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Silva Lusitana

versão impressa ISSN 0870-6352

Silva Lus. v.17 n.1 Lisboa jun. 2009

 

Aplicação de uma Análise de Clusters na Relação entre as Temperaturas de Fogo e Libertação de Solutos em algumas Espécies Mediterrâneas

 

Paulo Pereira*, Xavier Úbeda** e Deborah Martin***

*Investigador

**Professor Titular

Grup de Recerca Ambiental Mediterrànea (GRAM). Department de Geografia Física i Anàlisi Geográfica Regional. Universitat de Barcelona, Montalegre 6, 08001 Barcelona, ESPANHA

***Investigadora

USGS, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado, USA

 

Sumário. O objectivo deste trabalho é a aplicação de uma análise de clusters no estudo do comportamento e variabilidade da libertação de solutos, Cálcio (Ca), Magnésio (Mg), Sódio (Na), Potássio (K), Alumínio (Al), Magnésio (Mn), Ferro (Fe), Zinco (Zn), Sílica (SiO2) Pentóxido de Fósforo (P2O5) pH e condutividade eléctrica (EC) das cinzas geradas da manta morta de três espécies mediterrâneas Quercus suber (QS), Quercus robur (QR) e Pinus pinea (PP), ao longo de um gradiente de temperatura (150º, 200º, 250º, 300º, 350º, 400º, 450º, 500º e 550ºC) em ambiente de laboratório. Os resultados demonstram que a relação entre as temperaturas é diferente em cada espécie. Três grupos foram identificados em cada dendograma, apesar das temperaturas que os compõem serem diferentes de espécie para espécie, o primeiro de impacto reduzido, o segundo de médio e o terceiro de elevado. As temperaturas apresentam um impacte mais variável na manta morta do PP e menor na do QS. Verifica-se que o impacto e a variabilidade na composição das soluções produzidas começa a ser mais substancial e heterogéneo a partir de 400ºC no QS e 350ºC no QR e PP particularmente evidente na última espécie. Esta variabilidade de comportamento entre as temperaturas de exposição e entre espécies, poderá ter implicações nos impactos das queimas prescritas e incêndios na qualidade da água, que tendem a ser mais elevadas e heterogéneas com o aumento da temperatura de exposição.

Palavras-chave: Solutos; pH; condutividade eléctrica; CaCO3; Quercus suber; Quercus robur; Pinus pinea

 

Application of a Cluster Analysis, on the Relationship Between Fire Temperature and Solutes Release in some Mediterranean Species

Abstract. The aim of this work is the application of a cluster analysis, to study the behaviour and variability of released solutes, Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Aluminium (Al), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Silicium (SiO2), Phosphorous Pentoxide (P2O5), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) from the litter ash slurries of three Mediterranean species, Quercus suber (QS), Quercus robur (QR) and Pinus pinea (PP) throughout a temperature gradient (150º, 200º, 250º, 300º, 350º, 400º, 450º, 500º e 550ºC) in laboratory environment. The results showed the relation between temperatures is different for each species. Three groups were formed in each tree diagram, although the temperatures that compose the clusters are different from species to species. The first group was classified as being of reduced impact, the second of average impact and the third of higher impact. The temperatures present the most variable impact in PP litter and the less in QS litter. It can be observed that the variability and impacts in the produced ash slurries is more substantial and heterogeneous, after 400ºC in Q.S. and 350ºC in QR and PP especially evident in the last species. This variability on the behavior, could have implications on the impact of prescribed fire or wildland fire on water quality, that are higher and heterogeneous with rising temperatures of exposition.

Key words: Solutes; pH; electrical conductivity; CaCO3; Quercus suber; Quercus robur; Pinus pinea

 

Application d'une Analyse de Cluster dans le Comportement de la Libération de Solutés sur quelques Espèces Méditerranéennes

Résumé. L'objectif de ce travail est l'application d'une analyse des grappes dans l'étude du comportement et de la variabilité de la libération de solutés, de calcium (Ca), magnésium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), Aluminium (Al), Manganèse ( Mn), Fer (Fe), Zinc (Zn), la (SiO2), Phosphore pentaoxyde (P2O5), pH et la conductivité électrique (CE) des cendres provenant de la litière de trois espèces méditerranéennes Quercus suber (QS), Quercus robur (QR) et Pinus pinea (PP) sur un gradient de température (150º, 200º, 250º, 300º, 350º, 400º, 450º, 500º et 550ºC) en conditions de laboratoire. Les résultats montrent que la relation entre les températures est différente pour chaque espèce. Trois groupes ont été identifiés sur chaque dendrogramme, malgré que les températures qui le composent soient différentes d'espèces en espèces, le premier de faible impact, le deuxième d'impact moyen et le troisième d'impact élevé. Les températures présentent un impact plus variable dans la litière du PP et inférieure dans celle du QS. Il semble que l'impact et la variabilité dans la composition des solutions produites commence à être plus importante et variée à partir de 400°C dans le QS et 350°C dans QR et PP, particulièrement évident pour la dernière espèce. Cette variabilité de comportement entre les températures d'exposition et entre espèces, pourrait avoir des incidences sur les impacts des feux et des feux prescrits sur la qualité de l'eau, qui ont tendance à être plus élevés et hétérogènes en fonction de l'augmentation de la température d'exposition.

Mots clés: Solutés; pH; conductivité électrique; CaCO3; Quercus suber; Quercus robur; Pinus pinea; températures de feu

 

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Entregue para publicação em Julho de 2008

Aceite para publicação em Março de 2009

 

* 1ºAutor E-mail: daviolas@gmail.com