Questionário de Expectativas de Papel de Género Face à Dor: Estudo psicométrico e de adaptação do GREP para a população portuguesa (*)

 

Sónia F. Bernardes (**)

Filipa Jácome (**)

Maria Luísa Lima (**)

 

RESUMO

O presente artigo visa a tradução e adaptação do questionário Gender Role Expectations of Pain (GREP; Robinson et al., 2001) numa amostra da população portuguesa. O GREP avalia as expectativas de papel de género face a três dimensões da experiência de dor: 1) sensibilidade; 2) tolerância; e 3) disposição para expressar dor. Para cada uma destas dimensões os indivíduos avaliam: 1) as percepções estereotípicas (homem típico vs. mulher típica e vice-versa) e; 2) as percepções individuais (próprio vs. homem/mulher típicos). O instrumento foi traduzido e aplicado a uma amostra de conveniência, constituída por 202 estudantes universitários/as portugueses/as (42.6% homens; M idade = 21.8; DP = 3.06) a frequentar diversos cursos de um Instituto Superior de Lisboa. Uma sub-amostra de 26 estudantes (48.2% homens; M idade = 22.5; DP = 2.32) preencheu pela segunda vez o instrumento duas semanas após a primeira aplicação. Uma análise factorial em eixos principais extraiu os seis factores teoricamente esperados. O instrumento apresentou índices de consistência interna e temporal razoáveis na presente amostra. Os conteúdos das percepções estereotípicas denotam um favorecimento do grupo de pertença, ou seja, os homens tendem a favorecer o homem típico enquanto as mulheres favorecem a mulher típica. Os conteúdos das percepções individuais denotam um maior esforço por parte dos homens para se diferenciarem pela positiva, quer do homem quer da mulher típicos, que as mulheres.

Palavras-chave: Expectativas de papel de género, dor, questionário.

 

ABSTRACT

The goal of the present paper was the adaptation and validation of the Gender Role Expectations of Pain questionnaire (GREP; Robinson et al., 2001) in a sample of the Portuguese population. The GREP aims at evaluating gender role expectations of three dimensions of the pain experience: 1) sensitivity; 2) tolerance; and, 3) willingness to express pain. For each dimension, individuals evaluate: 1) stereotypical perceptions (typical man vs. typical woman and vice-versa), and; 2) individual perceptions (self vs. typical man/woman). The questionnaire was translated and administered to a convenience sample of 202 college students (42.6% men; M age = 21.8; SD = 3.06) at a Lisbon’s Higher Institute. A sub-sample of 26 students (48,2% men; M age = 22.5; SD = 2.32) filled out the questionnaire again two weeks after the first application. A Principal Axis Factor Analysis extracted the six theoretically predicted factors. The instrument showed reasonable levels of internal and temporal consistency. Stereotypical perceptions showed an in-group bias; men favoured the typical man while women favoured the typical woman. Individual perceptions showed a higher tendency for male participants to positively differentiate themselves from the typical man and woman as compared to female participants.

Key words: Gender role expectations, pain, questionnaire.

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

REFERÊNCIAS

Affleck, G., Urrows, S., Tennen, H., & Higgins, P. (1992). Daily coping with pain from rheumatoid arthritis: patterns and correlates. Pain, 51, 221-229.         [ Links ]

Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.

Berkley, K., Hoffman, G., Holdcroft, A., & Murphy, A. (2002). Pain: sex/gender differences. In D. Pfaff, A. Arnold, A. Etgen, S. Fahrbach, & R. Rubin (Eds.), Hormones, Brain and Behavior (vol. 5, pp. 409-442). London: Academic Press.

Bernardes, S. F., Keogh, E., & Lima. M. L. (2008). Bridging the gap between pain and gender research: A selective literature review. European Journal of Pain, 12, 427-440.

Chesterton, L., Barlas, P., Foster, N., Baxter, G., & Wright, C. (2003). Gender differences in pressure pain threshold in healthy humans. Pain, 101, 259-266.

Deaux, K. (1993). Sorry wrong number: A reply to Gentile’s call. Psychological Science, 4, 125-126.

Doise, W. (1986). Levels of Explanation in Social Psychology (E. Mapstone, trans.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (Trabalho original publicado em 1982).

Fillingim, R. B., Edwards, R. R., & Powell, T. (1999). The relationship of sex and clinical pain to experimental pain responses. Pain, 83, 419-425.

Fillingim, R., Doleys, D., Edwards R., & Lowery, D. (2003). Spousal responses are differentially associated with clinical variables in women and men with chronic pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 19, 217-224.

Fiske, S., & Stevens, L. (1993). What’s so special about sex? Gender stereotyping and discrimination. In S. Oskamp, & M. Costanzo (Eds.), Gender Issues in Contemporary Society (pp. 173-196). New York: SAGE Publications.

Helgeson, V. S. (1991). The effects of masculinity and social support on recovery from myocardial infarction. Psychosomatic Medicine, 53, 621-633.

Hobara M. (2005). Beliefs about appropriate pain behavior: cross-cultural and sex differences between Japanese and Euro-Americans. European Journal of Pain, 9, 389-393.

Jackson, T., Iezzi, T., Gunderson, J., Nagasaka, T., & Fritsch, A. (2002). Gender differences in pain perception: the mediating role of self-efficacy beliefs. Sex Roles, 47, 561-568.

Keefe, F., Lefebvre, J., Egert, J., Affleck, G., Sullivan, M., & Caldwell, D. (2000). The relationship of gender to pain, pain behavior, and disability in osteoarthritis patients: the role of catastrophizing. Pain, 87, 325-334.

Keefe, F., Affleck, G., France, C., Emery, C., Waters, S., Caldwell, D., Stainbrook, D., Hackshaw, K., Fox, L., & Wilson, K. (2004). Gender differences in pain, coping and mood in individuals having osteoarthritic knee pain: A within-day analysis. Pain, 110, 571-577.

Keogh, E., & Asmundson, G. J. (2004). Negative affectivity, catastrophizing and anxiety sensitivity. In G. Asmundson, J. Vlaeyen, & G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and Treating Fear of Pain (pp. 92-115). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

LeResche, L. (2000). Epidemiologic perspectives on sex differences in pain. In R. Fillingim (Ed.), Sex, Gender and Pain (pp. 233-249). Seattle: IASP Press, Seattle.

Meyers, C., Robinson, M., Riley, J., & Sheffield, D. (2001). Sex, gender and blood pressure: Contributions to experimental pain report. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 545-550.

Nayak, S., Shiflett, S., Levine, F., & Eshun, S. (2000). Culture and gender effects in pain beliefs and the prediction of pain tolerance. Cross-Cultural Research, 34, 135-151.

Oakley, A. (1972). Sex, Gender and Society. London: Temple Smith.

Oliveira, J., & Amâncio, L. (2002). Liberdades condicionais: O conceito de papel sexual revisitado. Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, 40, 45-61.

Otto, M., & Dougher, M. (1985). Sex differences and personality factors in responsivity to pain. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 383-390.

Riley III, J., Robinson, M., Wise, E., Myers, C., & Fillingim, R. (1998). Sex differences in the perception of noxious experimental stimuli: A meta-analysis. Pain, 74, 181-187.

Robinson, M., & Wise, E. (2003). Gender bias in the observation of experimental pain. Pain, 104, 259-264.

Robinson, M., Wise, E., Riley, J., & Atchinson, J. (1998). Sex differences in clinical pain: A multi-sample study. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 5, 413-424.

Robinson, M. E., Wise, E. A., Gagnon, C., Fillingim, R. B., & Price, D. D. (2004). Influences of gender role and anxiety on sex differences in temporal summation of pain. The Journal of Pain, 5, 77-82.

Robinson, M., Riley III, J., Myers, C., Papes, R., Wise, E., Waxenberg, L., & Fillingim, R. (2001). Gender role expectation of pain: Relationship to sex differences in pain. The Journal of Pain, 2, 251-257.

Sanford, S., Kersh, B., Thorn, B., Rich, M., & Ward, L. (2002). Psychosocial mediators of sex differences in pain responsivity. The Journal of Pain, 3, 58-64.

Signorella, M. (1999). Multidimensionality of gender schemas: Implications for the development of gender-related characteristics. In W. Swann, J. Langlois, & L. Gilbert (Eds.), Sexism and Stereotypes in Modern Society: The Gender Science of Janet Taylor Spence (pp. 107-126). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1974). The personal attributes questionnaire: A measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. Journal Supplement Abstracts Service Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 43, (MS. Nº 167).

Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Holahan, C. K. (1979). Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviours. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1673-1682.

Thorn, B., Clements, K., Ward, L., Dixon, K., Kersh, B., Boothby, J., & Chaplin, W. (2004). Personality factors in the explanation of sex differences in pain catastrophizing and response to experimental pain. Clinical Journal of Pain, 20, 275-282.

Trudeau, K., Danoff-Burg, S., Revenson, T., & Paget, S. (2003). Agency and communion in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 49, 303-311.

Unger, R. (1979). Toward a redefinition of sex and gender. American Psychologist, 34, 1085-1094.

Unruh, A. (1996). Gender variations in clinical pain experience. Pain, 65, 123-167.

Wise, E. A., Price, D. D., Myers, C. D., Heft, M. W., & Robinson, M. E. (2002). Gender role expectations of pain: Relationship to experimental pain perception. Pain, 96, 335-342.

 

(*) O presente trabalho foi parcialmente financiado pelo projecto PIHM/PSI/63505/2005 da Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia e pelo Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social.

(**) Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social (CIS) / Instituto Superior das Ciências do Trabalho e da Empresa (ISCTE), Lisboa. E-mail (da primeira autora): sonia.bernardes@iscte.pt