Degradation of a Textile Dye C. I. Direct Red 80 by Electrochemical Processes

 

A. Lopes,* S. Martins, A. Morão, M. Magrinho, I. Gonçalves

 

Department of Chemistry, University of Beira Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal.

 

Received 16 December 2003; accepted in revised form 21 April 2004

 

 

Abstract

The electrochemical removal of the textile dye C. I. Direct Red 80 (DR80) was carried out using three different materials as anodes: iron, polypyrrole (PPy) and boron doped diamond (BDD). Iron electrodes are consumed during the electrolysis, and promote flocculation/coagulation of the dye. Polypyrrole, a conducting polymer, was prepared by chemical/electrochemical precipitation over a cotton cloth; it enables the precipitation of the dissolved dye through a conversion reaction in a less soluble compound. Boron doped diamond electrode was used to achieve the complete mineralization of the dye. Bulk electrolysis were studied using Na₂SO₄ as electrolyte. In the case of the PPy electrode, NH₄NO₃ was also used as electrolyte. The variation of the dye concentration was followed by UV-visible absorbance measurements and chemical oxygen demand (COD) tests were also performed, to compare the rates of colour and COD removal in each case. From the COD measurements over the time of electrolysis, using the BDD anode, a mass transfer coefficient for the DR80 molecule was determined. The obtained results show an almost complete colour removal for all the electrodes tested and a COD removal between 50 and 90 %, being the best results obtained with the BDD electrode.

 

Keywords: C. I. Direct Red 80, Electrochemical degradation, Diamond electrodes, Polypyrrole electrodes, Dyeing house effluent treatment.

 

 

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only in PDF format.

 

 

References

1.    I.G. Laing, Rev. Prog. Coloration 21 (1991) 56.        [ Links ]

2.    A. Wilcock, M.  Brewster, W. Tincher, American Dyestuff Reporter, August (1992) 15.        [ Links ]

3.    S.H. Lin, C.F. Peng, Water Research 28(2) (1994) 277.        [ Links ]

4.    M.C. Gutiérrez, M. Crespi, J. Soc. Dyers Colourists 115 (1999) 342.        [ Links ]

5.    J.P. Lorimer, T.J. Mason, M.  Plattes, S.S. Phull, D.J. Walton, Pure and Applied Chemistry 73(12) (2001) 1957.        [ Links ]

6.    A. Morão, A. Lopes, M.T. Pessoa de Amorim, I.C. Gonçalves, Electrochimica Acta 49 (9-10) (2004) 1587.        [ Links ]

7.    C. Comninellis, C. Pulgarin, J. Applied Electrochemistry 21 (1993) 703.        [ Links ]

8.    K. Tennakone, C.T.K. Tilakaratne, I.R.M. Kottegoda, J. Photochemistry and Photobiology 87 (1995) 177.        [ Links ]

9.    S. Zor, B. Yazici, M. Erbil, H. Galip, Water Research 32(3) (1998) 579.        [ Links ]

10.    E. Brillas, E. Mur, R. Sauleda, L. Sànchez, J. Peral, X. Domènech, J. Casado, J. Advanced Oxidation Technology  4(1) (1999) 109.        [ Links ]

11.    D.C. Johnson, J. Feng, L.L. Houk, Electrochimica Acta 46 (2000) 323-330.        [ Links ]

12.    M. Hepel, J. Luo, Electrochimica Acta 47 (2001) 729.        [ Links ]

13.    J. Iniesta, A. Michaud, M. Panniza, C. Comninellis, Electrochemistry Communications 3 (2001) 346.        [ Links ]

14.    M. Fryda, D. Herrmann, L. Schäfer, C.P. Klages, A. Perret, W. Haenni, C. Comninellis, D. Gandini, New Diamond and Frontier Carbon Technology 9(3) (1999) 229.        [ Links ]

15.    A. Fernandes, A. Morão, M. Magrinho, A. Lopes, I. Gonçalves, Dyes and Pigments 61(3) (2004) 287.         [ Links ]

16.    H. Kaden, H. Jahn, M. Berthold, K. Jüttner, K.M. Mangold, S. Schäfer, Chem. Eng. Technol. 24 (2001) 1120.        [ Links ]

17.    A. Ersöz, V. Gavalas, L. Bachas, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 372 (2002) 786.        [ Links ]

18.    A. Fenelon, C. Breslin, Electrochimica Acta 47 (2002) 4467.        [ Links ]

19.    A.C. Cascalheira, S. Aeiyach, P.C. Lacaze, M.L. Abrantes, Electrochimica Acta 48 (2003) 2523.        [ Links ]

20.    M. Pannizza, P.A. Michaud, G. Cerisola, C. Comninellis, J. Electroanalytical Chemistry 507 (2001) 206.        [ Links ]

21.    A. Eaton, L. Clesceri, A. Greenberg, Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19 th Edition, 1995.        [ Links ]

 

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: analopes@ciunix.ubi.pt