Psicología oncológica: perspectivas futuras de investigación e intervención profesional

Estrella Durá & Elena Ibañez

Universidad de Valencia, España

 

Resumo: La Psico-oncología aúna los esfuerzos de distintas disciplinas (médicas, psicológicas y sociales) para ofrecer un tratamiento comprenhensivo a los enfermos oncológicos, tomando como marco de referencia el modelo bio-psico-social de la salud y la enfermedad. Si bien es una disciplina de reciente desarrollo, ha tenido una amplia difusión tanto a nivel de investigación como de práctica profesional. En este trabajo se revisa brevemente su desarrollo histórico y las diversas temáticas que han centrado el trabajo de los psico-oncólogos. Se presentan los principales resultados obtenidos en tres grandes áreas: 1) las características de personalidad asociadas al desarrollo y/o progresión del cáncer, 2) los programas de intervención psicosocial dirigidos a enfermos de cáncer, y 3) los aspectos psicológicos implicados en la prevención de esta enfermedad. En todos los casos se reflexiona sobre los mecanismos que podrían explicar las relaciones encontradas entre factores psicológicos y enfermedad oncológica. Finalmente, se enfatiza la necesidad de una formación específica en Psico-oncología y la conveniencia de fundamentar la práctica profesional del psico-oncólog en los resultados obtenidos en la investigación básica.

Palavras chave: Cáncer, Psicología, Personalidad, Intervención, Prevención, Psico-oncología.

 

 

Psicologia oncológica: perspectivas futuras de investigação e intervenção profissional

Resumo: A Psico-oncologia agrupa os esforços de várias disciplinas (médicas, psicológicas e sociais) visando proporcionar aos doentes oncológicos uma abordagem abrangente tomando por referência o modelo bio-psico-social da saúde e da doença. Embora sendo uma disciplina de desenvolvimento recente teve uma ampla divulgação tanto a nível de investigação como de prática profissional. Neste trabalho faz-se uma breve resenha histórica das diversas temáticas que têm sido mais importantes no trabalho dos psicólogos oncológicos. Apresentam-se os principais resultados obtidos nas grandes áreas: 1) as características de personalidade associadas ao desenvolvimento e/ou progressão do cancro; 2) Os programas de intervenção psico-social dirigidos a doentes com cancro, e 3) os aspectos psicológicos implicados na prevenção desta doença. Faz-se uma reflexão sobre os mecanismos que poderiam explicar as relações encontradas entre factores psicológicos e doença oncológica. Finalmente, salienta-se a necessidade de uma formação específica em Psicologia Oncológica, e a conveniência de basear a prática profissional do psicólogo oncológico nos resultados obtidos na investigação básica.

Palavras chave: Cancro, Psicologia, Personalidade, Intervenção, Prevenção, Psicologia oncológica.

 

 

Oncological psychology: the future of research and professional practice

Abstract: Psycho-oncology combines the efforts of different disciplines (medical, psychological, and social) to provide comprehensive treatment for oncological patients using the bio-psycho-social health and disease model as a frame of reference. Although this discipline developed recently it has become widespread in research and in professional practice. This work is a brief review of its historical development and the different themes that psycho-oncological work has focused on. The main results obtained in three large areas are presented:1) personality characteristics associated with the development and/or progression of cancer; 2) psychosocial intervention programmes for cancer patients; and 3)the psychological aspects involved in the prevention of this disease. In each case the mechanisms that may account for the relations found between psychological factors and oncological disease are discussed. Finally, the need for specific training in psycho-oncology and the advisability of basing the professional practice of psycho-oncologists on the results obtained in basic research are emphasised.

Key words: Cancer, Psychology, Personality, Intervention, Prevention, Psycho-oncology.

 

 

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