Factores associados à prática da actividade física nos adolescentes portugueses (*)

 

MARGARIDA GASPAR DE MATOS (**)

SUSANA FONSECA CARVALHOSA (**)

JOSÉ ALVES DINIZ(**)

 

 

RESUMO

O presente estudo tem como objectivos identificar os factores que influenciam a prática da actividade física nos adolescentes portugueses. A identificação destes factores é um passo chave na identificação e afastamento de barreiras à prática da actividade física.

Este estudo usa dados da amostra nacional do HBSC (Matos, Simões, Carvalhosa, Reis & Canha, 2000).

A amostra nacional consistiu em 6903 alunos, de 191 escolas portuguesas seleccionadas aleatoriamente após estratificação por região, cobrindo todo o Portugal continental. Os alunos ficaram assim distribuídos pelas áreas educativas: 39.7% Norte, 24.7% Centro, 25% Lisboa, 6.2% Alentejo e 4.4% Algarve. Dos 6903 alunos, 53% eram raparigas e 47% rapazes, 34.9% do 6.º ano, 37.5% do 8.º ano e 27.6% do 10.º ano.

Os resultados, utilizando um modelo linear de regressão múltipla, revelam como variável explicativa mais forte o sexo. Tanto a idade como o sexo foram associadas à prática da actividade física com os rapazes e os mais novos a praticar mais. A percepção da saúde apareceu também associada à prática da actividade física, uma melhor percepção associando-se a uma maior prática. Foi também encontrada uma associação entre o tempo passado com os amigos fora das escola e as noites passadas com os amigos e a prática da actividade física. A associação encontrada entre a posse de automóvel de família e a prática da actividade física não foi inesperada, outros estudos referiram já a importância da mobilidade e acessibilidade na prática da actividade física em adolescentes.

Se aceitarmos os já reconhecidos efeitos benéficos da actividade física na saúde e bem estar físico, social e psicológico dos adolescentes, estes resultados apontam claramente para a urgência de medidas a nível nomeadamente da família e da escola no sentido de apoiar os jovens na sua escolha de um estilo de vida activo e saudável tendo em consideração as diferenças de género.

 

Palavras-chave: Adolescentes, determinantes, actividade física, promoção da saúde, estilo de vida activo.

 

 

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to identify the factors that influence Physical Activity (PA) of Portuguese adolescents. The identification of these factors is one key step in the identification and removal of barriers to PA practice.

This paper used data from the Portuguese sample of the HBSC European study (Matos, Simões, Carvalhosa, Reis & Canha, 2000). Portugal was included as a full partner in this study for the first time in 1996. This survey is based on a self-completed questionnaire that is administered in schools to pupils in the 6th, 8th and 10th grades of high school, average age 14.1 years, standard deviation 1.71. Schools in the sample were randomly selected from a national list of schools, stratified by region. The Portuguese sample consisted of 6903 students, from 191 Portuguese schools, covering the whole country. Pupils were distributed, by Education Regional Divisions, as follows: 39.7% North, 24.7% Centre, 25% Lisbon, 6.2% Alentejo and 4.4% Algarve. Of the total 6903 pupils, 53% were girls and 47% boys, 34.9% in the 6th grade, 37.5% in the 8th grade and 27.6% in the 10th grade.

Using a multiple linear regression model, it is clear from our results the association between sex, age and physical activity. The perception of health was also associated to Physical activity, as well as time spent with friends outside school hours and in the evenings. The association between family car and physical activity was not unexpected, highlighting the importance of access in the practice of physical activity.

If we are to accept the well reported benefits of physical activity in adolescents physical and mental health, these results point out very clearly the urgency and relevance of strategies, namely within the family and school settings, aiming at helping adolescents to make healthy choices in what their life style is concerned, promoting an healthy and active life style as early as possible in one's life, taking in account gender differences.

 

Key words: Adolescents, determinants, physical activity, health promotion, active life style.

 

 

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(*) Em Portugal o estudo HBSC desde 1995/2000 tem vindo a ser co-financiado pela Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, pelo PES/ME, pelo Projecto Vida, pelo Gabinete de Prevenção da Toxicodependência da Câmara Municipal de Lisboa e pelo PEPT 2000-Saúde que organizou e financiou o trabalho de campo do estudo de 1998. Os autores agradecem a toda a equipa do Aventura Social/FMH/UTL que integrou este estudo.

(**) Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-688 Cruz Quebrada, Lisboa, Portugal.