1. Introduction

Adopting participatory strategies that involve and represent diverse urban actors in public participation and community engagement processes is essential for effective urban planning (^{Semeraro et al., 2020}).

However, women continue to face several challenges that restrict their full public participation. One major limiting factor is the lack of time and availability, resulting from the overload of responsibilities beyond professional working hours. The persistence of patriarchal social norms and practices continues to be reproduced daily by men and women. This is a widespread problem worldwide, as demonstrated by the ^{United Nations Development Programme report (2023}), the Gender Social Norms Index (GSNI). Breaking Down Gender Biases Shifting social norms towards gender equality, which measures how social beliefs obstruct gender equality. This report, which represents 85% of the world's population, revealed that "close to 9 out of 10 men and women have some biases against women".

The burden of domestic and care work, whether for ascendants or descendants, falls disproportionately on women (^{Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2019}), resulting in mental and physical overload. Managing the demands of work and family life, the incompatibility of the schedules of many actions proposed by institutions makes public participation challenging. The combination of these challenges results in low involvement of women in participatory decision-making processes (^{Rampaul & Magidimisha-Chipungu, 2022}), which, theoretically, should enable them to exercise their desired expression and equality of opportunities.

As a result, institutional responses often do not meet the needs of women's urban practices and living conditions (^{Falú, 2022}). Thus, patriarchal social relations, norms, and practices still significantly restrict women's presence in public spaces, creating systems of inequality, exclusion, and marginalisation. The feeling of insecurity and harassment on the streets continues to restrict many women from specific paths and access to many public spaces (Sharma, 2020), which limits their right to the city (^{Lefebvre, 1991}; ^{Harvey, 2008}).

The post-digital era is characterised by the presence of technology in everyday life in an integrated and ubiquitous way in everyday practices (^{Escaño, 2023}), unquestionably and imperceptibly, where digital and physical planes are complementary layers of a single continuous reality. ^{Shapley (2011}) characterised the post-digital era as the fusion of digital and physical, where digital technologies increasingly mediate everyday practices, social dynamics, and urban processes. This context has changed the ways of being, doing, living, and learning, which are reflected in the interactions and practices in urban spaces. These processes emphasise the importance of digital literacy, which should be supported by accessible and user-friendly forms of public engagement to promote inclusion and encourage citizen participation. This approach is essential for consistently advocating and promoting human rights that are practised and respected. ^{Boa Sorte & Vicentini (2020}) emphasised the need for social justice literacy, highlighting the persistent influence of digital technologies on educational and social practices.

^{Pérez & Sanz (2021}) emphasised the importance of focusing on human involvement in the digital context, stressing that technology should be viewed as a tool to enhance human interaction, rather than an end in itself. Digital media has the potential to enable public participation. In the last decades, there has been a significant increase in the use of digital platforms to address issues such as gender bias, patriarchy, violence against women, stereotypes, inclusion, and sexuality. However, tools capable of effectively and operatively connecting the dimensions of digitisation, participation, and interaction are lacking (^{De Siqueira et al., 2022}). These tools should enable the alignment of community and place creation with civic responsibility and citizenship, thereby encouraging citizen participation and fostering a sense of belonging within the community (^{Alevizou, 2020}).

As such, this article examines the role of digital media in urban feminist activism. In this context, the question arises: How are feminist activists in urban environments using digital media platforms to challenge patriarchal norms in urban contexts, promote gender equality, and create inclusive spaces for marginalised voices?

To this end, the study adopted an interdisciplinary approach to reflect on how different digital media enable new and different forms of expression, mobilisation, and network building. It also investigates the intersections between different spaces (online and offline, digital and physical) in sharing women's experiences and opportunities for civic participation in the cities they inhabit. Digital media can enhance and hinder women's participation in addressing systemic and structural inequalities in urban life. On the one hand, digital platforms offer women opportunities to mobilise and participate, enabling them to overcome barriers such as time constraints, limited mobility, and a lack of confidence in expressing their views publicly. However, we are witnessing new challenges, including the perpetuation of inequalities and the rise of misogynistic practices and online discrimination (^{Galpin, 2022}; ^{Barker & Jurasz, 2019}). This duality highlights the necessity for an intersectional critical analysis of inequalities in urban spaces. This study approaches the concept of "inclusion" alongside "intersectionality" through a feminist lens that critiques sexist and exclusionary practices, particularly in urban contexts. This approach acknowledges the different forms of oppression that intersect in women's experiences while emphasising the importance of amplifying marginalised voices and integrating perspectives that address the diverse and specific needs of women (^{Crenshaw, 1989}, 1991; ^{hooks, 1984}, ²⁰¹⁹). Intersectionality is central to the two projects to be analysed, as it acknowledges that gender experiences in urban spaces are shaped by overlapping identities, such as race, class, age, sexual orientation, and other social constraints.

In terms of methods, this research includes an interdisciplinary review of the existing literature on digital citizenship, feminism, and urban studies. This was followed by an analysis of two projects and digital mapping initiatives undertaken by feminist activists to understand how digital media can facilitate female participation and promote inclusive urban spaces. These projects were selected based on their role in gathering data and visualising information, raising awareness of gender-related urban challenges, and advocating social change and public policies.

2. Feminist (post)digital citizenship: a conceptual approach with practical ground

^{Farmer (2011}) defined digital citizenship as the ability to use technology safely, responsibly, critically, and productively, with a significant amount of knowledge about digital society. In a hyperconnected world, digital citizenship is a core competence and fundamental skill set that includes ethical behaviour, media literacy, active digital participation, and the ability to use technology critically (^{Suphattanakul et al., 2023}).

^{Sladkova and Bashir (2022}) emphasise how the digital divide directly relates to gender inequalities. This digital gender divide, made visible and amplified by the Covid-19 pandemic, has highlighted the need to pay attention to the needs of women and girls, while guaranteeing that digital transformation does not exclude them.

In this context, feminist digital citizenship refers to the practice of active involvement and resistance by women in digital spaces against exclusionary practices that aim to promote gender equality and inclusive environments. It was initially driven by historical struggles for equal rights, autonomy, and social justice, which are currently being transferred to digital space.

Feminist digital citizenship may, thus, increase women's participation in democratic processes by using digital tools and platforms. It may address issues related to practices and norms that trigger and replicate actions of marginalisation, oppression, and gender imbalances, which often make urban spaces unsafe and exclusionary for women (^{Fernandez, Cruz & Morgan, 2020}).

^{Foth, Brynskov & Ojala (2015}) address citizens' rights to the digital city, emphasising the role of urban interfaces, activism, and placemaking in promoting inclusion and active participation.

^{Henry, Vasil & Witt (2022}) add the concept of digital citizenship as a status (being a digital citizen) with practice (acting as a digital citizen) and an intersubjective experience (occupying the liminal space of citizenship). They highlighted that a feminist approach to digital citizenship can address gender subordination and exclusionary practices in digital societies, promoting a feminist democratic project centred on intersectionality and status.

Integrating feminist perspectives into digital development, as mentioned in the EU Gender Action Plan (^{European Commission, 2020}), emphasises the importance of a value-based digital partnership to ensure a fair and inclusive digital transformation (^{Culp, 2015}). The development and growth of various social networks and digital media provide activist movements with real-time means of communication that reach a vast global audience, allowing the fast circulation of information and coordination of events, and giving greater visibility, significantly expanding the impact of their actions. It also allows for the creation and development of international, intercultural, intersectional, and interdisciplinary support and solidarity networks. These networks promote the sharing of experiences and challenges, which, although local, are discussed and recognised globally, enabling the co-creation of historical counter-narratives. As such, digital tools and media can facilitate more active and equal participation in urban governance, allowing historically marginalised voices to be heard. These actions are crucial for recognising and understanding oppression, as well as resisting patriarchal norms that perpetuate gender inequality in urban settings.

Indeed, ^{Peake (2016}) highlights the importance of a feminist perspective on the production of knowledge about urban areas, underscoring the need for feminist intervention in global urban studies. The author also emphasises the need for urban studies that consider the practices of everyday social and political struggles, as well as women's needs and desires, to promote a more inclusive and democratic understanding of cities. By addressing the socio-spatial implications of urban life mediated by platforms and media, digital activism can foster the collaborative reimagining of "other" urban spaces. It may integrate social and digital processes into the practice of creating and resignifying these places. ^{Vegh (2003}) identified three dimensions of digital activism: awareness and advocacy, organisation and mobilisation, and action and reaction. These dimensions emphasise the importance of women's digital citizenship for civic participation in the collective thinking of urban spaces, reconfiguring gender dynamics and making them more inclusive and responsive to the needs of all citizens.

Nonetheless, social, cultural, economic, and political factors still limit women's civic participation. Factors such as gender prejudices, stereotypes, restrictive social and cultural norms, limited mobility, domestic responsibilities, overload of care-related activities, and limited free time continue to limit women's active participation in civic activities. Therefore, social networks and digital media can connect dispersed voices with common causes. By providing spaces for sharing experiences and information, digital media contribute to building social capital (^{Mandarano et al., 2010}), which is essential for strengthening communities. However, it is essential to develop digital literacy skills to broaden the scope of civic engagement and ensure that marginalised voices can express themselves in a way that can be heard and represented in decision-making processes (^{Pérez-delHoyo, Mora & Paredes, 2018}).

3. Digital feminist placemaking: crossing concepts with urban studies

The potential of digital media to promote social change and the democratic processes of (co)creation spaces and new forms of community and solidarity is constantly evolving as new technologies emerge. The concept of placemaking, which refers to the process of community development and the creation of quality urban spaces that contribute to the health, happiness, and well-being of citizens, when combined with feminist principles, has become a tool for addressing issues such as gender inequality, accessibility, and representation in physical and digital environments.

The genesis of feminist digital placemaking is based on actions to denounce and resist the vast numbers of sexual violence and femicides, as well as feminist geography and urban planning, emphasising the importance of considering gender and other social factors in the design and use of spaces.

^{Pérez & Sanz (2021}) highlighted that digital feminist placemaking should be understood as a practice that combines digital technologies with community mobilisation and participation to transform urban spaces.

^{Wahyudi & Elanda (2023}) link gender mainstreaming policies with the development of smart cities to ensure that urban life is fair, inclusive, and actively involves women in city growth and decision-making processes. Incorporating a gender perspective into sustainable urban innovation is essential for fostering equitable and inclusive solutions that cater to the diverse needs of all citizens (^{Schulders, 2022}). This approach ensures that women and other marginalised groups have equal access to urban resources and opportunities, leading to more inclusive and representative solutions.

^{Mehan (2024}) defines the concept of Digital Feminist Placemaking as a form of feminist insurgency that uses digital tools, such as digital art, graffiti and online protest movements, to create spaces for female solidarity and resistance.

4. Digital media for feminist activism: hashtags, networks and social mobilisation for protest

The integration of digital technologies has played a transformative role in feminist activism, facilitating mobilisation, raising awareness on a large scale, and promoting new forms of civic participation. Digital technologies also enable the creation of safe and inclusive discussion spaces where women can share experiences, denounce abuses and formulate collective strategies to confront violence and discrimination. This collective strength and digital empowerment have been instrumental in pushing for political and social change.

Digital activism practices significantly influence social perceptions, leveraging the expansive reach and interactive nature of digital platforms to shape public discourse and mobilise collective action. Social media platforms like X and Facebook facilitate rapid information dissemination, allowing activists to raise awareness and interact with a broader audience, changing public attitudes and behaviours. Digital activism also fosters a sense of community and collective identity, particularly among young people and marginalised groups, thereby enhancing their involvement in social and political causes. This new digital landscape has inspired novel forms of activist expression, challenged dominant narratives and claimed the right to the city (^{Lefebvre, 1991}) and public presence through everyday actions and symbolic resistance. In Pakistan in 2015, Sadia Khatri posted a photo of herself in a dhaba (roadside café) and started the movement with the hashtag #girlsatdhabas. The main intention was to challenge social norms that restrict women's access to and presence in public spaces in Pakistan. Occupying traditionally male-dominated spaces, such as dhabas, she challenged social norms and empowered women to assert their presence and participation in public spheres. Through selfies and narratives shared with a hashtag on social media to document and share their experiences, participants claim their right to occupy urban spaces safely and equally (^{Liu et al., 2017}). This movement empowered many women to claim their right to occupy public spaces without fear, emphasising the need for inclusive environments for diverse gender identities. #GirlsAtDhabas demands the rights of women's bodies in public urban spaces and exemplifies how digital activism can challenge masculine and patriarchal socio-spatial logic and practices. Through digital media such as Instagram and X, participants have raised societal awareness and pushed for cultural and legislative changes that promote women's safety and inclusion. By claiming public urban spaces and challenging traditional gender roles, the participants demonstrated the social impact that the power of collective action and digital activism can achieve.

The #NiUnaMenos movement, which emerged in Argentina in 2015, uses hashtags to amplify its protest against gender violence and femicide. The hashtag #NiUnaMenos has become a symbol of resistance and solidarity, calling for mobilisation to demand an end to violence against women (^{De Maio, 2023}). The use of social media has enabled the international mobilisation of various protests and made data and narratives visible in the media. At the time, one of the impacts of this movement resulted in the creation of a new Ministry of Women, Gender, and Diversity, which runs a helpline for victims of violence and works towards changing behaviour through education campaigns.

#NiUnaMenos demonstrated the power of cyberactivism by using digital platforms to organise massive protests, amplify marginalised voices, and push for legislative and social changes. By transcending geographical and cultural boundaries, #NiUnaMenos extensively used digital platforms (X, Facebook, and Instagram) to unite and mobilise people worldwide, creating a network of solidarity and resistance against gender-based violence. Through hashtags, online campaigns, and coordinated protests, the movement articulated actions both in the digital space and on the streets, allowing marginalised voices to be heard and demanding justice and inclusion to be amplified. The hashtag #NiUnaMenos united voices worldwide in a global campaign, resulting in massive demonstrations that made visible an issue often neglected by public policies and society. This campaign mobilised millions of people in Latin America and worldwide, creating a network of support and solidarity among women.

Another important movement was the #MeToo movement, created by activist Tarana Burke in 2006 in the United States. However, it was not until 2017 that the movement gained international repercussions when actress Alyssa Milano encouraged women around the world to share their experiences of sexual harassment and abuse by using the #MeToo hashtag in support of the accusations against film producer Harvey Weinstein. Within the first 24 hours of the #MeToo movement, half a million women shared their experiences.

These initiatives have brought unprecedented visibility to gender injustice and violence, contributing to global awareness and collective mobilisation against the culture of silence and impunity (^{Krook & Restrepo Sanín, 2016}; ^{Mendes, Ringrose & Keller, 2019}; ^{Quan-Haase, 2021}). Through the #MeToo movement, digital platforms have allowed victims' stories to be shared worldwide, creating a domino effect in various industries, using social media to give victims a voice and hold perpetrators accountable (^{Steele, 2021}), which has led to the creation of policies and initiatives against sexual harassment in various organisations and institutions.

These movements on digital platforms have given visibility to their causes and inspired different protest and solidarity actions worldwide. In 2022, the death of Mahsa Jina Amini, a 22-year-old Iranian woman, shocked and revolted the world. After being arrested for not covering her hair properly, young Mahsa died in the custody of the 'morality police'. The "Woman, Life, Freedom" movement arose in protest to challenge traditional power structures and mobilise international support against the lack of human rights for Iranian women and girls, as well as political oppression (^{Mehan, 2024}). This movement, a call for international aid, represented Iranian women's struggle for freedom, dignity, and fundamental human rights, such as access to education, and public spaces. Through digital media, Iranian women resist the government's imposed limitations, amplify their voices, and claim public spaces, physical and virtual, to promote social and political change. The contribution of digital media has been crucial in enabling Iranian women to organise, share their stories, and mobilise protests worldwide. This movement continues to unveil individual narratives of resistance and empowerment, contributing to a broader and stronger discourse on gender equality in Iran (^{Mehan, 2024}). As part of this movement, the photographic exhibition "Woman Life Freedom," created by Fedra Fateh, premiered at the 2024 Cannes Film Festival in May 2024. The exhibition celebrates the creativity and courage of 15 Iranian women artists who have faced censorship and fought for freedom of expression and equal rights.

Despite the potential for feminist expression and the different tools and ways that digital activism offers, these online environments have simultaneously evolved into places where feminists confront significant challenges. On the one hand, ongoing technological development has facilitated the exploration of new digital tools for feminist activism, enabling new actions and strengthening support networks for various causes. However, some social media platforms, particularly Instagram, X and TikTok, have increasingly become hostile environments, allowing new forms of misogynistic oppression.

The UN Women (UNWomen.org) organisation and the United Nations report (A/79/500, December 30, 2022), entitled "Intensification of efforts to prevent and eliminate all forms of violence against women and girls", highlighted the urgency of intensify efforts to eliminate all forms of violence, with special attention to the recent growth of violence facilitated by technology. The perpetuation of misogynistic practices, hate speech and gender-based violence has increasingly spread beyond physical contexts, as there has been an increase in different forms of abuse, now also at the digital level. This includes, for instance, doxing, which involves the public disclosure of personal information to threaten, intimidate, or silence individuals, as well as trolling, characterised by systematic attacks employing sexist, discriminatory, and misogynistic language. Most of the time, these actions are carried out by anonymous profiles or usernames that makes it impossible to identify the aggressor. These online insults put the physical and psychological integrity of activists at risk. They attempted to ridicule and devalue the collective and networking work that has been built concerning human rights and gender equality, thus threatening digital activism, the right to freedom of expression, and the right to civic participation for more inclusive societies.

Journalist and activist Irantzu ^{Varela, in an interview on May 6, 2024} with the Efeminista portal of the EFE AGENCY, S.A.¹, a Spanish international news agency, reflected on this structural violence. ^{Irantzu Varela (2024}) in her book Lo que quede, a feminist influencer with visibility and impact in digital media, reflected and shared the insults and threats received online. In the same interview, the activist pointed out that violence against feminist women with a strong online presence and visibility is not a one-off case but rather part of a structural system that requires organisation, solidarity, active resistance and collective responses.

The use of crowdsourced data collection to map urban spaces based on perceptions of safety and inclusivity, particularly from the perspective of young women and girls, is examined in the subsequent section. These projects empower participants to identify areas where they feel unsafe or unwelcome, thereby contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the urban challenges related to gender and safety. By visualising these perceptions through collective and participatory tools, these projects can inform policymakers and urban studies, fostering more inclusive spaces.

5. Feminist locative media: Analysing spatial gender inequalities through collaborative digital mapping

In view of ^{Kalms’ (2018}) argument that crowd-mapping constitutes a powerful form of feminist activism insofar as it challenges traditional male hegemony in the production of knowledge about the city and the design of its infrastructures, we will present two instances of this approach.

The visibility of vulnerabilities and problems pinpointed in the territory enables the identification of inequalities and an understanding of the socio-spatial logics that cause them. Therefore, decision-making authorities must prioritise the collection of data disaggregated by gender and other intersectional criteria to implement urban policies that guarantee the safety and inclusion of women in urban spaces.

Locative media combines geolocation data with mobile communications, showcasing how digital technologies facilitate meaningful exchanges and interactions. Digital mapping has been an effective method for generating detailed knowledge about participants' experiences.

6. Discussion

Projects such as Free to Be and Her City Toolbox have demonstrated how collective digital mappings can be mobilised to expose and intervene in gender inequalities that occur daily in urban spaces. The two projects developed interoperability between digital platforms with offline participatory methodologies, such as workshops, interviews, and exploratory walks, allowing a systematic collection of the diverse experiences of girls and women in urban spaces.

Another noteworthy feature is the methodology, which adapts to the audience, whether digital or face-to-face. They also maintain a strong presence in media and social networks, grounded in the principles of digital feminist activism. Initiatives such as MeToo and Girls at Dhabas challenge patriarchal social norms in urban spaces and underscore the importance of practices that leverage social networks for global awareness and mobilisation (^{Mendes et al., 2019}). However, they extend beyond the reporting process by offering structured participatory planning actions and political advocacy tools supported by empirical data.

The project's methodology incorporates the principles of intersectionality, recognising that women's urban experience is mediated by multiple social markers of difference, such as age, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or socioeconomic status, and, in this sense, promotes a situated and plural reading of the territory (^{Mehan, 2024}).

Both projects, Free to Be and Her City Toolbox, materialise a feminist approach to territory, in which the subjective, situated, and intersectional experiences of women constitute the central axis for rethinking the ways of planning, designing, and intervening in public spaces. By transforming individual urban experiences into collective mappings, the two projects carried out a process of countermapping. Data collection from different geographies highlights the globalised nature of gender-based violence in urban spaces. This collective consciousness reinforced the potential of the collective mapping tool as a digital space for sharing and listening, driving actions of collaborative activism and feminist spatial justice.

The two proposed projects emphasised critical collaborative mapping methods as tools for claiming inclusive public spaces by combining digital technologies and actions in physical urban spaces. They recognise the importance of hybrid, complementary, digital, and face-to-face actions such as urban walks and workshops. These approaches are situated at the convergence of technology, urban co-creation, digital activism, gender, and spatial justice.

Her City Toolbox project employs a bottom-up approach to community engagement, promoting the construction of a sense of place through collaborative mapping. By facilitating actions that consider girls and women as experts in their own spaces, the Her City Toolbox project acts in a more structured manner, goes beyond identifying urban fragilities and socio-spatial oppression, and proposes suggestions for the co-creation of more inclusive urban spaces and dialogue with decision-making entities.

7. Conclusions

The exclusion of women from public spaces, whether digital or physical, deprives them of opportunities that the city offers, such as education, training, financial freedom, and networks of contacts and support. The collaborative mapping processes covered in this study questioned and challenged the social norms that limit women's access to public spaces by documenting and claiming their right to be there without fear or restrictions.

This article explored the role of digital media in urban feminist activism and its potential to challenge patriarchal norms, promote gender equality, and create more inclusive urban spaces, while also acknowledging challenges and emphasising the need for inclusive, intersectional approaches that combine online and offline strategies.

Women's digital activism promotes collective strength through online interactions and collaboration. It employs different media, such as forums, social networks, collaborative mapping, and mobile apps, among others, to empower and support women and young girls speaking up, particularly when they feel intimidated or discouraged from speaking in public. These are spaces of support and global female solidarity that allow stories of violence, survival, and resistance to be shared and heard. They break the silence and invisibility historically imposed by patriarchal structures and offer spaces for counter-narratives and new narratives that value women's voices and experiences. Digital media have become essential in deconstructing traditional gender roles and mobilising and creating women's networks to challenge existing power dynamics and facilitate women's participation in urban life (^{Losh et al., 2016}).

The two collective digital mapping projects, 'Free to Be' and 'Her City Toolbox,' have developed structured methodologies and tools for digital mapping and collaborative data collection, empowering young girls and women to identify unsafe areas in cities and inform municipal policymakers and technicians. These approaches recognise women as experts in their own spatial experiences and holders of situated knowledge that is fundamental to creating safer urban spaces that correspond to identified needs and are more inclusive and gender sensitive. Digital collaborative mapping platforms have enabled the mapping of experiences and situated knowledge.

The visibility of vulnerabilities and problems pinpointed in the territory enables the identification of inequalities and an understanding of the socio-spatial logics that cause them. Therefore, decision-making authorities must prioritise the collection of data disaggregated by gender and other intersectional criteria to implement urban policies that guarantee the safety and inclusion of women in urban spaces.

The post-digital era presents new technological opportunities that enable innovative forms of civic participation and knowledge production. However, it is essential to combine digital tools with offline participatory methods to ensure an inclusive engagement. It is also essential that they allow to reflect the intersectional aspects of women's urban experiences and recognise and respond to multiple forms of oppression that cross the social, economic, and cultural contexts of the participants. In this context, the need to explore asynchronous forms of digital communication and intersectional collaborative participation is highlighted as a key element of truly inclusive urban co-creation practices.

In March 2023, the 67th annual United Nations Commission⁹ on the Status of Women (CSW67) had as its theme "Innovation and technological change, and education in the digital age for achieving gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls." This event highlighted the importance of digital inclusion and literacy as key factors for the well-being and success of women and girls, facilitating new ways of learning, socialising, and working.

However, violence, hate speech, harassment, social exclusion, and inequalities present in the physical world are also perpetuated digitally, often anonymously, and most of the times without repercussions. Meaningful change requires policies that address systemic and structural barriers, such as economic, social, and cultural inequalities, which limit women's full participation in their cities. Developing skills in feminist digital citizenship is essential for empowering active and safe participation in urban life.

The interdependence of digital and territorial citizenship presents challenges, but also opportunities to collaboratively create cities that respect diversity, equity, and accessibility, leading to inclusive and socially responsible urban environments. Consequently, it is crucial to develop accessible and adaptable methods to encourage the participation of women, especially those most at risk, in the collective generation of data on gender disparities in urban areas. These initiatives should integrate technology with critical pedagogy, digital empowerment, community mediation, and a sustained institutional commitment to establishing the structural conditions that enable women to express themselves, navigate, and co-create safely within the context of the post-digital era. Future research should explore new forms of asynchronous digital communication and intersectional collaborative participation to inform the practice of co-creating cities that reflect the diverse voices and experiences of citizens.

Conflicts of Interest

The author reports no conflicts of interest.