Fungi of Raffaelea genus (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales) associated to Platypus cylindrus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) in Portugal

Fungos do género Raffaelea (Ascomycota: Ophiostomatales) associados a Platypus cylindrus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) em Portugal

 

Maria Lurdes Inácio¹, Joana Henriques¹, Arlindo Lima², Edmundo Sousa¹

 

 

ABSTRACT

In the study of the fungi associated to Platypus cylindrus, several fungi were isolated from the insect and its galleries in cork oak, among which three species of Raffaelea. Morphological and cultural characteristics, sensitivity to cycloheximide and genetic variability had been evaluated in a set of isolates of this genus. On this basis R. ambrosiae and R. montetyi were identified and a third taxon segregated witch differs in morphological and molecular characteristics from the previous ones. In this work we present and discuss the parameters that allow the identification of specimens of the three taxa. The role that those ambrosia fungi can have in the cork oak decline is also discussed taking into account that Ophiostomatales fungi are pathogens of great importance in trees, namely in species of the genus Quercus.

Key-words: Ambrosia beetle, ambrosia fungi, cork oak, decline.

 

 

RESUMO

No estudo dos fungos associados ao insecto xilomicetófago Platypus cylindrus foram isolados, a partir do insecto e das suas galerias no sobreiro, diversos fungos, entre os quais três espécies de Raffaelea. Avaliaram-se características morfológicas e culturais, sensibilidade à ciclohexamida e variabilidade genética num conjunto de isolados do género. Foram identificados R. ambrosiae e R. montetyi e segregou-se um terceiro táxone que difere em características morfológicas e moleculares dos dois anteriores. No presente trabalho são apresentados e discutidos os parâmetros que permitem identificar espécimes dos três táxones. É ainda discutido o papel que estes fungos ambrósia podem ter no declínio do sobreiro, sabido que fungos Ophiostomatales são patogénios de grande importância em plantas lenhosas, nomeadamente em espécies do género Quercus.

Palavras-chave: Declínio, fungo ambrósia, insecto ambrósia, sobreiro.

 

 

Full text only available in PDF format.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

 

 

REFERENCES

Arx, J.A. von & Hennebert, G.L. (1965) -Deux champignons ambrosia. Mycopathologia et mycologia applicata 25: 309-315.         [ Links ]

Badler, H. (1992) -Pathogenicity of Ceratocystis spp. in oaks under stress. Proceedings of an International Congress “Recent Advances in Studies on oak decline”, Selva di Fasano (Brindisi), Italy, pp. 31-37.

Baker, J.M. (1963) -Ambrosia beetle and their fungi, with particular reference to Platypus cylindrus Fab. Symposia of the Society for General Microbiology 13: 323-354.

Barnett, H.L. & Hunter, B.B. (1988) - Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi. 4ª ed, APS Press, Minnesota, USA, 218 pp.

Batra, L.R. (1963) -Ecology of ambrosia fungi and their dissemination by beetles. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 66: 213-236.

Bisby, F.A.; Ruggiero, M.A.; Roskov, Y.R.;Cachuela-Palacio, M.; Kimani, S.W.; Kirk, P.M.; Soulier-Perkins, A. & van Hertum, J. (2006) -Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2006 Annual Checklist. Available in <http://www.sp2000.org.> (accessed in: 29 November 2007).

Cassar, S. & Blackwell, M. (1996) - Convergent origins of ambrosia fungi. Mycologia, 88: 596-601.

Cassier, P.; Lévieux, J.; Morelet, M. & Rougon, D. (1996) - The mycangia of Platypus cylindrus Fab. and P. oxyurus Dufour (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Structure and associated fungi. Journal of Insect Physiology 42: 171-179.

Degreef, J. (1992) - Isolation of Ophiostoma querci (Georgev.) Nannfeldt from declining oaks in Belgium: selection techniques and pathogenicity test. Proceedings of an International Congress “Recent Advances in Studies on oak decline”. Selva di Fasano (Brindisi), Italy, pp. 471-473.

Delatour, C; Menard, A.; Vautrot, A. & Simonin, G. (1992) -Pathogenicity assessment of Ophiostomatales: Ophiostoma querci on oak compared to O. novo-ulmi on elm. Proceedings of an International Congress “Recent Advances in Studies on oak decline”. Selva di Fasano (Brindisi), Italy, pp. 59-65.

Ellis, M.B. (1971) - Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CAB, England, 608 pp.

Ellis, M.B. (1976) -More Dematiaceous Hyphomycetes. CAB, England, 507 pp.

Fraedrich, S.; Harrington T.C. & Rabaglia, R. (2007) - Laurel wilt: a new and devastating disease of redbay caused by a fungal simbiont of the exotic redbay ambrosia beetle. Newsletter of the Michigan Entomological Society 52 (1-2): 15-16.

Gebhardt, H. & Oberwinkler, F. (2005) - Conidial development in selected ambrosial species of the genus Raffaelea. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek 88: 61-66.

Harrington, T.C. (1981). Cycloheximide sensitivity as a taxonomic character in Ceratocystis. Mycologia 73: 1123-1129.

Harrington, T.C.; Fraedrich, S.W. & Aghayeva, D.N. (2008) - Raffaelea lauricola, a new ambrosia beetle symbiont and pathogen on the Lauraceae. Mycotaxon 104: 399-404.

Hawksworth, D.L.; Kirk, P.M.; Sutton, B.C. & Pegler, D.N. (1995) -Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi. CAB International, UK, 616 pp.

Henriques, J.; Inácio, M.L. & Sousa, E. (2006) -Ambrosia fungi in the insect-fungi symbiosis in relation to cork oak decline. Revista Iberoamericana Micologia 23: 185-188.

Henriques, J. (2007). Fungos associados a Platypus cylindrus Fab. (Coleoptera: Platypodidae e sua relação com o declínio do sobreiro em Portugal. Dissertação de mestrado, Universidade de Évora, Évora, 118 pp..

Inácio, M.L.; Henriques, L. & Sousa, E. (2005) - As relações mutualistas entre fungos e insectos: sua influência no estado sanitário da floresta em Portugal. Actas das comunicações do 5º Congresso Florestal Nacional, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Viseu. (digital format)

Jacobi, W.R.; Koshi, R.D.; Harrington, T.C. & Witcosky, J. (2007) -Association of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi with Scolytus shevyrewi (Scolytidae) in Colorado. Plant Disease 91: 245-247.

Jones, K.G. & Blackwell, M. (1998) - Phylogenetic analysis of ambrosial species in the genus Raffaelea based on 18S rDNA sequences. Mycologycal Research 102: 661-665.

Kiffer, E. & Morelet, M. (1997) -Les Deutèromycetes – classification et clés d´identification générique. INRA Editions, Paris, 306 pp.

Kinuura, H. & Kobayashi, M. (2006) - Death of Quercus crispula by inoculation with adult Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology 41, 1: 123-128.

Kubono, T. & Ito, S. (2002) - Raffaelea quercivora sp. nov. associated with mass mortality of Japanese oak, and the ambrosia beetle (Platypus quercivorus). Mycoscience 43: 255-260.

Lanier, L.; Joly, P.; Bondoux, P. & Bellemère; A. (1978) -Mycologie et pathologie forestières. Tome I - Mycologie forestière.

Masson, Paris. 487 pp. Lieutier, F. & Levieux, J. (1985) - Les relations conifères-scolytides: Importance et perspectives de recherches. Annales des sciences forestières 42: 359-370.

Levieux, J. ; Lieutier, F. ; Moser, J.C. & Perry, T.J. (1989) -Transportation of phytopathogenic fungi by the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus Boerner and associated mites. Journal of applied Entomology 108: 1-11.

Morelet, M. (1998) -Une espèce nouvelle de Raffaelea, isolée de Platypus cylindrus, coléoptère xylomycétophage des chênes. Extrait des Annales de la Société des Sciences Naturelles et d’Archeologie de Toulon et du Var 50: 185-193.

Rollins, F.; Jones, K.; Krokene, P.; Solheim, H. & Blackwell, M. (2001) - Phylogeny of asexual fungi associated with bark and ambrosia beetles. Mycologia 93: 992-996.

Saccardo, P.A. (1891) -Chromotaxia seu nomenclator colorum polyglottus adclitis speciminibus coloratis ad botanicorum et zoologorum. Patavii, 22 pp.

Santos, M.N.; Machado, M.H.; Bragança, M.H.; Ramos, H.; Sousa E. & Tomaz, I. (1999) -Mycoflora associated with cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in Portugal. IOBC/ wprs Bulletin 22 (3): 25-28.

Six, D.L; Beer, Z.W.; Beaver, R.A., Visser, L. & Wingfield, M. (2005) - Exotic invasive elm bark beetle, Scolytus kirschii, detected in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 101: 229-232.

Sousa , E.; Debouzie, D. & Pereira, H. (1995) - Le rôle de l’insecte Platypus cylindrus F. (Coleoptera, Platypodidae) dans le processus de dépérissement des peuplements de chêne-liège au Portugal. IOBC/ wprs Bulletin 18: 24-37.

Sousa, E. & Inácio, M.L. (2005) -New Aspects of Platypus cylindrus Fab. (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) Life History on Cork Oak Stands in Portugal. In: F. Lieutier & D. Ghaioule (Eds.) Entomological Research in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems. INRA Editions, Paris, 280 pp.

Tainter, F.H. & Baker, F.A. (1996) - Principles of Forest Pathology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 805 pp.

Tamura K.; Dudley J.; Nei M. & Kumar S. (2007) - MEGA4: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24:1596-1599.

 

¹ Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos, I.P. Edifício da ex-Estação Florestal Nacional, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 Oeiras lurdes.inacio@efn.com.pt ; joana.henriques@efn.com.pt; edmundo.sousa@efn.com.pt; arlindo.lima@isa.utl.pt

² Dep.º de Protecção de Plantas e Fitoecologia, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa

Comunicação apresentada no 5º Congresso da Sociedade Portuguesa de Fitopatologia, Coimbra, 2007

Recepção/Reception: 2008.02.19 aceitação/acception: 2008.08.09