Portuguese Journal of Nephrology & Hypertension
ISSN 0872-0169
FERNANDES, Sara Cardoso FERREIRA, Ana Carina. Immune dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. []. , 35, 4, pp.247-250. 30--2021. ISSN 0872-0169. https://doi.org/10.32932/pjnh.2021.12.159.
Chronic kidney disease is characterized by immune dysfunction that increases predisposition to infections, virus-associated cancers and impaired response to vaccination. The altered immune response is caused by impairment of both innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as other factors that are hallmarks of renal disease, such as uremia, malnutrition, chronic inflammation, mineral bone disease and anemia. The aim of this article is to review the causes and mechanisms that lead to immune dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease.
: Immune dysfunction; chronic kidney disease; uremia.