Biology of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) in the Pine Wilt Disease Affected Zone, Southern Portugal

 

Pedro Miguel Naves^*, Edmundo Sousa^**, José Manuel Rodrigues^***

^* Bolseiro de Investigação

^** Investigador Auxiliar

Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária/INRB, IP, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 OEIRAS

^*** Engº Florestal

Autoridade Florestal Nacional. Av. João Crisóstomo, 26-28, 1069-040 LISBOA

 

Abstract. The biology of Monochamus galloprovincialis, which is the vector of the pathogenic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, was studied in the pine wilt disease-affected zone south of the Tejo River, Portugal. Insects required ten to thirteen months to develop and had a single generation per year. The emergence pattern during 2001 to 2004 occurred from May to September with a peak in July, being consistent with the captures of attractive traps (flight curve). Emergencies occurred slightly earlier for males than for females, with a global sex ratio of 0.48. Females laid eggs on trap-trees from May to August and the young larvae had an extremely fast development before tunnelling into the xylem, where they passed the winter. The number of larval instars could not be defined by the frequency distribution of head-capsule width measurements. Developmental success and adult dimensions differed between tree sections, being higher for the trunk. Mortality was generally low for all developmental instars and the within log generation survivorship from egg to adult was 53%. The most important identified mortality agents were the fungi Beauveria bassiana and the parasitic wasp Cyanopterus flavator. Results are discussed in view of the current strategies to control the insect and the possible existence of a winter dormancy affecting the insect's larvae.

Key words: Pine sawyer; life cycle; emergence; seasonal development; mortality

 

Biologia do Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Carambycidae) na Região Afectada pelo Nemátodo da Madeira do Pinheiro em Portugal

Sumário. A biologia do Monochamus galloprovincialis em pinheiro bravo Pinus pinaster foi estudada na região da península de Setúbal, Portugal, onde este insecto é o vector do nemátodo da madeira do pinheiro Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. O desenvolvimento larvar durou cerca de dez-treze meses, com uma única geração anual. Entre 2001 e 2004 o período de emergência ocorreu entre Maio e Setembro com um pico em Julho, sendo consistente com o padrão de capturas de insectos em voo por armadilhas iscadas com atractivos (curva de voo). Os machos emergiram ligeiramente mais cedo que as fêmeas, verificando-se um sex ratio global de 0.48. No terreno, foram encontradas posturas entre Maio a Agosto, tendo-se constatado que as larvas recém-eclodidas tiveram um desenvolvimento muito rápido durante os meses de Verão, permanecendo em galerias na madeira durante o Inverno. Não foi possível discriminar o número de estádios larvares desta espécie através da distribuição de frequência das medidas da cápsula cefálica. A taxa de sobrevivência e as dimensões dos adultos diferiram consoante as zonas de desenvolvimento na árvore, tendo sido maiores para os insectos provenientes do tronco. No geral, a mortalidade foi baixa para todos os estádios de desenvolvimento estudados, com taxa de sobrevivência generacional (do ovo ao adulto) de cerca de 53%. Os factores de mortalidade mais importantes foram o fungo Beauveria bassiana e o parasitóide larvar Cyanopterus flavator. Os resultados obtidos são analisados face às estratégias de controlo do insecto actualmente implementadas e à possibilidade de existir uma fase de dormência larvar associada às larvas de M. galloprovincialis.

Palavras-chave: Longicórnio do pinheiro; ciclo de vida; padrão de emergência; desenvolvimento sazonal; factores de mortalidade

 

Biologie de Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae) dans la Région Affectée par le Nématode du Pin au Portugal

Résumé. La biologie de l'insecte Monochamus galloprovincialis sur le pin maritime Pinus pinaster a été étudiée dans la région de la péninsule de Setúbal, au Portugal, où cet insecte est le vecteur du nématode du pin Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Le développement larvaire a duré environ dix-treize mois, avec une seule génération annuelle. Entre 2001 et 2004 la période d'émergence se faisait entre mai et septembre avec un pic en juillet, en cohérence avec les captures d'insectes en vol par des pièges avec attrayants (courbe de vol). Les mâles ont émergé légèrement plus tôt que les femelles, avec un sex-ratio de 0.48. Sur le terrain, ont été trouvées des pontes de mai à août et les jeunes larves ont eu un développement très rapide pendant les mois d'Été, effectuant plus tard des galeries dans le bois où elles sont abritées en Hiver. Il n'a pas été possible de déterminer le nombre de stades larvaires de cette espèce à travers la distribution de fréquence des mesures de la capsule céphalique. Le taux de survie et les dimensions des adultes ont différé selon les zones de développement dans l'arbre, ayant été plus grand pour les insectes provenant du tronc. En général, la mortalité a été basse pour tous les stades de développement étudiés, avec un taux de survie de l'œuf à l'adulte de 53%. Les facteurs de mortalité les plus importants ont été le champignon Beauveria bassiana et le parasitoïde larvaire Cyanopterus flavator. Les résultats obtenus sont analysés face aux stratégies de contrôle de l'insecte actuellement mis en œuvre et à la possibilité d'une phase de dormance larvaire associée aux larves de M. galloprovincialis.

Mots clés: Longicorne du pin; cycle de vie; courbe d'émergence; développement saisonnier; facteurs de mortalité

 

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Entregue para publicação em Fevereiro de 2008

Aceite para publicação em Julho de 2008

 

^*Corresponding Author E-mail: pedro.naves@efn.com.pt