Aptidão física e actividade física em populações Africanas: Uma revisão da literatura.

 

Leonardo Nhantumbo^1,3

Sílvio Saranga^1,3

André Seabra²

José Maia²

António Prista^1,3

¹ Faculdade de Ciências de Educação Física e Desporto. Universidade Pedagógica, Moçambique.

² Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e de Educação Física. Universidade do Porto, Portugal

³ Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício, DCD- Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique

 

RESUMO

O estabelecimento de relações entre a aptidão física e saúde a partir de uma óptica epidemiológica deriva, de entre outras razões, do incremento conspícuo do sedentarismo que se observa nos países industrializado e que se apresenta associado a uma multiplicidade de factores de condições mórbidas. Em África, face à predominância de actividades de sobrevivência o sedentarismo e suas comorbilidades não se afiguram como prioridade ou matéria de relevo. Contudo, as preocupações em torno da aptidão física neste continente, ainda que de panorama distinto, são pertinentes face a crescente urbanização das sociedades Africanas tem concorrido para o incremento dos níveis de hipocinésia, o que começa a inquietar as autoridades sanitárias. A presente revisão da literatura foi realizada com o propósito de minorar a escassez e dispersão da pesquisa em populações Africanas. Recorrendo à consulta de bases disponíveis, foram seleccionados todos os artigos que versassem estudos realizados em África com indexação aptidão física e actividade física. Dos estudos revistos emerge (1) uma inquietação em torno do alcance antropobiológico da expressão da aptidão física e dos padrões de actividade física das populações africanas de diferentes idades, grupos étnicos e estratos sócio-económicos, designadamente da influência stress ambiental, do estado nutricional e das infecções parasitárias na variabilidade da sua expressão e (2) o facto da avaliação da aptidão física e dos critérios de normalização estatural se basearem em valores de referência construídos a partir de amostras de países desenvolvidos emprestarem a este processo problemas de transculturalidade, têm ultimamente suscitado polémica e investigação sobre a sua validade.

Palavras-Chave: aptidão física, actividade física, África, saúde pública, epidemiologia

 

ABSTRACT

Physical Fitness and Physical Activity in Africa. State of the Art.

The established link between physical fitness and health is based on epidemiological evidence about sedentary lifestyles associated with multiple factors of morbid conditions. In Africa, survival activities demanding a lot of energy expenditure and moderate to high levels of physical fitness are not correlated with sedentary and its co-morbidities. Due to this major reason, no special attention was given to the relationship between fitness and health. Yet, there has been an increased interest and research about physical fitness of African children and adolescents due to the fact the urbanization is increasing in small to big African cities, and its potentiality in reducing physical activity levels. Such a fact is becoming a concern of health authorities. The present literature review was conducted with the aim of synthesising the available information. Based on a data base search, we selected all indexed papers with Africa, physical activity and physical fitness. From this search, two main issues are at hand: (1) a discussion about the clear anthropobiological meaning of physical fitness and physical activity patterns of African population of different ages, ethnicity, and socio-economic strata with a special emphasis on environmental stress, nutritional status and infection; (2) the fact that physical fitness assessment and normalizing criteria to height are based on reference data from developed countries that pose cross-cultural validity problems.

Key-words: physical fitness, physical activity, Africa, public health, epidemiology.

 

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