentaire. L’épaisseur des sédiments du Dévonien Inférieur se diminue du Lochkovien à Emsien.<hr/>Lithologic sequences of the Tidikelt boreholes are dated by, moderately fairly preserved, well known miospores of controlled stratigraphic range and on occasional well preserved acritarchs. The successive miospore assemblages are correlated with contemporaneous Gondwanan Miospore biozones and with Euro-American comparable miospore associations. This proves that these successions are of Lochkovian, Pragian and Emsian ages. The correlation also confirms local hiatus at the Lochkovian, Pragian and Emsian tops and at the Pragian base. These erosional events are accused by: lack of sedimentary deposits at these levels; decreasing in the number of sedimentary cycles and reducing sediments thickness of the successive cycles towards these levels. These cyclic series are dominated by medium grained wackes and sandy clays. The Lochkovian deposits are of fluvial-lake origin, Pragian is lake environment and Emsian is dominated by marine sources. <![CDATA[<b>Assumptions and problems with Fe-Mg garnet - biotite diffusion based petrological cooling rates</b>: <b>a case study in granulites and migmatites fromcentral Ribeira Fold Belt, SE Brazil</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100006&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt The São Fidelis - Santo António de Pádua sector of central Ribeira Fold Belt is mainly composed of migmatites, granulites and blastomylonites. Application of two contrasting methodologies to obtain petrological cooling rates based on Fe-Mg diffusion between garnet and respective biotite inclusions proved unfruitful. This was mainly due to: a) high dispersion of results caused by open-system behaviour; and b) narrow closure temperature variation caused by garnet reequilibration at high temperatures followed by very fast cooling. The obtained results are mainly qualitative but in broad agreement with previously obtained thermochronological results based on integration of multiple isotopic systems.<hr/>O sector São Fidelis - Santo António de Pádua, pertencente à zona central da Faixa Ribeira, é fundamentalmente composto por migmatitos, granulitos e blastomilonitos. A aplicação de diferentes metodologias com o objectivo de obter taxas de arrefecimento baseadas na difusão Fe-Mg entre granada e respectivas inclusões de biotite revelou-se infrutífera. Tal deve-se fundamentalmente a: a) elevada dispersão dos resultados causada pela existência de um sistema aberto; b) estreita variação das temperaturas de fecho do sistema causada por re-homogeneização da granada a altas temperaturas seguida de arrefecimento muito rápido. Os resultados obtidos são fundamentalmente qualitativos, mas estão de acordo com resultados termocronológicos previamente obtidos baseados na integração de múltiplos sistemas isotópicos. <![CDATA[<b>Geodynamic evolution of the São Fidelis -Santo António de Pádua sector, central Ribeira Fold Belt, SE Brazil</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100007&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt New structural analysis and petrological results on granulites from the central segment of Ribeira Fold Belt indicate that the regional thrusts D1 (245-260° , 55-70° NW) was coeval with the high grade peak metamorphism at 565 - 575 Ma, post-dating earlier collision related nappe thrusts at 630 - 610 Ma (D0). These were mostly erased by D2 thrusting and long-term dextral transpressional shearing (50-65° , 70-85° NW), simultaneous with very slow cooling of the orogen until 480 - 520 Ma. Brittle, extensional, tectonic event D3 (290-320° , subvertical) is associated with late granite emplacement in the area, being followed by tectonic collapse that resulted in rapid exhumation/cooling of the high grade rocks at ~ 470 Ma. Results suggest that a > 35 Ma period of nearly orthogonal shortening between the San Francisco and West Congo cratons occurred until 565 Ma with development of the D1 flower thrust system. Afterwards, when rocks could not absorb further orthogonal shortening, D2 dextral transpressive regime became dominant, turning the flower structure asymmetric. Specific positioning within the flower structure and partition of deformation induced “local” antithetical sinistral kinematics within the main regional dextral regime and differential exhumation: granulites in the central axis were rapidly exhumed, whereas along the lateral branches exhumation was much slower resulting in very slow cooling that lasted for almost 100 Ma.<hr/>Análise estrutural e resultados petrológicos recentes em granulitos da zona central da Faixa Ribeira indicam que a fase de deformação D1 (cavalgamentos de alta temperatura: 245-260° , 55-70° NW) foi simultânea com o pico metamórfico, atingido aos 565 - 575 Ma, após os episódios colisionais com imbricação de nappes há 630 - 610 Ma (D0). Os marcadores cinemáticos de D0 e D1 foram abundantemente apagados pela fase de deformação D2. Esta apresentou uma componente cavalgante e, fundamentalmente, de cisalhamento direito (50-65° , 70-85° NW), associada a transpressão direita de longa duração, relacionada com uma prolongada taxa de arrefecimento do orógeno que durou até 480 - 520 Ma. O evento tectónico D3, frágil e em regime extensional (290-320° , subvertical), associado a relaxamento térmico e à instalação de granitos tardios na área, foi seguido pelo colapso orogénico, aumentando drasticamente as taxas de arrefecimento há ~ 470 Ma. Os resultados sugerem que terá ocorrido um período de > 35 Ma de encurtamento ortogonal entre o Cratão de São Francisco e o Cratão do Congo Ocidental, até há 565 Ma, com o desenvolvimento da estrutura em flor D1. Posteriormente, quando as rochas deixaram de suportar encurtamento, o regime transpressivo direito D2 tornou-se predominante, tornando a estrutura em flor assimétrica. O posicionamento específico no interior da estrutura em flor e a existência de uma forte partição da deformação induziu cinemática antitética esquerda em alguns locais, dentro da estrutura predominantemente direita, bem como exumação diferencial: os granulitos na zona central da estrutura foram rapidamente exumados, enquanto nos ramos laterais a exumação procedeu-se de uma forma mais lenta, resultando em taxas de arrefecimento muito baixas que duraram quase 100 Ma. <![CDATA[<b>Método combinado de observação em microscópia óptica e electrónica de varrimento para estudo de palinomorfos</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100008&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt Apresenta-se método combinado de observação que permite o estudo do mesmo palinomorfo recorrendo aos microscópios óptico e electrónico de varrimento. Muitas vezes, a simples observação dos palinomorfos ao microscópio óptico e/ou electrónico não são suficientes para identificar e caracterizar as diferentes formas. A correcta identificação e classificação são essenciais para a obtenção de resultados sistemáticos mais seguros, o que pode ser facilitado através da observação do mesmo palinomorfo recorrendo aos dois tipos de microscopia. Este método, inédito em Portugal, permite visualizar todos os detalhes morfológicos dos palinomorfos e contribui para aumentar o número de táxones identificados. O estudo de palinomorfos é importante para a caracterização de paleoambientes, paleoclimas e biostratigrafia.<hr/>A combined Light Microscope and Scanning Electronic Microscope (LM-SEM) technique for observation and study of the same palynomorph is presented. Usually, the simple observation of the palynomorphs at LM or SEM, currently, is not enough for the positive identification of the different species. The correct identification of the different forms allows obtaining better systematic characterization of the palynomorphs through the observation of the same specimen at LM and SEM. This method, new in Portugal, allows observe all the palynomorph morphologic details and contribute to increase the number of identified taxa. The study of palynomorphs is important for the characterization of palaeoenvironments, palaeoclimates and biostratigraphy. <![CDATA[<b>“Os olhos da Geologia”, o discurso dos engenheiros e o saber dos geólogos</b>: <b>o início da utilização de métodos geofísicos na prospecção de recursos minerais em Portugal</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100009&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt No início do século XX, e em especial após a morte de Nery Delgado, os Serviços Geológicos de Portugal (SGP) tinham dificuldades em desenvolver uma actividade geológica consistente e significativa. Tal circunstância influenciou, em parte, a difícil situação atravessada pelo sector mineiro português. Na tentativa de inverter este estado de coisas, o Estado Novo criou, em 1939, o Serviço de Fomento Mineiro (SFM). Na década de 1940, os engenheiros de minas do SFM defenderam a utilização de métodos geofísicos na prospecção de depósitos minerais. Depois de ter adquirido à Suécia uma aparelhagem sísmica, o SFM desenvolveu trabalhos de prospecção na região do vale diapírico das Caldas da Rainha. Esse trabalho foi acompanhado pelo geólogo dos SGP, Georges Zbyszewski (1909-1999). A tese defendida no presente trabalho é a de que a actividade desenvolvida por Zbyszewski, conjugada com outros factores, intrínsecos e extrínsecos aos SGP, terá contribuído para alterar o estatuto dos geólogos e da Geologia em Portugal, com destaque para a situação nos próprios SGP.<hr/>In 1918, the Portuguese Geological Survey (PGS) became part of the General Directorate of Mines and Geological Survey (GDMGS), and the rough times the institution was facing by the end of the 19th century turned even worst. The PGS struggled with the lack of money and specialised personnel, and was enable to develop a solid and significant geological research, especially concerning geological mapping. This circumstance was partly responsible for the difficult situation of the Portuguese mining sector, and in order to modify this state of affairs the Portuguese dictatorship, the Estado Novo, created in 1939 the Service for Mining Development (SMD). Just like the PGS, the SMD was also legally attached to the GDMGS. During the 1940’s, the mining engineers of the SMD defended the use of geophysical methods in the prospecting of mineral resources. Geophysical methods embodied some scientific values that were highly regarded by the Portuguese engineers, such as rationality and objectivity. However, they were well aware that the use of “the eyes of geology”, as geophysical methods were sometimes named, involved complex questions, such as the reading and interpretation of the results obtained. The engineers’ perspective corresponded to an attitude characteristic of a scientific ethos that became common during the 20th century. When the use of geophysical methods effectively began, the SMD bought seismic equipment to a Sweden enterprise and began working in a region of mainland Portugal known as the diapiric valley. Georges Zbyszewski (1909-1999), the only geologist who worked for the PGS at the time, was appointed to follow up the geophysical campaign. The present paper argues that the work carried out by Zbyszewski was highly regarded by the mining engineers leading the GDMGS. This was possible because he was using instruments subscribed by the Portuguese engineers in this way reassuring them about the scientific character of his geological research. This circumstance allied to the construction of a geological community during the 1930’s and the 1940’s favoured the later recognition of geology and geologists in Portugal, and, in particular, inside the PGS. <![CDATA[<b>De Pampilhosa au granite</b>]]> http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1647-581X2009000100010&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt No início do século XX, e em especial após a morte de Nery Delgado, os Serviços Geológicos de Portugal (SGP) tinham dificuldades em desenvolver uma actividade geológica consistente e significativa. Tal circunstância influenciou, em parte, a difícil situação atravessada pelo sector mineiro português. Na tentativa de inverter este estado de coisas, o Estado Novo criou, em 1939, o Serviço de Fomento Mineiro (SFM). Na década de 1940, os engenheiros de minas do SFM defenderam a utilização de métodos geofísicos na prospecção de depósitos minerais. Depois de ter adquirido à Suécia uma aparelhagem sísmica, o SFM desenvolveu trabalhos de prospecção na região do vale diapírico das Caldas da Rainha. Esse trabalho foi acompanhado pelo geólogo dos SGP, Georges Zbyszewski (1909-1999). A tese defendida no presente trabalho é a de que a actividade desenvolvida por Zbyszewski, conjugada com outros factores, intrínsecos e extrínsecos aos SGP, terá contribuído para alterar o estatuto dos geólogos e da Geologia em Portugal, com destaque para a situação nos próprios SGP.<hr/>In 1918, the Portuguese Geological Survey (PGS) became part of the General Directorate of Mines and Geological Survey (GDMGS), and the rough times the institution was facing by the end of the 19th century turned even worst. The PGS struggled with the lack of money and specialised personnel, and was enable to develop a solid and significant geological research, especially concerning geological mapping. This circumstance was partly responsible for the difficult situation of the Portuguese mining sector, and in order to modify this state of affairs the Portuguese dictatorship, the Estado Novo, created in 1939 the Service for Mining Development (SMD). Just like the PGS, the SMD was also legally attached to the GDMGS. During the 1940’s, the mining engineers of the SMD defended the use of geophysical methods in the prospecting of mineral resources. Geophysical methods embodied some scientific values that were highly regarded by the Portuguese engineers, such as rationality and objectivity. However, they were well aware that the use of “the eyes of geology”, as geophysical methods were sometimes named, involved complex questions, such as the reading and interpretation of the results obtained. The engineers’ perspective corresponded to an attitude characteristic of a scientific ethos that became common during the 20th century. When the use of geophysical methods effectively began, the SMD bought seismic equipment to a Sweden enterprise and began working in a region of mainland Portugal known as the diapiric valley. Georges Zbyszewski (1909-1999), the only geologist who worked for the PGS at the time, was appointed to follow up the geophysical campaign. The present paper argues that the work carried out by Zbyszewski was highly regarded by the mining engineers leading the GDMGS. This was possible because he was using instruments subscribed by the Portuguese engineers in this way reassuring them about the scientific character of his geological research. This circumstance allied to the construction of a geological community during the 1930’s and the 1940’s favoured the later recognition of geology and geologists in Portugal, and, in particular, inside the PGS.