Em busca da distinção perdida: Acessibilidade versus disponibilidade mnésicas em cognição social

 

MARGARIDA GARRIDO (*)

LEONEL GARCIA-MARQUES (**)

 

RESUMO

A compreensão da forma como se representa, organiza e recupera informação de memória acerca de pessoas e acontecimentos sociais constitui actualmente uma das áreas fundamentais de desenvolvimento teórico e metodológico da Cognição Social.

A literatura produzida neste âmbito permite distinguir quatro grandes abordagens, duas delas subjacentes à maior parte da investigação: as redes associativas e as representações esquemáticas; e duas mais recentes: os exemplares e as representações distribuídas. As duas primeiras abordagens, que têm prevalecido em Cognição Social, privilegiam os processos de codificação em detrimento dos processos de recuperação mnésica, levando a que a investigação nesta área continue a concentrar-se nos processos de codificação e organização de informação social em memória e a negligenciar os processos de recuperação que geralmente se assumem como invariantes. Procuraremos no presente artigo descrever e contrastar estas propostas, apresentando alguns argumentos teóricos e empíricos que reforçam a importância dos processos de recuperação, questionando ainda o pressuposto de invariância destes processos, explicita ou implicitamente presente na literatura.

Palavras-chave: Cognição Social, modelos de memória, recuperação mnésica.

 

ABSTRACT

Understanding the way we encode, organize and retrieve information from memory about people and social episodes is nowadays one of the most prominent fields of theoretical and methodological research in Social Cognition.

From the literature in this field four main approaches stand out. Two of them underlay to most of the research: associative networks and schemas. Two other are more recent: exemplar-based and parallel distributed processes approach. The first to mentioned approaches, which have prevailed in Social Cognition research, emphasize encoding over retrieval processes and lead research to focus almost exclusively in coding and organization of information processes and to neglect retrieval processes that are usually assumed to be invariant. The present paper aims to describe and compare the above mentioned approaches to memory representation, and to present theoretical and empirical arguments for the importance of retrieval processes, and to question the assumption of retrieval invariance explicitly or implicitly present in most of the work subsumed under the person memory literature.

Key words: Social cognition, memory methods, memory retrieval.

 

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(*) Departamento de Psicologia Social e das Organizações, ISCTE.

(**) Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Lisboa.