Os motivos de sucesso, afiliação e poder - Desenvolvimento e validação de um instrumento de medida

 

ARMÉNIO REGO (*)

 

RESUMO

Este artigo expõe o modo como foi desenvolvido e validado um instrumento de medida dos três motivos mais profusamente estudados por McClelland e seus colaboradores: sucesso, afiliação e poder. O estudo envolveu várias fases: a) foram recolhidos itens na literatura; b) elaborou-se um questionário contendo 58 escalas tipo Likert, de 7 pontos; c) este questionário foi aplicado a uma amostra composta por 243 indivíduos; d) por intermédio da análise factorial das componentes principais, procedeu-se a uma «depuração», donde resultou um questionário composto por 27 itens. Obtevese uma estrutura factorial de três dimensões correspondentes aos três motivos mencionados. Os coeficientes Alfa de Cronbach cifram-se em valores superiores ao mínimo sugerido por Nunnally (1978). O instrumento emergente denota boas propriedades psicométricas, embora sejam necessários estudos adicionais de validação, designadamente recorrendo a análises factoriais confirmatórias, comparando perfis motivacionais de pessoas com diferentes opções profissionais, e estudando o poder explicativo dos motivos para o desempenho académico dos estudantes em diferentes níveis de dificuldade/desafio.

Palavras-chave: Motivo de sucesso, motivo de afiliação, motivo de poder, perfis motivacionais.

 

ABSTRACT

This paper aims at showing how an instrument for measuring achievement, affiliation and power motives was built and validated. After collection of items in the literature, fifty-eight 7-point Likert scales were put in a questionnaire. The sample comprises 243 individuals (176 professionals and 67 university students). Principal component analysis suggested three factors, corresponding to the three motives mentioned above. In general, the instrument shows good psychometric properties, although further studies are necessary, namely carrying out confirmatory factor analyses, comparing motivational profiles of different occupations, and studying how the motives explain academic performance in different conditions of difficulty and competition.

Key words: Achievement motive, power motive, affiliation motive, motivational profiles.

 

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(*) Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro.