Electrochemical Determination and Removal of Pentachlorophenol at Diamond Electrodes

 

L. Codognoto, S.A.S. Machado, L.A. Avaca*

 

Instituto de Química de São Carlos / Universidade de São Paulo, Cx. 760, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.

 

 

Abstract

This work describes the determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in pure and polluted waters by square wave voltammetry (SWV) and the influence of the electrode potential on PCP oxidation on boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Measurements carried out in solutions of the Britton-Robinson buffer with pH = 5.5 revealed a single oxidation peak at 0.80 V vs. Ag/AgCl for PCP in a process that is controlled by the adsorption of the species. The detection limits obtained were 5.5 mg L^-1 in pure water and 15.5 mg L^-1 for water taken from a local creek, respectively. Controlled potential electrolyses were carried at 0.9, 2.0 and 3.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl and the solutions analysed by SWV, HPLC, chloride ion selective electrode and UV-vis spectroscopy. At low positive potential (0.9 V), the formation of an adherent film on the electrode surface involving the transference of 1 electron per PCP molecule was observed. At potentials close to the onset of O₂ evolution (2.0 V), the formation of the corresponding quinone was detected. Electrolyses carried out well into the region of oxygen evolution (3.0 V) lead to the total combustion of PCP to CO₂ and H₂O as well as to the release into solution of 5 Cl^- ions per PCP molecule destroyed.

 

Keywords: diamond electrode, square wave voltammetry, electroanalysis, pentachlorophenol, electrochemical combustion.

 

 

Texto disponível em PDF

Full text only in PDF format

 

References

1.       E.C. Guijarro, P. Sedeño-Yañez, J.M.P. Carrazon, L.M.P. Diez, Analyst 113 (1988) 625-627.        [ Links ]

2.       M.A.R. Barrio, J.M.P. Carrazon, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 344 (1992) 34-38.        [ Links ]

3.       D.G. Crosby, Pure App. Chem. 53 (1981) 1051-1080.        [ Links ]

4.       Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente – (Environmental National Council in Brazil), details can be found at: www.aga-ambiental.com.br/leis/resoluoconama 20-86.doc.        [ Links ]

5.       D. Gandini, P. Michaud, I. Duo, E. Maché, W. Haenni, A. Perret, C. Conminellis, New Diam. & Front. Carbon Tech. 9 (1999) 303-316.        [ Links ]

6.       Yu.V. Pleskov, Russian Chem. Rev. 68 (1999) 381-392.        [ Links ]

7.       T.N. Rao, A. Fujishima, Diam. Rel. Mat. 9 (2000) 384-389.        [ Links ]

8.       A. Fujishima, T.N. Rao, E. Popa, B.V. Sarada, I. Yagi, D.A. Tryk, J. Electroanal. Chem. 473 (1999) 179-183.        [ Links ]

9.       B.V. Sarada, T.N. Rao, D.A. Tryk, A. Fijishima, Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 1632-1638.        [ Links ]

10.     J.K. Beattie, J.A. Demartin, B.J. Kennedy, Aust. J. Chem. 47 (1994) 1859-1864.        [ Links ]

11.     M.D.R. Pizzigallo, P. Ruggiero, M. Spagnulo, Fresenius Environ. Bull. 7 (1998) 552-557.        [ Links ]

12.     A. Hirvonen, M. Trapido, J. Hentune, J. Tarhanen, Chemosphere 41 (2000) 1211-1218.        [ Links ]

13.     C. Kazunga, M.D. Aitken, A. Gold, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999) 1408-1412.        [ Links ]

14.     M. Gattrell, B. Macdougall, J. Electrochem. Soc. 146 (1999) 3335-3348.        [ Links ]

15.     M.A. Oturan, N. Oturan, C. Lahitte, S. Trevin, J. Electroanal. Chem. 507 (2001) 96-102.        [ Links ]

16.     A. Fujishima, T.N. Rao, Diamond Relat. Mater. 10 (2001) 1799-1803.        [ Links ]

17.     M.A. Rodrigo, P. Michaud, I. Duo, M. Panizza, G. Cerisola, Ch. Conminellis, J. Electrochem. Soc. 148 (2001) D60-D64.        [ Links ]

18.     J. Iniesta, P. Michaud, M. Panizza, G. Cerisola, A. Aldaz, Ch. Conminellis, Electrochim. Acta 46 (2001) 3573-3578.        [ Links ]

19.     G.L. Long, J.D. Winefordner, Anal. Chem. 55 (1983) 712A-724A.        [ Links ]

20.     R. Greef, R. Peat, L.M. Peter, D. Pletcher, J. Robinson, Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1985.

21.     A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods. Fundaments and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2001.        [ Links ]

22.     O. Hammerich, in Organic Electrochemistry, M.M. Baizer, H. Lund, Marcel Dekker, Eds., New York, 1983. p. 485.        [ Links ]

 

* Corresponding author. E-mail address: avaca@iqsc.sc.usp.br