SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
 número185Reclusão e laços sociais: discursos no femininoFlaubert ensina mais do que Marx índice de autoresíndice de assuntosPesquisa de artigos
Home Pagelista alfabética de periódicos  

Serviços Personalizados

Journal

Artigo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • Não possue artigos similaresSimilares em SciELO

Compartilhar


Análise Social

versão impressa ISSN 0003-2573

Anál. Social  n.185 Lisboa  2007

 

«Partilhamos tudo o que podemos»: a dualização do corpo recluso nos romances através das grades

Megan Comfort *

 

 

Manter uma relação com um prisioneiro é um desafio às convenções ocidentais contemporâneas acerca dos ingredientes do envolvimento romântico. A gestão punitiva, a interdição e a vigilância características da prisão tornam estas ligações casos extremos de controlo da vida íntima. São utilizados dados de uma etnografia realizada na sala de espera dos visitantes da prisão de San Quentin e de entrevistas a mulheres com companheiros detidos para distinguir quatro interacções específicas entre os casais durante o encarceramento do homem. Através do seu esforço para «estar junto» e apoiar o ente amado, as mulheres transportam o seu ambiente doméstico para o estabelecimento prisional, permitindo que uma série de penalizações — estigma, censura, invasão de privacidade, regras, limitação espacial e regime temporal — se reflicta no interior do lar. Entendendo o conceito de «prisionização» de D. Clemmer como a socialização nas normas prisionais, este trabalho sustenta que, mesmo não estando fisicamente no estabelecimento prisional, as mulheres são sujeitas à «prisão secundária» por via da gestão e regulamentação institucional, uma vez que os métodos para se manterem em contacto com um companheiro implicam a cedência da sua esfera privada, tornando-a uma extensão do controlo penal.

Palavras-chave: prisão; género; namoro; alta segurança; reclusão; corpo.

 

 

«Nous partageons tout ce que nous pouvons»: la dualisation du corps des reclus dans les romans à travers les barreaux

Maintenir des rapports avec un prisonnier constitue un défi aux conventions occidentales contemporaines en termes d'ingrédients de l'engagement romantique. La gestion punitive, l'interdiction et la surveillance caractéristiques de la prison transforment ces liaisons en cas extrêmes de contrôle de la vie intime. L'article utilise les données d'une étude ethnographique réalisée dans la salle d'attente des visiteuses de la prison de San Quentin et d'interviews faits à des femmes dont les compagnons sont détenus, pour distinguer quatre interactions spécifiques entre les couples durant l'emprisonnement de l'homme. En raison de leur effort pour «être ensemble» et soutenir l'être aimé, les femmes transportent leur environnement domestique dans la prison et font ainsi en sorte qu'une série de pénalisations — stigmatisation, censure, invasion de la vie privée, règles, limite spatiale et régime temporel — se retrouvent dans leur foyer. En entendant le concept de «prisionisation» de D. Clemmer comme étant la socialisation dans les normes de la prison, ce travail soutient que, même si elles sont physiquement absentes de l'établissement, les femmes sont sujettes à la «prisionisation secondaire» par la voie de la gestion et de la réglementation institutionnelle, puisque les méthodes qui leur permettent de rester en contact avec leur compagnon impliquent une cession de leur sphère privée, qui devient une extension du contrôle pénal.

Mots-clé: prison; genre; prisionisation; haute sécurité; réclusion; corps.

 

 

«We share everything we can»: the dualization of the confined body in romances through prison bars

Keeping up a relationship with a prisoner is a challenge to modern western conventions on what constitutes romantic involvement. The punitive supervision, prohibition and surveillance characteristic of prison life render such liaisons extreme examples of control over personal life. This study uses data from ethnographic work carried out in the visitors' waiting room of San Quentin prison and from interviews of women whose partners are in jail to identify four specific types of interaction between couples during the time the man is incarcerated. Through their efforts to «be together» and support their loved ones, women take their domestic environment to the prison so that a series of punishments — stigma, blame, invasion of privacy, rules, spatial limitations and time restrictions — are reflected in the home. Interpreting D. Clemmer's concept of «prisonization» as the socialization of prison norms, this study argues that, even if they are not physically present in the prison, women are subject to «secondary imprisonment» by way of institutional control and regulation, given that the methods they use to keep in contact with their partner involve giving up their private sphere and turning it into an extension of penal control.

Keywords: prison; gender; courtship; high security; imprisonment.

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

 

 

Bibliografia

Arpaio, Joe, e Sherman, Len (1996), America's Toughest Sheriff: How We Can Win the War against Crime, Irving, TX, Summit Publishing Group.         [ Links ]

Bandele, Asha (1999), The Prisoner's Wife: A Memoir, Nova Iorque, Scribner.

Bartky, Sandra Lee (1990), Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression, Nova Iorque, Routledge.

Bauman, Zygmunt (1995), Life in Fragments: Essays in Postmodern Morality, Cambridge, MA, Blackwell.

Bellah, Robert N., Madsen, Richard, Sullivan, William M., Swidler, Ann, e Tipton, Steven M. (1996), Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life, Berkeley, University of California Press.

Braman, Donald (2002), «Families and incarceration», in Marc Mauer e Meda Chesney-Lind (eds.), Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment, pp. 117-135, Nova Iorque, The New Press.

Carter, Keith (1996), «Masculinity in prison», in J. Pilcher e A. Coffey (eds.), Gender and Qualitative Research, Aldershot, Avebury.

Cheal, David (1996), «`Showing them you love them': gift giving and the dialectic of intimacy», in Aafke E. Komter (ed.), The Gift: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, pp. 95--106, Amsterdão, Amsterdam University Press.

Clemmer, Donald (1958 [1940]), The Prison Community, Nova Iorque, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.

Cohen, Erik (1986), «Lovelorn farangs: the correspondence between foreign men and thai girls», in Anthropological Quarterly, 59, pp. 115-127.

Cohen, Stan, e Taylor, Laurie (1974), Psychological Survival: The Experience of Long-term Imprisonment, Nova Iorque, Vintage.

Collins, Jan Clanton, e Gregor, Thomas (1995), «Boundaries of love», in William Jankowiak (ed.), Romantic Passion: A Universal Experience?, pp. 72-92, Nova Iorque, Columbia University Press.

Comfort, Megan, Grinstead, Olga, Faigeles, Bonnie, e Zack, Barry (2000), «Reducing HIV risk among women visiting their incarcerated male partners», in Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, pp. 57-71.

Comfort, Megan L. (2002), «`Papa's house': the prison as domestic and social satellite», in Ethnography, 3, pp. 467-499.

Comfort, Megan L. (2003), «In the tube at San Quentin: the `secondary prisonization' of women visiting inmates», in Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 32, pp. 77-107.

Conover, Ted (2000), Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing, Nova Iorque, Random House.

Davis, Ann (1992), «Men's imprisonment: the financial cost to women and children», in Roger Shaw (ed.), Prisoners' Children: What are the Issues?, pp. 74-85, Londres, Routledge.

Demello, Margo (1993), «The convict body: tattooing among male american prisoners», in Anthropology Today, 9, pp. 10-13.

Fishman, Laura T. (1990), Women at the Wall: A Study of Prisoners' Wives Doing Time on the Outside, Albany, State University of New York Press.

Foucault, Michel (1977), Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, Nova Iorque, Vintage.

Frazier, Mansfield B. (1995), From Behind the Wall: Commentary on Crime, Punishment, Race, and the Underclass by a Prison Inmate, Nova Iorque, Paragon House.

Girshick, Lori B. (1996), Soledad Women: Wives of Prisoners Speak Out, Westport, CT, Praeger Publishers.

Goffman, Erving (1961), Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates, Harmondsworth, Penguin Books.

Gouldner, Alvin W. (1996), «The norm of reciprocity: a preliminary statement», in Aafke E. Komter (ed.), The Gift: An International Perspective, pp. 49-66, Amsterdão, Amsterdam University Press.

Grinstead, Olga, Faigeles, Bonnie, Bancroft, Carrie, e Zack, Barry (2001), «The financial cost of maintaining relationships with incarcerated African-American men: a survey of women prison visitors», in Journal of African-American Men, 6, pp. 59-70.

Groves, Julian McAllister, e Chang, Kimberly A. (1999), «Romancing resistance and resisting romance: ethnography and the construction of power in the filipina domestic worker community in Hong Kong», in Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28, pp. 235-265.

Harrell, Margaret C. (2001), «Army officers' spouses: have the white gloves been mothballed?», in Armed Forces and Society, 28, pp. 55-75.

Hassine, Victor (1999), Life without Parole: Living in Prison Today, Los Angeles, Roxbury Publishing Company.

Hinds, Lennox S. (1982), «The impact of incarceration on low-income families», in Journal of Offender Counseling, Services & Rehabilitation, 5, pp. 5-12.

Hofstadter, Dan (1996), The Love Affair as a Work of Art, Nova Iorque, Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.

Komter, Aafke e. (1996), «Women, gifts and power», in Aafke e. Komter (ed.), The Gift: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, pp. 119-131, Amsterdão, Amsterdam University Press.

Lévi-Strauss, Claude (1996), «The principle of reciprocity», in Aafke e. Komter (ed.), The Gift: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, pp. 18-25, Amsterdão, Amsterdam University Press.

Maksymowicz, Duszka (2000), Femme de parloir, Paris, L'Esprit frappeur.

Malinowski, Bronislaw (1996), «The principle of give and take», in Aafke e. Komter (ed.), The Gift: An Interdisciplinary Perspective, pp. 15-17, Amsterdão, Amesterdam University Press.

Martin, Dannie M, e Sussman, Peter Y. (1993), Committing Journalism: the Prison Writings of Red Hog, Nova Iorque, W. W. Norton & Company.

McDermott, Kathleen, e King, Roy D. (1992), «Prison rule 102: `stand by your man'. The impact of penal policy on the families of prisoners», in Roger Shaw (ed.), Prisoners' Children: What are the Issues?, pp. 50-73, Londres, Routledge.

Phillips, Jenny (2001a), «Cultural construction of manhood in Prison», in Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 2, pp. 13-23.

Phillips, Susan A. (2001b), «Gallo's body: decoration and damnation in the life of a Chicago gang member», in Ethnography, 2, pp. 357-388.

Plummer, Ken (1995), Telling Sexual Stories: Power, Change and Social Worlds, Londres, Routledge.

Rideau, Wilbert, e Wikberg, Ron (1992), Life Sentences: Rage and Survival behind Bars, Nova Iorque, Times Books.

Rotter, Joseph C., e Boveja, Marsha E. (1999), «Counseling military families», in The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 7, pp. 379-382.

Sabo, Don, Kupers, Terry A., e London, Willie (eds.) (2001), Prison Masculinities, Filadélfia, Temple University Press.

Schwartz, Barry (1975), Queuing and Waiting: Studies in the Social Organization of Access and Delay, Chicago, University of Chicago.

Schwartz, John (2001), «Swashbucklers buckle down: `road warrior' has a new resonance», in New York Times, Nova Iorque.

Shelton, Allen (1994), «My bloody Valentine», in Studies in Symbolic Interaction, 16, pp. 191-211.

Sidenvall, Birgitta, Nydahl, Margaretha, e Fjellstrom, Christina (2000), «The meal as a gift: the meaning of cooking among retired women», in The Journal of Applied Gerontology, 19, pp. 405-423.

Simmel, Georg (1950), «The stranger», in K Wolff (ed.), The Sociology of Georg Simmel, pp. 402-408, Londres, Free Press.

Simon, Jonathan (2000), «The `society of captives' in the era of hyper-incarceration», in Theoretical Criminology, 4, pp. 285-308.

Spiro, M. (1979), Gender and Culture: Kibbutz Women Revisited, Durham, Duke University Press.

State of California (1999), California Code of Regulations, tít. 15, «Crime prevention and corrections», div. 3, «Department of corrections», cap. 1, «Rules and regulations of the director of corrections», Sacramento, Government document.

Stone, Bonnie Domrose, e Alt, Betty Sowers (1990), Uncle Sam's Brides: The World of Military Wives, Nova Iorque, Walker and Company.

Sykes, Gresham (1958), The Society of Captives: A Study of a Maximum Security Prison, Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press.

 

*Universidade da Califórnia, São Francisco.

 

Creative Commons License Todo o conteúdo deste periódico, exceto onde está identificado, está licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons