Marcos históricos no estudo do cancro do pulmão*

Historic landmarks in the study of lung cancer

 

Renato Sotto-Mayor**

 

Resumo

No presente trabalho evocam-se os marcos históricos no estudo do cancro do pulmão, desde as suas primeiras descrições até finais do século XX. Acompanha-se o nascer da nova entidade clínica, realçam-se as dificuldades do seu diagnóstico, o aumento progressivo da sua incidência, e discute-se a evolução dos conceitos no que se refere aos factores etiológicos, com especial ênfase para o tabagismo. Paralelamente, abordam-se os aspectos clínicos e as novas conquistas no campo da imagiologia, das técnicas endoscópicas e biópticas, assim como as classificações histopatológicas dos tumores broncopulmonares e os respectivos sistemas de estadiamento ao longo das épocas, a importância dos rastreios, e as diferentes armas terapêuticas que sucessivamente foram estando disponíveis. Dá-se também atenção às escalas de avaliação do estado fiosiológico dos doentes, aos critérios de avaliação da resposta à terapêutica oncostática e ao papel que algumas sociedades científicas e associações médicas internacionais e portuguesas tiveram nos progressos alcançados na área do saber médico relacionado com o cancro do pulmão, não esquecendo de apontar, nos momentos próprios, os intervenientes de cada conquista alcançada. É uma história aliciante – como é o da medicina em geral – que consideramos importante conhecermos, para melhor compreendermos o presente.

Palavras-chave: História, medicina, cancro do pulmão.

 

 

Abstract

This study reviews the milestones which have been reached in the study of lung cancer, from its first early descriptions up until the end of the twentieth century. The study accompanies the birth of this new clinical entity, underlining the difficulties inherent in its diagnosis, its ever-growing increase and traces the growth of its aetiological factors, placing particular emphasis on smoking. In tandem with this, the study delves into the clinical aspects, along with new discoveries in imaging techniques and endoscopic and bioscopic techniques. It also looks at the histopathological classifications of bronchopulmonary tumours and the various staging systems which have been used over the course of time as well as the importance of mapping the disease and the different treatment weapons which have successively become available in the fight against it. The study also takes a look at the scales used in evaluating patients’ physiological condition, the criteria used in evaluating response to ncostatic treatment and the role some international and national scientific societies and medical associations have played in adding to the increasing medical knowledge of lung cancer. The study clearly shows to whom we are indebted for each advance. This is a fascinating sweep of history – as is the story of all medical progress – and one we feel is important to understand, in order for us to see more clearly where we are now.

Key-words: history, medicine, lung cancer.

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

 

Bibliografia

1. Adams F. The genuine works of Hippocrates, translated from the Greek, with a preliminary discourse and annotations. Vol II: Aphorisms iii-12 and iii-31, London: Sydenham Society, 1849.        [ Links ]

2. Adler I. Primary malignant growths of the lungs and bronchi. A Pathological and Clinical Study. London: Longmans, Green & Co, 1912.

3. Alexander J, Haight C. Pulmonary resection for solitary metastatic sarcoma and carcinoma. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1947; 85:129-46.

4. Allan Cl, Smith FJ. Primary carcinoma of the lung with report of case treated by operation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1932; 55:151-5.

5. Allison PR. Intrapericardial approach to the lung root in the treatment of bronchial carcinoma by dissection pneumonectomy. J Thorac Surg 1946; 15:99:104.

6. Amatruda TT, Mulrow PJ, Gallagher JC, Sawyer WH. Carcinoma of the lung with inappropriate antidiuresis. Demonstration of antidiuretic-hormone-like activity in tumour extract. N Engl J Med 1963; 269:544-49.

7. American Cancer Society and the Veterans Administration. An evaluation of radiologic and cytologic sceening for the early detection of lung cancer: a cooperative pilot study of the American Cancer Society and the Veterans Administration. Cancer Res 1966; 26:2083-121.

8. American Society of Clinical Oncology: Clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:2996-3018.

9. American Society of Clinical Oncology. Treatment of unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer guideline: update 2003. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(2):330-53.

10. Archibaldi E. Discussed in Churchill ED. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Surg 1933; 2:254-61.

11. Arrigoni MG, Woolner LB, Bernatz PE. Atypical carcinoid tumors of the lung. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1972; 64:413-21.

12. Auerbach O, Gere B, Forman JB, et al. Changes in bronchial epithelium in relation to smoking and cancer of the lung. N Engl J Med 1957; 256:97-104.

13. Auerbach O, Hammond ED, Kirmian D & Garfinkel L. Effects of cigarette smoking on dogs II: pulmonary neoplasms. Arch Environ Health 1970; 21:754-68.

14. Baggstrom MQ, Socinski MA, Hensing TA, et al. Third generation chemotherapy regimens improve survival over second generation regimens in stage IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a meta-analysis of the published literature. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002; 21:306a.

15. Bariéty M, Coury CH. Histoire de la Médecine. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1971.

16. Bariéty M, Delarue J, Palilas J, Rulliére R. Les carcinomas bronchiques primitifs. Paris: Masson et Cie Editeurs 1967; V-VII.

17. Barkley JE, Green MR. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:2377-86.

18. Barnard WG. The nature of the “oat celled sarcoma” of the mediastinum. J Pathol Bacteriol 1926; 29:241-44.

19. Barney JD, Churchill EJ. Adenocarcinoma of the kidney with metastasis to the lung cured by nephrectomy and lobectomy. J Urol 1939; 42:269-76.

20. Bartter FC, SchwartzWB. The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 1967; 42:790-806.

21. Bayle GH. Recherchés sur la Phtisie Pulmonaire. Paris: Gabon, 1810; 24-34.

22. Baylin SB et al Variable content of histaminase, L Dopa decarboxylase and calcitonin in small cell carcinoma of the lung biologic and clinical implications. N Engl J Med 1978; 299:105-10.

23. Becker HD, Marsh BR. History of the rigid bronchoscopy. In Bollinger CT, Mathur PN (eds). Interventional bronchoscopy. Prog Respir Res Basel: Karger 2000; 30:2-15.

24. Beckett WS. Epidemiology and etiology of lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 1993; 14(1):1-15.

25. Bejach E. Die Tabakgegnerisch Bewegung in Deutschland mit Berûcksichtigung der Ausserdeutschen Tabakgnerbewegungen. Thesis, University of Berlin, 1927.

26. Bennett JH. On cancerous and cancroid growth. Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox, 1849; 45. 27. Bennett JH. Clinical lectures on the principles and practice of medicine, ed 2, Edinburgh, 1858; 690.

28. Bensch KG, Gordon GB, Miller LR. Electron microscopic and biochemical studies of the bronchial carcinoid tumour. Cancer 1965; 18:592-602.

29. Bensch KG, et al. Oat cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer 1968; 22:1163-72.

30. Billroth T. Beobachtungen ûber geschwûtste der speicheldrûssen. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat 1859; 17:357-75.

31. Biondi D. Extirpazione del pulmone. G Intern S Med 1882; 4:759-60.

32. Bjelke E. Dietary vitamin A and human lung cancer. Int J Cancer 1975; 15:561-5.

33. Bloch F, Hansen WW, Packard ME. Nuclear induction. Phys Rev 1946; 69:127.

34. Bouisson E-F. ribut à la Chirurgie, Paris: Baillière, 1858. 35. Bouisson E-F. Du cancer buccal chez les fumeurs. Montpellier Med 1859; 2:539-99.

36. Brambilla C, Brambilla E (eds). Lung Tumors. Fundamental Biology and Clinical Management. In Lung Biology in Health and Disease (Executive Editor: Claude Lenfant), Vol. 124. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1999.

37. Brambilla E. Classification des cancers bronchopulmonaires (OMS 1999). Rev Mal Respir 2002; 19:455-66.

38. Brambilla E, Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y. The New World Health Organization classification of lung tumours. Eur Respir J 2001; 18:1059-68.

39. Brett GZ. The value of lung cancer detection by sixmonthly chest radiographs. Thorax 1968; 23:414-20.

40. Brewer LA. Historical notes on lung cancer before and after Graham’s successful pneumonectomy in 1933. Am J Surg Pathol 1982; 143: 650-9.

41. Brown WH. A case of pluriglandular syndrome: diabetes of bearded women. Lancet 1928; 2:1022-3.

42. Brunn HB. Surgical principles underlying one stage lobectomy. Arch Surg 1929; 18:490-6.

43. Bruns P. Die heilwirkung des erysipels auf geschwulste. Beitrage Kin Chir 1887; 3:443-66.

44. Buccheri G. Tumor Markers: Clinical Meaning and Use. In Brambilla C, Brambilla E (eds). Lung Tumors: Fundamental Biology and Clinical Management. In Lung Biology in Health and Disease (Executive Editor: Claude Lenfant), Vol. 124. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1999; 435-52.

45. Burnet FM. Cancer, a biological approach. Br Med J 1957; 1: 844-852.

46. Busch W. Uber den Einfluss welchen helfitgere Erysipelen zuweilen auf Organisierte Neubildungen ausuben. Verhandlungen des Naturh Preuss Rheinl 1866; 23:28-30.

47. Carlens E. Mediastinoscopy. A method for inspection and tissue biopsy in the superior mediastinum. Dis Chest 1959; 36:343-8.

48. Carvalhal J, Sotto-Mayor R, Teixeira E, Valença J, Maçanita J, Freitas e Costa M. The effect of carcinoembryonic antigen and the neuron specific enolase in the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. Eur Respir J 1989; 2(supll 8):682s

49. Carvalho L. Contribuição para o conhecimento da biopatologia do carcinoma broncopulmonar. Tese de Doutoramento, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Coimbra, 1995.

50. Cavaliere S, Foccoli P, Toninelli C, et al. Nd-YAG laser therapy in lung cancer: An 11 year experience with 2253 applications in 1585 patients. J Bronchol 1994; 1:105-11.

51. Chardak WM, MacCallun JD. Pancoast tumor (5 yr survival without recurrence or metastases following radical resection and postoperative irradiation). J Thorac Surg 1956; 31:535-42.

52. Chariton A. Tobacco and lung cancer. In Thatcher N, Spiro S (eds). New perspectives in lung cancer. London: BMJ Publishing Group 1994; 1-18.

53. Chaves Loureiro M, Barata F, Teixeira E. Cancro do Pulmão. In 25 Perguntas Frequentes em Pneumologia (Coordenadores: Mª João Marques Gomes, Renato Sotto-Mayor). Lisboa: SPP, 1999.

54. Choi JY, Kang S, Byun J, Kim Y, Lee S. Radiofrequency ablation of lung cancer: Preliminary report. Korean Radiol Soc 2001; 45:271-5.

55. Churchill ED. The surgical treatment of carcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Surg 1933; 2:254-61.

56. Churchill E, Belsey HR. Segmental pneumonectomy in bronchiectasis. Ann Surg 1939; 109:481-5.

57. Clemmesen J. Statistical studies in malignant neoplasms. I. Review and results. Copenhagen, Munksgaard, 1965.

58. Cocke J. On intrathoracic cancer. London: J. Churchill, 1865; 16:61-84.

59. Coleman FP. Primary carcinoma of the lung with invasion of ribs: pneumonectomy and simultaneous block resection of chest wall. Ann Surg 1947; 126:156-8.

60. Coley WB. The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated innoculations of erysipelas-with a report of 10 original cases. Am J Med Sci 1893; 105:48-51.

61. Comissão de Pneumologia Oncológica da SPPR. Cancro do pulmão. Dados estatísticos de dez serviços hospitalares (1988 90). Arq SPPR 1993; X(3):177-84.

62. Committee on TNM classification malignant tumors of the lung: clinical stage classification and presentation of results. In Anonymous (ed). Geneva: International Union Against Cancer (UICC), 1966.

63. Conde J. Ambiente e carcinoma broncogénico. Med Cir 1984; 4:281-300.

64. Copeland MM. Committee on cancer staging and end results reporting: origin, objectives, and program. Bull Am Coll Surg 1962; 47(part 1):235.

65. Cormier Y, et al. Beneficts of polychemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Câncer 1982; 50:845-9.

66. Cortese DA, Kinsey JH. Endoscopic management of lung cancer with hematoporphyrin derivative phototherapy. Mayo Clin Proc 1982; 57:543-7.

67. Costa A. Porque “não existe” cancro pulmonar profissional em Portugal. Rev Port Pneumol 1996; 2(2):119-25.

68. Craven SA. Georgius Agricola: 1494-1555: Mining engineer and physician. S Afr Med J 1997; 87:611-2.

69. Cullen M. Lung Cancer. A comprehensive slide lecture set. Cheshire, Gardiner Caldwell Communications. Lda, 1990.

70. Czernin J, Phelps ME. Positron emission tomography scanning: Current and future applicatins. Annu Rev Med 2002; 53:89-112.

71. Dahlgren SE, Nordenstrom B. Transthoracic needle biopsy. Chicago, Year Book Medical, 1996; 1-132.

72. Damadian R, Goldsmith M, Minkoff L. NMR in cancer: Fonar image of the live human body. Phisiol Chem Phys 1977; 8:97-108.

73. Daniel TM. René Théophile Hyacinthe Laënnec and the founding of pulmonary medicine. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8(5):517-8.

74. Davey Smith G, Ströbele SA, Egger M. Smoking and health promotion in Nazi Germany. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1994; 48:220-3.

75. Davies HM. Recent advances in the surgery of the lung and pleura. Br J Surg 1913-14; 1:228-31.

76. Denissenko MF, et al. Preferential formation of benzo(a)pyrene adduct at lung cancer mutation hotspots in p. 53. Science 1996; 274:430-2.

77. Denoix PF. Enquete permanent dans les centres anticancereaux. Bull Nat Hyg Paris 1946; 1:70-5.

78. Depierre A. Syndromes caves supèrieurs. In Hoerni B (ed). Urgences et Soins Intensifs en Cancérologie. Paris: Doin Editeurs, 1984; 123-31.

79. Doll R, Hill AB. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Br Med J 1950; 2:739-48.

80. Doll R, Hill AB. The study of the aetiology of carcinoma of the lung. Br J Cancer 1952; ii:1271-86.

81. Doll R, Hill AB. The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. A preliminary report. Br Med J 1954; ii:1451-5.

82. Doll R, Hill AB. Lung cancer and other causes of death in relation to smoking. A second report on the mortality of British doctors. Br Med J 1956; ii:1071-81.

83. Doll R & Peto R. The Causes of Cancer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981.

84. Ducla Soares A, Villar TG. Propedêutica Médica. Il Volume (3.ª Edição). Pneumologia. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1977; 589-618.

85. Dupuy DE, Mayo-Smith W, Abbot GF. Clinical applications of radio-frequency tumor ablation in the thorax. Radiographics 2002; 22:s259-s269.

86. Dupuy DE, DiPetrillo T, Gandhi S, Ready N, Ng T, Donat W, Mayo-Smith WW. Radiofrequency ablation followed by conventional radiotherapy for medically inoperable stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Chest 2006; 129:738-45.

87. Dupuy DE, Zagoria RJ, Akerley W, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of malignancies in the lung. Am J Roentegenol 2000; 174:57-59.

88. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Functional Assessment Scale. In Rubin P (ed). Clinical Oncology. A Functional Approach. New York: American Cancer Society, 1983; 91.

89. Edell ES, Cortese DA. Photodynamic therapy in the management of early superficial squamous cell carcinoma as an alternative to surgical resection. Chest 1992; 102:1319-22.

90. Edell ES, Cortese DA. Weinants P. Photodynamic Therapy for Lung Cancer. In Brambilla C, Brambilla E (eds). Lung Tumors. Fundamental Biology and Clinical Management. Lung Biology in Health and Disease (Executive Editor: Claude Lenfant), Vol 124. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc, 1999; 523-35.

91. Effler DB, Groves LK. Superior cava obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1962; 43:574-84. 92. Ehrenhaft JL, Lawrence MS, Sevsindy DM. Pulmonary resections for metastatic lesions. Arch Surg 1958; 77:606.

93. Engelbreth Holm J. Benign bronchial adenomas. Actas Chir Scand 1944-1945; 90:383-409.

94 Espanhol V. Prognóstico do cancro do pulmão. Da clínica à biologia. Tese de Doutoramento, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, 1998.

95. Ewing J. Neoplastic diseases: a treatise on tumors, ed 3. Philadelphia: W B Saunders Co, 1928; 851-61.

96. Feinstein AR. An analysis of diagnostic reasoning. 1. The domains and disorders of clinical macrobiology. Yale J Biol Med 1973; 46:212-32.

97. Feld R, Sridhar SS, Shepherd FA, Mackay JA, Evans WK, and The Lung Cancer Disease Site Group of Cancer Care Ontario’s Program in Evidence-based Care. Use of the epidermal growth factor inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review. J Thorac Oncol 2006; 1:367-6.

98. Ferlay J, Bray F,Pisani P et al. GLOBOLAN 2000: Cancer Insidence, mortality and prevalence worlwide, Version 1.0. IARC Cancer Base No 5. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 2001.

99. Fernando H, De Hoyos A, Landreneau J, Gilbert Gooding WE, Buenaventura PO, Christie NA, Belani C, Luketich JD. Radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of non-small cell lung câncer in marginal surgical candidates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129:639-44.

100. Ferrigno D, Buccheri G, Biggi A. Serum tumour markers in lung cancer: history, biology and clinical applications. Eur Respir J 1994; 7:186-97.

101. Feyrter F. Ueber diffuse endokrine epitheliale organe. Leipzig: Bath, 1938.

102. Field JK, Youngson JH. The Liverpool Lung Project: A molecular epidemiological study of early lung cancer detection. Eur Respir J 2002; 20:464-79.

103. Fitz RH. General morbid processes; inflammation; trombosis and embolism; effusions; degenerations; tuberculosis; morbid growths. In Pepper W, Starr L (eds). A system of practical medicine: vol 1. Pathology and general diseases. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1885; 108.

104. Fleckseder R. Ueber den bronchialkrebs und eing seiner entsehungsbrdingungen. munch Med Wochenschr Nr 1936, 36:1585-93.

105. Flheinger BJ, Melamed MR, Zaman MB, Heelan RT, Perchick WB, Martini N. Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in Memorial Sloan-Kettering study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130:555-60.

106. Flint A. A Practical Treatise on the Physical Exploration of the Chest and the Diagnosis of Diseases Affecting the Respiratory Organs (ed. 2). Philadelphia, HC Lea, 1866; 489-5.

107. Foley EJ. Antigenic properties of methylcholantrene induced tumors in mice of the strain of origin. Cancer Res 1953; 13:835.

108. Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Taylor WF, et al. Early lung cancer detection : results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Mayo Clinic study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130:561-5.

109. Fontana RS, Sanderson DR, Woolner LB, Taylor WF, Miller WE, Muhm JR. Lung cancer screening. The Mayo Program. J Occup Med 1986; 28:746-50.

110. Foot NC. The identification of types of pulmonary cancer in cythologic smears. Am J Pathol 1952; 28:963-83.

111. Fox W, Scading JG. Medical reseach Council comparative trial of surgery and radiotherapy for primary treatment of small-cell, or oat cell carcinoma bronchus: ten year follow up. Lancet 1973: 2:63-5.

112. Frederiksen KS,Petri A, Abrahamsen N, Poulsen HS. Gene therapy for lung cancer. Lung Cancer 1999; 23(3):191-207.

113. Freitas e Costa M. Epidemiologia e prevenção. In Maçanita J, Sotto Mayor R (eds). Cancro do Pulmão. Lisboa, Clínica de Doenças Pulmonares da FML, 1988; 15-24.

114. Freitas e Costa M. Cancro do pulmão. Passado e presente. Via Pneumológica 1991; IV(2):91-6.

115. Frohlich F. Die “Helle Zelle” der bronchiaischleim hautaud ihre bizieh ungen zum problem der chemoreceptors. Frankfurt Pathol 1949; 60:517-59.

116. Frost JK, Ball WC Jr, Levin ML, et al. Early lung cancer detection: results of the initial (prevalence) radiologic and cytologic screening in the Johns Hopkins study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130:549-54.

117. Fry WA. Chirurgie thoracic: historique et comparaison des développements en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Rev Mal Respir 2004; 21:369-71.

118. Gandhi NS, Dupuy DE. Image-guided radiofrequency ablation as a new treatment option for patients with lung cancer. Semin Roentgenol 2005; 40:171-81.

119. Garrison FH. History of Medicine. Philadelphia, NJ: WB Saunders, 1929.

120. Gehan E, Scheneidermann M. Historical and methodological developments in clinical trials at the National Cancer Institute. Stat Med 1990; 9:871-80.

121. George JM, Capen CC, Philips S. Biosynthesis of vasopressin in vitro and ultrastructure of a bronchogenic carcinoma. Patient with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. J Clin Invest 1972; 51:141-8.

122. Ginsberg RJ, Goldberg M, Waters PF. Surgery for non small cell lung cancer. In Roth, Ruckdeschel, Weisenburger (eds). Thoracic Oncology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company, 1989; 177-99.

123. Glazer HS, Muka E, Sagel SS, Jost RG. New techniques in chest radiography. Radiol Clin North Am 1994; 32:711-29.

124. Gloyne SR. The morbid anatomy and histology of asbestosis. Tubercle 1933; 14:550-8.

125. Gloyne SR. Two cases of squamous carcinoma of the lung occurring in asbestosis. Tubercle 1935; 17:5-10.

126. Gluck T. Experimenteller beitag zur frage der lungenextirpation. Berl Klin Wochenschr 1881; 18:645-6.

127. Godinho MTM. Princípios terapêuticos: Cirurgia. In Sotto- Mayor R, Teixeira E, Maçanita J (eds). Oncologia Pneumológica. Lisboa, Permanyer Portugal, 1993: 65-72.

128. Gold P, Freedman SO. Demonstration of tumor specific antigens in human colonic carcinomata by imumunological tolerance and absorption techniques. J Exp Med 1965; 121:439-62.

129. Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Compton CC, McLoud TC. Radiofrequency tissue ablation in the rabbit lung: efficacy and complications. Acad Radiol 1995; 2(9):776-84.

130. Goldberg SN, Dupuy DE. Image-guided radiofrequency tumor ablation. Chalenges and opportunities. Part I. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12:1021-32.

131. Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Compton CC, Mueller PR, McLoud TC. Radio-frequency ablation of VX2 tumor nodules in the rabbit lung. Acad Radiol 1996; 3(11):929-35.

132. Gong M Ng, Christiani DC. Lung Cancer. In Hendrick DJ, Burge PS, Beckett WS, Churg A (eds). Occupational Disorders of the Lung: Recognition, Management and Prevention. London: WB Saunders, 2002; 305-26.

133. Gould VE, Linnoila RI, Memoli VA, et al. Neuroendocrine cells and neuroendocrine neoplasms of the lung. Pathol Annu 1983; 18:287-330.

134. Graham EA, Singer JJ. Successful removal of an entire lung for carcinoma of the bronchus. JAMA 1933; 101:1371-4.

135. Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H, Patno ME. Alkilating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma. Am J Med 1969; 40:360-7.

136. Green RA, Humphrey E, Close H, et al. Alkilating agents in bronchogenic carcinoma. Am J Med 1969; 46:516-25.

137. Green S, Weiss G. Southwest Oncology Group standard response criteria, endpoint definitions and toxicity criteria. Invest New Drugs 1992; 10:239-53.

138. Greenberg SD. Carcinomas of the peripheral airways. In McDowell EM (ed). Lung carcinomas. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987; 286-309.

139. Greene S. Encephaloid tumours in the brain and lungs. Dublin J Med SCI 1843; 24:282-3.

140. Hamilton D. The nineteenth century surgical revolution-Antisepsis or better nutrition? Bull Hist Med 1982; 56(1):30-40.

141. Hammond EC, Horn D. Smoking and death rates. A report on forty four months of follow up of 187 783 men. I. Total mortality. JAMA 1958; 166:1159-72.

142. Hammond EC, Horn D. Smoking and death rates. A report of forty four months of follow up of 187 783 men. Il. Deaths by cause. JAMA 1958; 166:1294-308.

143. Hammond EC, Selikoff IJ, Seidman H. Asbestos exposure, cigarette smoking and death rates. Ann NY Acad Sci 1979; 330:473-90. 144. Hampelin P. Zur symptomatologie und diagnose der primaren malignen lungen tumoren mitt grenz. Med Chir 1919; 31:672.

145. Hamperl H. Über gutartige bronchialtumoren (cylindrome und carcinoide). Virchows Arch Pathol Anat J 1937; 300:46-8.

146. Hansen HH (ed). Textbook of Lung Cancer. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer, London: Martin Dunitz, 2000.

147. Hansen HH. Historical milestones in small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2003; 41(suppl 3): S48.

148. Hansen HH. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer: the first three decades. J Thorac Oncol 2006; 1:3-4.

149. Hare ES. Tumor involving certain nerves. London Med Gaz 1838; 1:16-8.

150. Hartshorne H. General etiology, medical diagnosis and prognosis. In Pepper W, Starr L (eds). A system of practical medicine: vol 1. Pathology and general diseases. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1885; 129.

151. Hayata Y, Funatsu H, Kato H, Saito Y, Sawamura K, Furose K. Results of lung cancer screening program in Japan. In: Band PR, ed. Early detection and localization of lung tumors in hight risk groups. Vol 82 of Recent results in cancer research. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1982; 163-73.

152. Hayata Y, Kato H, Konaka C. Photodynamic therapy in early stage lung cancer. Lung Cancer 1993; 9:287-94.

153. Hayata Y, Kato H, Konaka C, Ono J, Takizawa N. Hematoporphyrin derivative and laser photoradiation in the treatment of lung cancer. Chest 1982; 57:543-7.

154. Heiken PJ, Brink JA, Vannier MW. Spiral(helical) CT. Radiology 1993; 189: 647-56.

155. Henschke CI, Miettinen OS, Yankelevitz DF, Libby DM, Smith JP. Radiographic screening for cancer: Proposed paradigm for requisite research. Clin Imaging 1994; 18:6-20.

156. Herbert PA, Watson JS. Tumor of the thoracic inlet producing Pancoast syndrome. Arch Pathol 1946; 42:88-103.

157. Hill AB, Fanning EL. Studies in the incidence of cancer in a factory handling inorganic compounds of arsenic: I. Mortality experience in the factory. Br J Ind Med 1948; 5:1-6.

158. Hill J. Cautions Against the Immoderate Use of Snuff. London: Baldwin & Jackson, 1761.

159. Hirayama T. Non-smoking wives of heavy smokers have a higher risk of lung cancer: a study from Japan. Br Med J 1981; 282:183-5.

160. Hirsch FR, Mathews MJ, Aisner S, Campobasso O, Elena JD, Gazdar AF, Mackay B, Nasiell M, Shimosato Y, Steele RH. Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology. Cancer 1988; 62:973-7.

161. Hirschowitz BL, et al. Demonstration of a new gastroscope, the “fiberscope”. Gastroenterology 1958; 35:50-3.

162. Hoang T,Xu R, Schiller JH, et al. A clinical model to predict survival of chemo naïve patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with standard chemotherapy. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) data. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:264.

163. Holmes EC, Ramming KP. Immunotherapy of Lung cancer Using Levamisole and Intralesional BCG. In Muggia F, Rozencweig M (eds). Lung Cancer: Progress in Therapeutic Research. New York: Raven Press, 1979; 483-8.

164. Hustin X, Paulus P, Rigo P, et al. Methodology. In Hustin X, Paulus P, Rigo P, et al (eds). Clinical PET in Oncology. Brussels, Mallinckrodt Medical, 1996; 8-12.

165. IARC Monographs. Chemical and Industrial Processes Associated with Cancer in Humans. Lyon: France, IARC, 1979.

166. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Vol 38. Tobacco Smoking. Lyon, France: IARC, 1986.

167. Iyengar P, Tsao MS. Clinical relevance of molecular markers in lung cancer. Surg Oncol 2002; 11(4):167-9.

168. Ikeda S. Flexible bronchofiberscope. Ann Otol 1970; 79:916.

169. Ikeda S. Atlas of flexible bronchofiberscopy. Tokyo, Igaku Shoin, 1974.

170. Ikeda S, Yanai N, Ishikawa S. Flexible bronchofiberscope. Keio J Med 1968; 1:17.

171. Irwin LE, Begandy MK, Moore TM. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Letter). Ann Intern Med 1984; 100:158.

172. Israel L, Halpern B. Le Corynebacterium parvum dans les cancers avances. Nouv Press Med 1972, 1:19-23.

173. Ivanissevich O, Ferrari RC. La neumectomia en el hombre. Boll Trab Soc Cirurg Buenos Aires, 1933; 17:553.

174. Jaakkimainen I, Goodwin PJ, Pater J, et al. Counting the costs of chemotherapy in a National Cancer Institute of Canada randomized trial in non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8:1301-9.

175. James I, Page W. Miniature scar carcinoma of the lung and the “upper sulcus tumor” of Pancoast. Br J Surg 1944; 32:85-90.

176. Jébrak G. Transplantation pulmonaire. Indication et bilan clinique. Rev Port Pneumol 2002; VIII(5):462-70.

177. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Acimovic L, Milisavljevic S. Initial versus delayed accelerated hyperfractionated radiation therapy and concurrent chemotherapy in limited small cell lung cancer: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:893-900.

178. Jett JR. The new official journal of the IASLC. J Thorac Oncol 2006; 1:1-2.

179. Johnson RJR. Potential Appliction of Hyperthermia as a Combined Modality Therapy for Carcinoma of the lung. In Muggia F, Rozencweig M (eds). Lung Cancer: Progress in Therapeutic Research, New York, Raven Press, 1979; 325-32.

180. Jones HB. On a new substance occuring in the urine of a patient with mollities ossum. Phil Transact R Soc Lond 1848; 13:55-62.

181. Kalender WA, Seissler W, Klotz E, et al. Spiral volumetric CT with single-breath-hold technique, continuous transport, and continuous scanner rotation. Radiology 1990; 176:181-3.

182. Kaminsky M. Ein Primäres Langencarcinom mit Verhornyen Plattenepithelien. Thesis, University of Greifschwald, 1898.

183. Karnofsky DA, Abelman WH, Craver LF, et al. The use of nitrogen mustards in the palliative treatment of carcinoma (with particular reference to bronchogenic carcinoma). Cancer 1948; 1(4):634-8.

184. Karnofsky DA, Burchenal JH. The clinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. In CM MacLeod (ed). Evaluation of Chemotherapeutic Agents. New York, Columbia University Press, 1949; 191-205.

185. Kato H, Okunaka T, Shimatani H. Photodynamic therapy for early stage bronchogenic carcinoma. J Clin Laser Med Surg 1996; 14:235-8.

186. Kawajiri K, Nakachi K, Imai K, Yoshii A, Shinoda N, Watanabe J. Identification of genetically high risk individuals to lung cancer by DNA polymorphisms of the cytochrome P4501A1 gene. FEBS 1990; 263(1):131-3.

187. Kernan JD. Carcinoma of the lung and bronchus. Treatment with radon implantation and diathermy. Arch Otolaryngol 1933; 17:457.

188. Kilgour A. Cases of cancer in the thorax. Monthly Journal of Medical Science 1850; 10:508-23.

189. Kjuus H, Skjaerven R, Langard S, et al. A case-referent study of lung cancer, occupational exposure and smoking: II Role of asbestos exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health 1986; 12:203-9.

190. Klein S, Sjogren HO, Klein E. demonstration of resistance against methylcholantrene induced sarcoma in the primary autochtonous host. Cancer Res 1960; 20:1561.

191. Kramer R. Adenoma of bronchus. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1930; 39:689-95.

192. Kreyberg L. One hundred consecutive primary epithelial lung tumors. Br J Cancer 1952; 6:112-9.

193. Kreyberg L. Histologycal lung cancer types. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1962; 157 (suppl), Oslo.

194. Kreyberg L. Comments on the histological typing of lung tumours. Acta Path Microbiol Scand A 1971; 79:409-22.

195. Kreyberg L, Liebow AA, Vehlinger EA. Histological Typing of Lung Tumours. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1967.

196. Kubik A, Polak J. Lung cancer detection: results of a randomized prospectiv study in Czechoslovakia. Cancer 1986; 57:2427-37.

197. Kummel H. Proceedings of the 40th Congress. Berlin, April 19-22, 1911. Verch Dtsch Ges Chir 1911; 40:147.

198. Kvale PA. Overview of bronchoscopy. In Beamis JF, Mathur PN (eds). Interventional Pulmonology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999; 3-8.

199. Laënnec RTH. De l’Auscultation Médiate. Paris, Brosson et Chaudé, 1819.

200. Lam S, Profio AE. Fluorescence Tumour Detection. In Hetzel MR (ed). Minimally Invasive Techniques in Thoracic Medicine and Surgery. London: Chapman & Hall, 1995; 179-91.

201. Lauterbur PC. Image formation by induced local interactions examples employing NMR. Nature 1973; 242:190-1.

202. LaVeen HH, Wapnick S, Piccone V, Falk G, Ahmed N. Tumor eradication by radiofrequency therapy. JAMA 1976; 235:20.

203. Lee JM, Jin GY, Goldberg SN, Lee YC, Chung GH, Han YM, Lee SY, Kim CS. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for inoperable lung cancer and metastases: Preliminary report. Radiology 2004; 230(1):125-34.

204. Lee P, Kupeli E, Mehta AC. Therapeutic bronchoscopy in lung cancer. Clin Chest Med 2002; 23:241-56.

205. Levine B, Weisberger AS. The response of various types of bronchogenic carcinoma to nitrogen mustard. Ann Intern Med 1955; 42:1089.

206. Leyden H. Uber Infectiose pneumonie. Dtch Med Wochenscher 1883; 9:52-4.

207.Lickint F. Tabak und tabakrauch als ätiologischer factor des carcinoms. Zeitschr Krebsforsch 1929; 30:349-65.

208. Liebow AA. Bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma. Adv Intern Med 1960; 10:329-58.

209. Lipson RL, Baldes EJ. The photodynamic properties of a particular hematoporphyrin derivative. Arch Dermatol 1960; 82:508-16.

210. Lipson RL, Baldes EJ, Gray MJ. Hematoporphyrin derivative for detection and management of cancer. Cancer 1967; 20:2254-7.

211. Lipson RL, Baldes EJ, Olsen AM. The use of a derivatve of hematoporphyrin in tumour detection. J Natl Cancer Inst 1961; 26:1-11.

212. Loomis AL. Lectures on the respiratory organs, heart and kidneys. New York: William Wood and Co 1987; 118.

213. Loureiro MC, Bernarda J, Correia de Matos A et al. Simulação de neoplasia por tuberculose. Via Pneumológica 1988; 2:127-31.

214. Lowe VJ, Naunheim KS. Current role of positron emission tomography in thoracic oncology. Thorax 1998; 53:703-12.

215. Lucas F. Imagiologia em patologia respiratória. Notas sobre a sua evolução. Acta Radiol Port 2001; XIII(51):33-42.

216. Lyons AS, Petrucelli RJ. Medicine. An Illustrated History. Harry N. New York, Abrams, Inc 1987.

217. Maçanita J. Tuberculose e cancro do pulmão. Actas das Jornadas Internacionais de Pneumotisiologia. Vila Nova de Gaia 1972; 167-73.

218 Maçanita J. Granulomatoses pulmonares e cancro do pulmão. Jornal do Médico 1973; LXXXIII(1579):45.

219. Maçanita J, Sotto-Mayor R (eds). Cancro do Pulmão. Lisboa: Clínica de Doenças Pulmonares da FML 1988.

220. Maçanita J, Sotto-Mayor R. Tumores broncopulmonares. In Freitas e Costa M (ed). Pneumologia na Prática Clínica, 2.º Volume, Lisboa: Clínica de Doenças Pulmonares da FML e Centro de Investigação CnL3-INIC 1989;499-608.

221. Maçanita J, Sotto-Mayor R. Tumores broncopulmonares. In Freitas e Costa M (ed). Pneumologia na Prática Clínica, 2.ª Edição, 1.º Volume. Lisboa: Clínica de Pneumologia da FML 1992; 515-623.

222. Maçanita J, Sotto-Mayor R. Tumores broncopulmonares. In Freitas e Costa M (ed). Pneumologia na Prática Clínica, 3.ª Edição, 1.º Volume. Lisboa: Clínica de Pneumologia/FML 1997; 659-769.

223. Maçanita J, Sotto-Mayor R, Teixeira E (eds). Cancro do Pulmão (2.ª Edição). Lisboa: Clínica de Pneumologia da FML 1992.

224. Magalhães V, Villar M. Diagnóstico diferencial do cancro do pulmão. In Maçanita J, Sotto Mayor R, Teixeira E (eds). Cancro do Pulmão. Lisboa: Clínica de Pneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa 1992; 131-5.

225. Magalhães Godinho MT. Evolução da cirurgia do cancro do pulmão. Rev Port Pneumol 2004; X(1, Supl 1): S79-87.

226. Malassez L. Examen histologique d’un cas de câncer encephaloide du poumon (epitelioma). Arch Phisiol Norm Pathol 1876; 3:353-72.

227. Martinet Y, Scheid F, Vignaud J-M, et al. Occupational lung cancer. In Brambilla C, Brambilla E (eds). Lung Tumors. Fundamental Biology and Clinical Management. Lung Biology in Health and Disease (Vol. 124). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc 1999; 693-707.

228. Mathey J et al. Tracheal and tracheobronchial resections: technique and results in 20 cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1966; 51:1-13.

229. Matthews MJ. Morphology of Lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1974; 1:175-82.

230. Matthews MJ, Rozencweig M, Staquet MJ, Minna JD, Muggia FM,. Long term survivors with small cell carcinoma of the lung. Eur J Cancer 1980; 16:527-31.

231. McDowell EM, Wilson TS, Trump BS. Atypical endocrine tumours of the lung. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1981; 105:20-28.

232. McIntire TT, Sykes EM. Obstruction of the superior vena cava: a review of the literature and report of two personal cases. Ann Intern Med 1948; 30:925-60.

233. McKneally MF, Maver CM, Alley RD, Kausel HW, Older TM, Foster ED, Lininger L. Reginal Immunoterapy of Lung Cancer Using Intrapleural BCG: Summary of a Four Year Randomized Study. In Muggia F, Rozencweig M (eds). Lung Cancer:Progress in Therapeutic Research. New York: Raven Press 1979; 471-6.

234. Meade RH. A history of thoracic surgery. 1st ed. Springfield Ilinois: Charles C. Thomas,1961; 194-7.

235. Meador CK, Liddle GW, Island DP, Nicholson WE, Lucas CP, Nuckton JG, Luetscher JA. Cause of Cushing’s syndrome in patients with tumors arising from “nonendocrine” tissue. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 1962; 22:693-703.

236 Medical Research Council. Tobacco, smoking and cancer of the lung. Br Med J 1957; 1:1523-4.

237. Melamed MR, Flehinger BJ, Zaman MB, Helen RT, Parchikwa X, Martini N. Screening for lung cancer: results of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering study in New York. Chest 1984; 86:44-53.

238. Meneses F, Teixeira E, Sotto Mayor R, Maçanita J, Freitas e Costa M. Tuberculose pulmonar e cancro do pulmão Entidades que se mimetizam. A propósito de 25 casos. Livro de Abstracts. Reunião da Comissão de Tuberculose da SPPR, Évora, 1989.

239. Ménétrier P. Cancer primitif du poumon. Bull Soc Anat (Paris) 1866; 11:643-7.

240. Meyer EC, Liebow AA. Relationship of interstitial pneumonia, honeycombing and atypical epithelial proliferation to cancer of the lung. Cancer 1965; 18:322-51.

241. Miller AB, Hogestraeten B, Staquet M, Winkler A. Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer 1981; 47:207-14.

242. Miller JA, Jones OR. Primary carcinoma of the lung. Am Rev Tuberc 1930; 21:1-56.

243. Mills SE, Cooper PH, Walker AN, et al. Atypical carcinoid tumour of the lung: A clinicopathologic study of 17 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1982; 6:643-54.

244. Minna JD, Higgins GA, Glatstein EJ. Cancer of the Lung. In De Vita VT, Jr., Hellman S, Rosenberg SA (eds). Cancer. Principles and Practice of Oncology. 2d ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co 1985; 507-597.

245. Moser RJ, Tenholder MF, Ridenour R. Oat-cell carcinoma in transfusion-associated immunodeficiency syndrome (Letter). Ann Intern Med 1985; 103:478.

246. Mountain CF.A new international staging system for lung cancer. Chest 1986; 89:225s-33s.

247. Mountain CF. Revisions in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer. Chest 1997; 111:1710-17.

248. Mountain CF, Carr DT, Anderson WAD. A system for the clinical staging of lung cancer. Am J Roentgen Radium Ther Nucl Med 1974; 120:130.

249. Movsas B, langer CJ, Goldberg M (eds). Controversies in Lung Cancer. A Multidisciplinary Approach. In Cheson BD (ed). Basic and Clinical Oncology, Vol 25, New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc 2001.

250. Mueller H. Zur untersuchungsgeschichte der bronchialen weiterunger. Inaug Diss Halle, Germany, 1882.

251. Murray JF. A thousand years of pulmonary medicine: good news and bad. Eur Respir J 2001; 17:558-65.

252. Murray N, Coy P, Pater J, Hodson I, Arnold A, Zee B, Payne D, Kostashuk E, Evans W, Dixon P, et al., for the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Importance of timing for thoracic irradiation in the combined modality treatment of limited-stage small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11:336-44.

253. Musser JH. Primary cancer of the lung. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1903; 18:625-36.

254. Nash FA, Morgan JM, Tomkins JG. South London Lung Cancer Study. MBJ 1968; 2:715-21.

255. Neves de Almeida F. Cancro do Pulmão em Portugal. J Médico 1982; 110:905,967,1025.

256. Nguyen CL, Scott WJ, Young NA, Rader T, Giles LR, Goldberg M. Radiofrequency ablation of primary lung cancer. Chest 2005; 128:3507-11.

257. Nishida T, Inove K, Kawata Y, Izumi N, Nishiyuama N, Kinoshita H, Matsuoka T, Toyoshima M. Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of lung neoplasms. A minimally invasive strategy for inoperable patients. JACS 2002; 195(3):426-30.

258. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients for 52b randomized clinical trials. BMJ 1995; 311:899-901.

259. Nordmann M. Der berufskrebs der asbestarbeiter. Z Krebsforsch 1938; 47:288-302.

260. North FS. The Doctor’s dilemma tuberculosis or lung cancer? Geriatrics 1965; 20:931-7.

261. Northfelt DW, Jackson MA. Is there an association between lung cancer and HIV infection? J Respir Dis 1991; 12:358.

262. Nusbaum NJ. Metastatic small-cell carcinoma of the lung in a patient with AIDS (Letter). N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1706.

263.Oberndorfer S. Karzinoide tumoren des dunndarms. Frankfurt Zeitschr Pathol 1907; 1:426-32.

264. Oberndorfer S. Karzinoide. Ergebnisse der allgemeinen Pathologie und pathologischen. Anatomie des Menschen und der Tiere 1909; 13:527-35.

265. Ochsner A. Corner of history: My first recognition of the relationship of smoking and lung cancer. Prev Med 1973; 2:611-4.

266. Ochsner A, De Bakey M. Symposium on cancer. Primary pulmonary malignancy. Treatment by total pneumonectomy: Analyses of 79 collected cases and presentation of 7 personal cases. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1939; 68:435-51.

267. Oken MM, Creech RH, Tormey DC. Toxicity and response of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. Am J Clin Oncol 1982; 5:649-55.

268. Onuigbo WIB. Lung cancer in the nineteenth century. Med Hist 1959; 36:69-77.

269. Osler W. The Principles and Practice of Medicine. London. Young J Pentiand 1892; 556.

270. Ostertag B. Krebsbekämpfung-Krebsbehandlung. Medizinische Klinik 1942; 38:278-81.

271. Ozenne G, Vergnon JM, Roulier A, et al. Cryoyherapy of in-situ or microinvasive bronchial carcinoma. Chest 1990; 98:105s.

272. Padhani AR. Spiral CT: Thoracic applications. Eur J Radiol 1998; 28:2-17.

273. Pancoast HK. Importance of careful roentgenray investigation of apical chest tumors. JAMA 1924; 83:1407-11.

274. Pancoast HK. Superior pulmonary sulcus tumor. JAMA 1932; 99:1391-6. 275. Papanicolaou GN. Diagnostic value of exfoliated cells from cancerous tissues. JAMA 1946; 131:372-8.

276. Parker MS, Leveno DM, Campbell TJ, Worrel JA, Carozza SE. AIDS-related bronchogenic carcinoma. Fact or fiction? Chest 1998; 113:154-61.

277. Parkin DM, Pisani P, Ferlay J. Estimates of Worldwide incidence of 25 major cancers in 1990. Int J Cancer 1999; 80:827-41.

278. Parkin DM, Sasco AJ. Lung cancer: Worldwide variation in occurrence and proportion attributable to tobacco use. Lung Cancer 1993; 9:1-16.

279. Patz Jr EF, Goodman PC, Bepler G. Screening for lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2000; 343(22):1627-33.

280. Pawel Jv, Schiller JH, Sheperd FA, Fields SZ, Kleisbauer JP, Chrysson NG, Stewart DJ, Clark PI, Palmer MC, Depierre A, Carmichael J, Krebs JB, Ross G, Lane SR, Gralla R, Topotecan versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and vincristine for the treatment of recurrent small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17(2):658-67.

281. Pean J. Chirurgie des poumons. Discussion Ranc Chir Proc Verh Paris 1895; 9:72-74.

282. Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, Johnson DH, Perry MC, Souhami RL, Brodin O, Joss RA, Kies MS, Lebeau B, et al. A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1618-24.

283. Pimentel JC. O cancro do pulmão em Portugal: uma perspectiva de 130 anos. Rev Port Clin Terap 1991; 13(5):149,1,51.

284. Pool JL. Bronchoscopy in the treatment of lung cancer. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1961; 70:1172-8.

285. Popper KR. The open society and its enemies. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1963.

286. Pouillart P, Palangie T, Huguenin P, Morin P, Gautier H, Lededente A, Baron A, Mathe G. Adjuvant Nonintrapleural BCG. In Muggia F, Rozencweig M (eds). Lung Cancer: Progress in Therapeutic Research. New York:: Raven Press, 1979; 477-81.

287. Prehn RT, Main JH. Immunity to methiylcholantrene induced sarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1957; 18:769.

288. Price Thomas C. Conservative resection of the bronchial tree. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1956; 1:169-71.

289. Proctor RN. Cancer Wars: How Politics Shapes What We Know and Don’t Now About Cancer. New York: Basic Books, 1995.

290. Proctor RN. The Nazi war on tobacc ideology, evidence, and possible cancer consequences. Bull Hist Med 1997; 71:435-88.

291. Proctor RN. Tobacco and the global lung cancer epidemic. Nature Reviews 2001; 1(1):82-6.

292. Purcell EM, Torrey HC, Pound CV. Ressonance absorption by nuclear magnetic movements in a solid. Phys Rev 1946; 64:37-8.

293. Quain F. Encephaloid tumour involving the heart and lungs. Br Med J 1857; 44:902.

294. Queiroga H. Estudo dos factores de prognóstico nos estádios avançados do cancro do pulmão. Tese de Doutoramento, Faculdade de Medicina do Porto, 1993.

295. Quoix E, Dietemann A, Chabonneau J, et al. La chimiothérapie comportant du cisplatine est elle utile dans le cancer bronchique non microcelulair au stad IV? Resultats d’une étude randomisée. Bull Cancer 1991; 78:341-6.

296. Rapp E, Pater J, Willian A, et al. Chemotherapy can prolong survival in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. A report of the Canadian multicenter trial. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6:633-41.

297. Rees LH, Ratcliffe JG. Ectopic hormone production by non-endocrine tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf.) 1974; 3:263-99.

298. Rienhoff WF. Pneumonectomy. A preliminary report of operative technique in two successful cases. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1933; 53:390-2.

299. Roffo AH. Der tabak ais krebserzeugende agens. Dtsch Med Wochnschr 1937; 63:1267-71.

300. Roffo AH. Krebseizeugendes benzpyren gewonnen aus tabakteer. Z Krebsforsch 1937; 49:588-97.

301. Rosenblatt MB. Lung cancer in the 19th century. Bull Hist Med 1964; 38:395.

302.Rosenow EC. Symposium on intrathoracic neoplasms. Introduction. Mayo Clin Proc 1993; 68:168-9.

303. Roswit B, Kaplan G. Nitrogen mustard as adjuvant to radiation in management of bronchogenic cancer. Radiology 1951; 57:384-94.

304. Roth JA, Cristiano RJ. Gene therapy for cancer: what have we done and where are we going? J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89:21-39.

305. Rottman H. Uber primare lungercarcinoma. Inaugural dissertation. Universitat Würzburg, 1898.

306. Royal College of Physicians of London. Smoking and Health. London, Pitman Medical, 1962.

307. Ruckdeschell JC, Codis SD, Stranahan H, McKneally MF. Postoperative empyema improves survival in lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1972; 287:1013-7.

308. Saccomano G, Archer VE, Auerbach O, Saunders RP, Brennan IM. Development of carcinoma of the lung as reflected in exfoliated cells. Cancer (Phila) 1974; 32:256-70.

309. Sackner MA. Bronchofiberscopy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 111:62-88.

310. Salminen E, Mac Manus M. FDG-PET imaging in the management of non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:357-60.

311. Salter H. Clinical lectures on diseases of the chest. Lecture I. On primary cancer of the lung. Lancet 1869; 2:1-4.

312. Sarrazin R, Dyon J F. La médiastinoscopie. Rev Mal Resp 1992; 9:99-110.

313. Saverbruch F. Die operation enttermung von lungengeschwuiste. Zentralbl Chir 1926; 53:852-4.

314. Schairer E & Schöniger E. Lugenkrebs und tabakverbrauch. Zeitschr Krebsforsch 1943; 54:261-9.

315. Schecheter MM. he superior vena cava syndrome. Am J Med Sci 1954; 227:46-56.

316.Schwartz WB, Bennet W, Curelop S. A syndrome of renal sodium loss and hyponatremia probably resulting from inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 1957; 23:529-42.

317. Selawry OS, Primack OA. Guest editors introduction to 1st International Workshop for Therapy for Lung Cancer. Cancer Chemother Rep, Part 3, 4:1.

318. Seydel HG, Chait A, Gmelich JT. The history of diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the lung. In Seydel HG, Chait A, Gmelich JT (eds). Cancer of the Lung. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1975; 1-5.

319. Shaw RR, Pauison DL, Kee JL Jr. Treatment of the superior sulcus tumor by irradiation followed by resection. Ann Surg 1961; 154:29-40

320. Sheppard MN. Neuroendocrine differentiation in lung tumours. Thorax 1991; 46:843-50.

321. Shimkin MB, Connely RR, Marcus SC, Curler SJ. Pneumonectomy and lobectomy in bronchogenic carcinoma: a comparison of end results of the Overholt and Ochsner Clinics. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1962; 44:503-19.

322. Shopland DR, Eyre HJ, Pechacek TF. Smoking-Attributable cancer mortality in 1991: Is lung cancer now the leading cause of death among smokers in the United States ? J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83:1142-8.

323. Silveira Botelho L. O XV Congresso Internacional de Medicina em Lisboa, em 1906, e repercussão na Ciência Médica Portuguesa. Revista da FML 1993; 1(1):20-5.

324.Sjolin KE, Pedersen KM, Petersen IC, Thonesen V. Lungekræft. In: Tobaksproblemet. Copenhagen: Indenrigsministeriet, 1969; 82-104.

325. Smetana HF, Iverson L, Swan LL. Bronchogenic carcinoma: An analysis of 100 autopsy cases. Mil Surgeon 1952; 111:335-51.

326. Smith TJ, Hilner BE, Neighbors DM, et al. Economic evaluation of randomized clinical trial comparing vinorelbine, vinorelbine plus cisplatin and vindesine plus cisplatin for non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13:2166-73.

327.Snider GL. Nosology for our day. Its application to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:678-83.

328. Sobin LH. Standardization and the histopathology of tumours. Histopathology 1977; 1:87-92.

329. Sobin LH. The WHO Histological Classification of Lung Tumors. In Muggia F, Rozencweig M (eds). Lung Cancer: Progress in Therapeutic Research. New York: Raven Press, 1979; 83-90.

330. Soemmerring ST. De Morbis Vasorum Absorbentium Corporis Humani. Frankfurt: Varrentrapp and Werner, 1795.

331. Soiferman E, Rackow E. A brief history of the practice of percussion. www.antiquemed.com/percus.html

332. Sotto Mayor R. Cancro do pulmão alguns dados históricos para o seu estudo. Arq SPPR 1993; 10(5 6):319-325.

333. Sotto Mayor R. Clinica e terapêutica dos tumores neuroendócrinos do pulmão. Rev Port Pneumol 1995; 1(6):51,9,539.

334. Sotto Mayor R. Desabituação tabágica. In Novas Perspectivas da Profilaxia e do Tratamento em Pneumologia. 30.º Curso de Pneumologia para Pós Graduados. Lisboa: Clínica de Pneumologia HSM/FML, 1997; 43-67.

335. Sotto-Mayor R. Carcinogénios respiratórios ambientais e tabagismo. Monografias Pneumológicas. Coimbra, Serviço de Pneumologia dos HUC, 1997; Vol XXI:15.

336. Sotto-Mayor R. Argumentos a favor da prescrição da quimioterapia citostática no carcinoma pulmonar de não pequenas células. Rev Port Pneumol 1997; III(3):265-82.

337. Sotto-Mayor R. Dados históricos para o estudo do cancro do pulmão. In Sotto-Mayor R, Teixeira E, Maçanita J (eds). Oncologia Pneumológica. Temas de Actualização. Lisboa: Permanyer Portugal, 1999; 3-12.

338. Sotto-Mayor R. Terapêutica Génica do Cancro do Pulmão. In Sotto-Mayor R, Teixeira E, Maçanita J (eds). Oncologia Pneumológica. Temas de Actualização. Lisboa: Permanyer Portugal, 1999; 227-36.

339. Sotto-Mayor R. Poluição e Cancro do Pulmão.In A Teles de Araújo (ed), Ambiente Urbano e Saúde (IV) - A Cidade , o clima e os cidadãos. Lisboa: SPP, 2000; 111-31.

340. Sotto Mayor R. Cancro do pulmão na mulher. In Patologia respiratória na mulher: que diferenças? 39º Curso de Pneumologia para Pós Graduados. Lisboa: Clínica de Pneumologia HSM/FML 2006; 73-94.

341. Sotto-Mayor R, Queiroga H. Cancro do Pulmão. In Agostinho Marques J (ed). Curso Interactivo de Pneumologia, Volume 4, Lisboa: SPP, 1997.

342. Sotto-Mayor R, Carvalhal J, Valença J, Teixeira E, Maçanita J, Freitas e Costa M. A importância do antigénio carcinoembrionário e da neuro-enolase específica no diagnóstico e no estadiamento de cancro do pulmão. Via Pneumológica 1990; 1:25-34.

343. Sotto-Mayor R, Queiroga H. Neoplasias Pulmonares. In Marques Gomes MJ, Sotto-Mayor R (eds). Tratado de Pneumologia, Secção L. Lisboa: SPP, Permanyer Portugal,2003; 1097-282.

344.Sotto-Mayor R, Teixeira E, Maçanita J (eds). Oncologia Pneumológica. Lisboa, Permanyer Portugal, 1993.

345. Sotto-Mayor R, Teixeira E, Maçanita J (eds). Oncologia Pneumológica, Temas de Actualização, Lisboa: Permanyer Portugal, 1999.

346. Sotto-Mayor R, Teixeira E, Maçanita J, Freitas e Costa M. Imunomodulação pela timopentina em doentes com cancro do pulmão submetidos a quimioterapia citostática. O Médico 1991; 124(2029):515-8.

347. Spencer H. Carcinoma of the lung. In Spencer H (ed). Pathology of the lung.4th ed. Oxford: Pergamon, 1985:907.

348. Spiro SG, Silvestri GA. One hundred years of lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172:523-9.

349. Stephens RJ, Bailey AJ, Machin D, MRC, Lung Cancer Working Party Long Term Survival in small cell lung cancer: the case for a standard definition. Lung Cancer 1996; 15:297-309.

350. Storer. Carcinoma of right lung with symptoms resembling those of hydrothorax. Am J Med Sci 1851; 21:46-7.

351 Strauss GM. Bronchogenic Carcinoma. In Baum GL, Crapo GD, Celli BR, Karlinsky JB (eds). Textbook of Pulmonary Diseases, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1998; 1329-433.

352. Sutegdja TG, Schreurs AJ, Vanderschueren RG, et al. Bronchoscopic therapy in patients with intraluminal typical bronchial carcinoid. Chest 1995; 107:556-8.

353. Syrek A. Zur häufigkeitszunahme des lungenkrebses. Zeitschr Krebsforsch 1932; 36:409-15.

354. Taulelle M, Vincent P, Chavet B, Garcia R, Reboul FL. Endobronchial brachyterapy. In Brambilla C, Brambilla E (eds). Lung Tumors. Fundamental Biology and Clinical Management. Lung Biology in Health and Disease (Executive Editor: Claude Lenfant), Vol 124. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc 1999; 537-52.

355. Teixeira E. Epidemiologia do cancro do pulmão. Arq SPPR 1993; 10(1):14-23.

356.Teixeira E. Perspectivas futuras no tratamento do cancro do pulmão. In Marques Gomes MJ, Sotto-Mayor R (eds). Tratado de Pneumologia. Lisboa: SPP, Permanyer Portugal 2003; 1233-60.

357. The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group . Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected non-small cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:351-60.

358. Therasse P, Arbuck SG, Eisenhauer EA, Wandrs J, Kaplan RS, Rubinstein L, Verweij J, van Glabbeke M, van Oosterom T, Christian MC, Gwyther SG. New guidelines to evaluate the response to treatment in solid tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92:205-16.

359.Thompson DT. Tracheal resection with left lung anastomosis following right pneumonectomy. Thorax 1966; 21:560-3.

360. Tobias JW. Sindrome apico costo vertebral dolorosa por tumor apexian su valor diagnostico en el cancer primitivo pulmonar. Rev Med Lat Am 1932; 19:1552-6.

361. Tockman MS. Survival mortality from lung cancer in a screened population: The John Hopkins Study. Chest 1986; 89:324S-5S.

362. Tomatis I. The contribution of the IARC monographs ti the identification of cancer risk factors. Ann NY Acad Sci 1988; 534:31-8.

363. Torek F. Removal of metastatic carcinoma of the lung and mediastinum. Suggestions as to technic. Arch Surg 1930; 21:1,41,6,1,421.

364. Travis WD, Linnoila RI, Tsokos MG, et al. Neuroendocrine tumors of the lung with proposed criteria for large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: An ultrastr uctural, immunohistochemical, and flow cytometric study of 35 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 1991; 15:529-53.

365. Travis WD, Colby TV, Corrin B, Shimosato Y, Brambilla E, in collaboration with L.H. Sobin and Pathologists of 14 Countries. Histological Typing of Lung and Pleural tumours. World Health Organization. International Histological Classification of Tumours. Third Edition, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999.

366. Trichopoulos D, Kalandidi A, Sparros L, MacMahon B. Lung cancer and passive smoking. Int J Cancer 1981; 27:1-4.

367. Tylecote FE. Cancer of the lung. Lancet 1927; ii:256-7.

368. US Department of Health Education and Welfare: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1964.

369. US Department of Health and Human Services: The Health Consequences of Smoking for Women. A Report of the Surgeon General. US Department and Human Sevices, Public Health Service, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Office of Smoking and Health, 1980.

370. US Department of Health and Human Services. Women and Smoking: A Report of Surgeon General 2001.

371. Vaino H, Boffetta P. Mechanisms of the combined effect of asbestos and smoking in the etiology of lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 1994; 20:235-42.

372. Villar TG. Condições patológicas do pulmão simulando tumores broncopulmonares. Gazeta Médica Portuguesa 1961; XIV(1):251-80.

373.Villar TG. O diagnóstico do cancro do pulmão. Experiência pessoal. Gazeta Médica Portuguesa 1964; XVII(5):555-80.

374. Villar TG. Estado actual do problema do cancro do pulmão em Portugal. Jornal da Sociedade das Ciências Médicas de Lisboa 1965; CXXIX(6 7):301-11.

375. Villar TG, Nogueira MT, Villar M. O cancro do pulmão em Portugal nos últimos 35 anos (1940-1975). Medicina Torácica 1979; II:261-78.

376. Vincent RG, Chu TM, Lane WW, Gutierrez AC, Stegemann PJ, Madajewicz S. Carcinoembryonic antigen as a monitor of successfull surgical resection in 130 patients with carcinoma of the lung. In Muggia F, Rosencweig M (eds). Lung Cancer: Progress in Therapeutic Research.New York: Raven Press 1979; 191-8.

377. Virchow R. Cellular pathology. London: J. Churchill 1860; 479.

378. Virchow R. Die Krankhaften Geschwûlste. Berlin: Hirschwald, 1860.

379. Waishe WH. The physical diagnosis of diseases of the lung. London: Taylor and Walton 1843; 285.

380. Walker K. Histoire de la Médecine. Verviers: Marabout Université 1962; 194.

381. Warde P, Payne D. Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited-stage small cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10:890-5.

382. Warren SL. Preliminary study of the effects of artificial fever upon hopeless tumour cases. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Med 1935; 33:75-87.

383. Warren WH, Gould VE, Faber LP, et al. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the bronchopulmonary tract: A classification of the spectrum of carcinoid to small cell carcinoma and intervening variants. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1985; 89:819-25.

384. Watkins DJG. A family tree beaving upon the question of the inheritance of cancer. Br Med J 1904;1: 190.

385. Watson WL. Historical background. In Watson WL (ed). Lung Cancer. A study of five thousand Memorial Hospital cases. Saint Louis: The C.V. Mosby Company, 1968; 1-14.

386. Watson WL, Cromwell H, Craver L, Papanicolaou GN. Cytology of bronchial secretions. Its role in the diagnosis of cancer. J Thorac Surg 1949; 18:1,13,122.

387. Weinants P. Lung Cancer Cell Immunogenicity and Immunotherapy. In Brambilla C, Brambilla E (eds). Lung Tumors. Fundamental Biology and Clinical Management. Lung Biology in Health and Disease(Executive Editor: Claude Lenfant), Vol 124. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc 1999; 709-28.

388. Weiss W, Baucot KR. The Philadelphia Pulmonary Neoplasm Research Project: early roentgenographic appearance of bronchogenic carcinoma. Arch Intern Med 1974; 134:306-11.

389. Whitwell F. Tumorlets of the lung. J Pathol Bacteriol 1 955; 70:529-41.

390. WHO. Handbook for reporting results of cancer treatment. Geneva(Switzerland): World Health Organization:Offset Publication No. 48; 1979.

391. Wilde J. A 10 year follow-up of semi-annual screening for early detection of lung cancer in the Erfurt County, GDR. Eur Respir J 1989; 2:656-62.

392. Williams ED, Sandier M. The classification of carcinoid tumours. Lancet 1963; 1:328-9.

393. Winkler AW, Crankshaw OF: Chloride depletion in conditions other than Addison’s disease. J Clin Invest 1938; 17:1-6.

394. Witschi H. Profiles in toxicology: a short history of lung cancer. Toxicol Sci 2001; 64:4-6.

395.Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. JAMA 1950; 143:329-36.

396. World Health Organization. Histological typing of lung tumours. Geneva: WHO, 1967.

397. World Health Organization. Histological typing of lung tumours. 2nd Edition. Geneva: WHO, 1981.

398. World Health Organization. Histological typing of lung tumours. Tumori 1981; 67:253-72.

399. World Health Organization. Histological typing of lung tumours. Am J Clin Pathol 1982; 77:123-36.

400. Yankaver S. Two cases of lung tumour treated bronchoscopically. NY Med J 1922; June 21:741.

401. Zöllner F. Gustav Killian, father of bronchoscopy.Arch Otolaryngol 1965; 82:656-9.

402. Zubrod CG, Schneiderman M, Frei E, et al. Appraisal of methods for the study of cancer in man: Comparative therapeutic trial of nitrogen mustard and triethylene thiophoramide. J Chron Dis 1960; 11:7-33.

 

 

* Trabalho realizado com base em artigos anteriormente publicados pelo autor ^332,337

** Chefe de Serviço de Pneumologia. Coordenador do Serviço de Pneumologia do Hospital de Santa Maria. Assistente Convidado da Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa.

 

Recebido para publicação/received for publication: 06.05.25

Aceite para publicação/accepted for publication: 06.06.09