Robert Dahl e o dilema da igualdade na democracia moderna

Jawdat Abu-El-Haj*

 

Este artigo analisa a evolução dos diálogos que Robert Dahl encetou com três das principais correntes da ciência política: a teoria da modernização, a teoria da escolha racional e a perspectiva da cultura política. Nas primeiras obras o autor considerava que a inclusão política era uma consequência do confronto entre situação e oposição. Nos seus últimos trabalhos, Dahl retornou às origens socialistas utópicas e inverteu a ordem de prioridades. A ameaça à democracia contemporânea já não deriva da concentração de poderes políticos numa só instância, mas sim da crescente desigualdade de condição que gera a resignação e o abandono da participação pública por parte dos cidadãos.

Palavras-chave: igualdade; contestação; cultura política; escolha racional; modernização.

 

 

This article analyzes the development of Robert Dahl's interrogations of the three main currents of political science: the theory of modernization, the theory of rational choice and the political culture approach. In his early work the author believed that political inclusion is the outcome of the opposition between situation and opposition. In his later work, Dahl returned to his utopian socialist origins and reversed the order of priorities. The threat to modern democracy no longer lies in the concentration of political power in one institution, but rather in the increasing inequality of condition, which produces resignation and leads citizens to give up participating in the political process.

Keywords: equality; dissent; political culture; rational choice; modernization.

 

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

 

Bibliografia

Aldrich, John (1993), «Rational choice and turnout», in American Political Science Review, v. 37, Fevereiro, pp. 246-278.         [ Links ]

Bell, Daniel (1973), The coming of the postindustrial society, Nova Iorque, Basic Books.

Dahl, Robert, e Tufte, Edward (1973), Size and democracy, Stanford, Stanford Universisty Press.

Dahl, Robert, e Lindblom, Charles (1976), Politics, economics and welfare, Chicago, University of Chicago press.

Dahl, Robert (1947a), «The science of public administration», in Public Administration Review, v. 7, Inverno, pp. 1-11.

Dahl, Robert (1947b), «Workers control of industry and the British Labor Party», in American Political Science Review, v. 41, Outubro, pp. 875-900.

Dahl, Robert (1948), «Marxism and free parties», in Journal of Politics, v. 10, Novembro, pp, 787-813.

Dahl, Robert (1956), A preface to democratic theory, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Dahl, Robert (1957), «The concept of power», in Behavioral Science, v. 2, Julho, pp. 201-215.

Dahl, Robert (1958), «A critique of the ruling elite model», in American Political Science Review, v. 52, Junho, pp. 463-469.

Dahl, Robert (1961), Who governs?, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Dahl, Robert (1967a), «The city in the future of democracy», in American Political Science Review, v. 61, Dezembro, pp. 953-970.

Dahl, Robert (1967b), Pluralist democracy in the United States, Chicago, Rand McNally.

Dahl, Robert (1971), Poliarchy: participation and opposition, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Dahl, Robert (1982), The dilemmas of pluralist democracy, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Dahl, Robert (1998), «After the triumph: what next?», in Nelson Polsby e Raymond Wolfinger (eds.), On parties: essay honoring Austin Ranney, Berkeley, Institute of Govenmental Studies.

Dahl, Robert (2003), How democratic is the American constitution?, New Haven, Yale University Press.

Dewey, John (1927), The public and its problems, Nova Iorque, H. Holt.

Downs, Anthony (1957), An economic theory of democracy, Nova Iorque, Harper.

Eckstein, Harry (1961), A theory of stable democracy, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Faris, R. (1967), The Chicago School, 1920-1932, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.

Freud, Sigmund (1927), The ego and the id, Londres, Hogarth Press.

Gawthorp, Louis (1987), «Toward an ethical convergence of democratic theory and administrative politics», in Ralph Clark Chandler (ed.), A centennial history of the American administrative state, Nova Iorque, Free Press.

Gould, Stephen (1981), The mismeasure of man, Nova Iorque, Norton.

Gulick, L., e Urwick, L. (eds.) (1937), Papers in the science of administration, Nova Iorque, New York Institute of Public Administration.

Henry, Nicholas (1987), «The emergence of public administration as a field study», in Ralph Clark Chandler, (ed.), A centennial history of American administrative state, Nova Iorque, Macmillan, Inc.

Hofstadter, Richard (1955), The age of reform: from Bryan to FDR, Nova Iorque, Alfred Knopf.

Inglehart, Ronald (1977), The silent revolution: changing values and political styles, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Inglehart, Ronald (1997), Modernization and post-modernization: cultural, economic, and political change in 43 societies, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Johnson, James (2003), «Conceptual problems as obstacles to progress in political science», in Journal of Theoretical Politics, v. 15, n.º 1 pp. 87-115.

Lerner, Daniel (1958), The passing of traditional society: modernizing the Middle East, Nova Iorque, Free Press.

Lippmann, Walter (1922), Public Opinion, Nova Iorque, Free Press.

Manley, John (1983), «Neo-pluralism: a class analysis of pluralism I and pluralism II», in American Political Science Review, v. 77, n.º 2 pp. 363-383.

Merriam, Charles (1945), Systematic politics, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.

Mills, C. Wright (1956), The power elite, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Moroni, James (1990), The democratic wish: popular participation and the limits of American government, Nova Iorque, Basic Books.

Olsen, Mancur (1965), The logic of collective action, Cambridge, Harvard University Press.

Prewitt, Kenneth (2005), «Political ideas and a political science of policy», in Annals of the American Association of Political and Social Sciences, Julho, n.º 600, pp. 14-29.

Purcell Jr., Edward (1973), The crisis of democratic theory: scientific naturalism and the problem of value, Lexington, The University Press of Kentucky.

Rostow, W. W. (1961), The stages of economic development, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Schumpeter, Joseph (1942), Capitalism, socialism and democracy, Nova Iorque, Harper and Row.

Skinner, Quentin (1973), «The empirical theorists of democracy and their critics: a plague on both their houses», in Political Theory, v. 1, n.º 3, Agosto, pp. 287-306.

Wallas, Graham (1908), Human nature in politics, Lincoln, University of Nebraska Press.

Westbrook, Robert (1991), John Dewey and American democracy, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.

Wilson, Woodrow (1895), Congressional government: a study in American politics, Princeton, Princeton University Press.

Wilson, Woodrow (1887), «The study of administration», in Jay Shafritz e Albert Hyde (eds.), The classics of public administration, Chicago, The Dorsey Press.

 

* Universidade Federal do Ceará.