A mechanic thrombo-embolectomy was performed by infra-popliteal approach, with immediate relief of the ischemic complaints (ankle-braquial index of 0.75).

Blood and thrombus cultures (collected during the hospitalization and surgery) were always negative.

The patient was then transferred to the hospital center where he performed the cardio-thoracic surgery in 2004 and there he completed 4 weeks of intravenous treatment with vancomycin and 6 weeks with gentamicin.

After 3 months of intensive physiotherapy the patient recovered from his neurologic deficits.

For the last 3 years the patient continues to be followed by us annually, has been working without limitations, with palpable distal pulses in both limbs and in an echocardiographic imaging recently performed a ‘‘clean’’ prosthetic aortic conduit was demonstrated.

Discussion

Infection of an ascending aortic prosthesis is a serious complication, associated with a high mortality.

Because of their lethal potential, eradicating infections of ascending aortic grafts remains a very demanding task, especially when the infection extends into the aortic root (as in patients with composite valve grafts) or in the aortic arch.¹

Although antibiotics represent an essential part of the treatment they are rarely effective alone.¹ Some case reports in the literature describe a successful treatment with antibiotics alone^2-5 but because of the great mortality induced by this approach, others however, state that this approach is not sufficient, especially in cases of severe prosthetic infections.⁴

As for infected peripheral vascular grafts, reports recommend a combined medical and surgical treatment strategy that combines antibiotics, removal of all the prosthetic material, cleaning of the surrounding tissues, and extra-anatomic arterial reconstruction.⁶

However technically possible for the thoracic region,⁷ such a major surgical undertaking may not be suitable in the ascending aortic graft infections,¹ mainly because of the technically challenging nature of the surgery and because most patients usually have multi-organ dysfunction caused by sepsis, making the procedure extremely risky.⁸

The most commonly micro-bacterial agents found are the Staphylococcus aureus and the Staphylococcus epidermidis.⁹

In 1984, Hargrove and Edmunds created the principles of the modern treatment of infected thoracic aortic grafts that continue to be used after so long. These guidelines include explanation and replacement of the infected material if suture lines are involved, extensive irrigation and tissue debridement, broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy and obliteration of dead space by autologous tissue.¹⁰

So, the two main questions that continue to cause controversy, are whether to remove the infected graft and if it is removed, what to replace it with.¹

By now, the literature on the surgical treatment of ascending aortic graft infection fails to provide even the lowest level of evidence (level C, consensus expert opinion) in order to base a concrete recommendation.¹

If an attentive to save the original graft is thought, what is especially important when we are facing a patient that could predict a poor outcome, because of the high morbi-mortality to remove and replace the graft, an extensive mediastinal debridement and irrigation is described with good results.^11,12

Possible surgeries (predominantly before the era of bioprosthetic grafts) are graft removal and replacement with a synthetic graft, although leave prosthetic material in an infected field makes it difficult to eradicate the infection.¹

Graft removal and replacement with a tissue graft (cryopreserved aortic homografts from cadaveric human aorta), that have the advantage to appear to be more resistant to infection than synthetic ones,¹³ are more flexible,¹⁴ but have a predisposition to progressive deteriorate and need to be replaced.¹⁵

Porcine xenograft roots have also emerged as an alternative for aortic root infection.¹

Choosing the right treatment time on which a systemic antibiotic should be maintained remains arbitrary, and the efficacy and term of the treatment are doubtful.¹⁰ Scott A. LeMaire and colleagues recommend life-long antibiotic therapy, especially in patients with residual synthetic graft material.¹

Hagl and colleagues recommend: if surgical cultures are positive, patients would receive at least 6 weeks of antibiotic treatment, if cultures are negative and organisms visualized in the Gram stain, antibiotics should be given by at least 4 weeks, and if both cultures and Gram stain are negative, antibiotic should be administered for only 2 weeks.¹⁵

Obviously, careful follow-up involving frequent imaging is required to detect any kind of further complications.

A cardiac infective endocarditis (IE) with constantly negative blood cultures are usually caused by intracellular bacteria as Coxiella burnetti, Bartonella, Chlamydia and recently demonstrated, Tropheryma Whipplei, the agent of the Whipple’s disease.¹⁶

In this disease, embolic events are a frequent and life-threatening complication of IE related to the migration of cardiac vegetations.

Embolic events may be totally silent in 20% of the patients with IE, especially those affecting the splenic or cerebral circulation (the most frequent sites of embolism).¹⁷

Factors associated with increased risk of embolism are the size and the mobility of the vegetations.^17,18 The risk of new embolism peaks during the first days following initiation of systemic antibiotic treatment and decreases during the following days, particularly beyond 14 days,^19,20 although some risk always persists indefinitely while vegetations remain present.

For this reason, the benefits of cardiac surgery to prevent embolism are greatest during the first week of antibiotic therapy, when embolic risk is the highest.

The best means to reduce the risk of an embolic event is the prompt institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy.¹⁷

The overall benefits of surgery should be weighed against the operative risk and must consider the clinical status and co-morbidity of the patient.

Neurological events develop in 20-40% of the patients with IE and are mainly the consequence of cardiac vegetation embolism.^21,22

The clinical spectrum of these complications is wide, as naturally expected they are associated with an excess mortality, particularly in the case of stroke.²³ So, rapid diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antibiotics are of major importance to prevent a first or recurrent neurological complication.

Conversely, in cases with intracranial hemorrhage, neurological prognosis is worse and surgery must be postponed for at least 1 month.²⁴

The Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysms (SMAA) represents 5.5% of all splanchnic artery aneurysms and appears to have no differences between genders.²⁵ Mycotic aneurysms account for 60% of all SMAA cases and are thought to commonly occur as a result of subacute bacterial endocarditis with infection by nonhemolytic Streptococcus. ^25-27

The majority (70-90%) of SMAA are symptomatic at the initial evaluation.²⁵

It is thought that rupture usually occurs in as many as 50% of the patients²⁶ and is associated with a mortality rate around 30-90%.²⁵

Treatment of SMAA should be conducted regardless of size or symptomatology because of the high mortality risk associated with the potential rupture.²⁷

When surgical therapy is considered, some SMAA can be ligated and excised safely because of the extensive collateral flow to the bowel via the celiac artery and the inferior mesenteric artery.²⁷

Conclusions

Despite the apparent reported good results for the complications held by the vascular surgeons from our hospital and after performing a literature review, we think it was a bad judgment on the treatment of an ascending aortic graft infection, that even after antibiotherapy to eradicate a large vegetation, caused several life-threatening vascular complications. That could be handled with immediate thoracic surgery in order to prevent these described pathological occurrences.

The surgeries typically described to solve this kind of complication are: graft removal and replacement with a synthetic graft or tissue graft (cryopreserved aortic homograft) and extensive mediastinal debridement and irrigation with use or not of viable tissue (pedicle omental or muscle flap) to cover the dead space.

Although antibiotics represent an essential part of the treatment of this entity and because of the great mortality induced by this approach, several authors emphasize that antibiotics alone are not sufficient to treat, especially in severe prosthetic infections.⁴

By now, the literature on the surgical treatment of ascending aortic graft infection fails to provide even the lowest level of evidence (level C, consensus expert opinion) on which to base a concrete recommendation on the best possible treatment.¹

Infected ascending aortic grafts should be handled with high level of suspicion, always bearing in mind that the survival of these patients depends largely on their physiological reserve, fast diagnosis and prompt medical or/and mainly used surgical treatment.

Ethical disclosures

Protection of human and animal subjects. The authors declare that no experiments were performed on humans or animals for this study.

Confidentiality of data. The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Right to privacy and informed consent. The authors declare that no patient data appear in this article.

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

References