As organizações económico-sociais e os seus stakeholders

José Afonso Roberto* e António Serrano**

 

RESUMO: Esta pesquisa centra-se no modo como as relações entre uma organização e as suas audiências intervêm nos processos de criação e distribuição de valor, considerando que o desempenho organizacional depende, em última análise, dos critérios pré-definidos para a sua avaliação, ou seja, das expectativas dos stakeholders relevantes.

A investigação empírica envolveu a análise de sete casos, a partir de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, tendo sido possível concluir que: se não houver, à partida, uma matriz cultural que valorize intrinsecamente a equidade dos diversos interesses em jogo ou não estiverem reunidas certas condições de interpenetração com o contexto, qualquer entidade económico-social tenderá a gerir estrategicamente as suas relações numa perspectiva meramente instrumental.

Palavras-chave: Contexto, Desempenho, Organização, Stakeholder, Valor

 

 

TITLE: Economical-social organizations and its stakeholders

ABSTRACT: This research is centred in the way as the relationships between an organization and its context intervene in the processes of creation and distribution of value, considering that the organizational performance depends, in last analysis, on the previous criteria for its evaluation, that is, of the expectations of relevant stakeholders.

The empirical inquiry involved the analysis of seven cases, from semi-structured interviews, having been possible to conclude that: if it will not have, to the departure, a cultural matrix that intrinsically values the equity of the diverse interests in competition, or will not be congregated certain conditions of interpenetration with the context, any economical-social entity will tend to manage strategically its relations in a mere instrumental perspective.

Key words: Context, Organization, Performance, Stakeholder, Value

 

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

 

REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

AGLE, B. R., MITCHELL, R. K. e SONNENFELD, J. A. (1999), «Who Matters to CEOs? An Investigation of Stakeholder Attributes and Salience, Corporate Performance, and CEO Values». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 42(5), pp. 507-525.        [ Links ]

BUCHANAN, D. e HUCZYNSKI, A. (2004), Organizational Behaviour: An Introductory Text. 5th Edition. Prentice Hall, Harlow.

CARROLL, A. B. (1979), «A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance». Academy of Management Review, vol. 4(4), pp. 497-505.

CLARKSON, M. B. E. (1995), «A Stakeholder Framework for Analysing and Evaluating Corporate Social Performance». Academy of Management Review, vol. 20(1), pp. 92-117.

DONALDSON, T. e PRESTON, L. E. (1995), «The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence and Implications». Academy of Management Review, vol. 20(1), pp. 65-91.

EISENHARDT, K. M. (1989), «Building Theories from Case Study Research». Academy of Management Review, vol. 14(4), pp. 532-550.

EISENHARDT, K. M. (1991), «Better Stories and Better Constructs: The Case for Rigor and Comparative Logic». Academy of Management Review, vol. 16(3), pp.620-627.

ENGEL, E., GORDON, E. A. e HAYES, R. M. (2002), «The Roles of Performance Measures and Monitoring in Annual Governance Decisions in Entrepreneurial Firms». Journal of Accounting Research, vol. 40(2), pp. 485-518.

FREEMAN, R. E. e REED, D. L. (1983), «Stockholders and Stakeholders: A New perspective on Corporate Governance». California Management Review, vol. 25(3), pp. 88-106.

FREEMAN, R. E., GILBERT, D. R., Jr. e HARTMAN, E. (1988), «Values and the Foundations of Strategic Management». Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 7(11), pp. 821-834.

HAMEL, J., DUFOUR, S. e FORTIN, D. (1993), Case Study Methods. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

HARRISON, J. S. e FREEMAN, R. E. (1999), «Stakeholders, Social Responsibility, and Performance: Empirical Evidence and Theoretical Perspectives». Academy of Management Journal, vol. 42(5), pp. 479-485.

HILL, C. W. L. e JONES, T. M. (1992), «Stakeholder-Agency Theory». Journal of Management Studies, vol. 29(2), pp. 131-154.

HILLMAN, A. J. e KEIM, G. D. (2001), «Shareholder Value, Stakeholder Management, and Social Issues: What’s the Bottom Line?». Strategic Management Journal, vol. 22(2), pp. 125-139.

HOFER, C. W. e SCHENDEL, D. (1978), Strategy Formulation: Analytical Concepts. West Publishing Company, New York.

JONES, T. M. e WICKS, A. C. (1999), «Convergent Stakeholder Theory». Academy of Management Review, vol. 24(2), pp. 206-221.

KOCHAN, T. A. e RUBINSTEIN, S. A. (2000), «Toward a Stakeholder Theory of the Firm: The Saturn Partnership». Organization Science, vol. 11(4), pp. 367-386.

MINTZBERG, H. (1979), The Structure of Organizations. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

MITCHELL, R. K., AGLE, B. R. e WOOD, D. J. (1997), «Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts». Academy of Management Review, vol. 22(4), pp. 853-886.

POST, J. E., PRESTON, L. E. e SACHS, S. (2002), Redefining the Corporation: Stakeholder Management and Organizational Wealth. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

RUE, L. W. e BYARS, L. L. (1997), Management: Skills and Application. 8th Edition. Irwin, Chicago.

RUMELT, R. P., SCHENDEL, D. E. e TEECE, D. J. (1994), Fundamental Issues in Strategy: A Research Agenda. Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.

SAVAGE, G. T., NIX, T. W., WHITEHEAD, C. J. e BLAIR, J. D. (1991), «Strategies for Assessing and Managing Organizational Stakeholders». Academy of Management Executive, vol. 5(2), pp. 61-75.

SOUSA, A. J. (2000), Estratégias Empresariais em Contexto Dinâmico: Lógicas de reorganização das empresas vitivinícolas do Alentejo e da Extremadura face à Evolução do Mercado Comum Europeu. Tese de Doutoramento em Gestão de Empresas, orientada pelo Professor Doutor Ricardo Maria Hernandez Mogollón, Évora, Universidade de Évora.

SVENDSEN, A. (1998), The Stakeholder Strategy: Profiting from Collaborative Business Relationships. Berrett-Koehler Publishers, San Francisco, CA.

VIÑEGLA, A. L. (2003), Gestión estratégica y medición. AECA, Madrid.

WARTICK, S. L. e COCHRAN, P. L. (1985), «The Evolution of the Corporate Social Performance Model». Academy of Management Review, vol. 10(4), pp. 758-769.

WEISS, J. W. (1996), Organizational Behavior and Change: Managing Diversity, Cross-Cultural Dynamics, and Ethics. West, Minneapolis.

WHEELER, D., COLBERT, B. e FREEMAN, R. E. (2003), «Focusing on Value: Reconciling Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability and a Stakeholder Approach in a Network World». Journal of General Management, vol. 28(3), pp. 1-28.

YIN, R. K. (1994), Case Study Research - Design and Methods. 2nd Edition. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.

 

 

* José Afonso Roberto

jroberto@uevora.pt

Universidade de Évora, Professor Auxiliar, Docente em regime de exclusividade no Departamento de Gestão.

 

** António Serrano

amss@uevora.pt

Universidade de Évora, Professor Associado com Agregação, Presidente do Conselho de Administração do Hospital do Espírito Santo – Évora.