SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online

 
vol.33 número3Achados de Imagem de Acidente BotrópicoVariabilidade Sazonal da Captação de [18F]FDG em Gordura Castanha na mesma Doente índice de autoresíndice de assuntosPesquisa de artigos
Home Pagelista alfabética de periódicos  

Serviços Personalizados

Journal

Artigo

Indicadores

Links relacionados

  • Não possue artigos similaresSimilares em SciELO

Compartilhar


Acta Radiológica Portuguesa

versão impressa ISSN 2183-1351

Acta Radiol Port vol.33 no.3 Lisboa dez. 2021  Epub 31-Dez-2021

https://doi.org/10.25748/arp.25393 

Casos Clínicos

Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia, a Mimicker of Hepatocelular Carcinoma

Hiperplasia Linfóide Reativa, um Imitador de Carcinoma Hepatocelular

Pedro M. Sousa1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2039-9501

Gonçalo Gerardo2 
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5673-2943

Afonso Gonçalves1 

Ana C. Ferreira1 
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5659-095X

1Department of Radiology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal

2Pathology Department, Hospital da Luz, Lisbon, Portugal


Abstract

Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia (RLH) is a focal hepatic lesion characterized by proliferation of non-neoplastic polyclonal lymphocytes. The incidence of RLH on the liver is exceedingly rare, and it is difficult to differentiate such lesions from hepatic malignancies based upon clinical and imaging findings. In this report, we discuss a case of an histologically confirmed hepatic RLH in a patient with cured hepatitis C infection, focusing on imaging and pathologic findings.

Keywords: Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia; Pseudolymphoma; Liver; Hepatocellular carcinoma.

Resumo

A hiperplasia linfóide reativa é uma lesão hepática rara, caracterizada histologicamente pela proliferação linfóide policlonal não neoplásica, cujas características clínica e imagiológicas tornam o seu correcto diagnóstico pré-operatório difícil, em particular na distinção com o carcinoma hepatocelular. Neste caso clínico, discutimos um caso histologicamente confirmado de hiperplasia linfóide reativa num paciente com infeção por vírus da hepatite C curada, com enfoque nas suas características imagiológicas e anatomopatológicas.

Palavras-chave: Hiperplasia linfóide reativa; Pseudolinfoma; Fígado; Carcinoma hepatocelular.

Introduction

Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH), also referred as pseudolymphoma or nodular lymphoid hyperplasia is characterized by a localized non-neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid tissue at extranodal sites.1,2,3 Being most commonly described on the skin, orbit, thyroid, lung and gastrointestinal mucosa-lined structures such as the intestine or the stomach, its occurrence in the liver is exceedingly rare, with less than 100 cases ever described in the literature, most of the times misdiagnosed as an hepatic malignant lesion, namely hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but also cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and metastatic lesions (e.g. neuroendocrine tumors), thus making the diagnosis of liver RLH very challenging without needle biopsy or surgical resection.2,3,4

Clinical Case

A 49 year-old asymptomatic female with a clinical background relevant for sustained viral response for hepatitis C (HCV), who in 2020 underwent a left hepatectomy following the detection of a suspicious hepatic nodule 3 years earlier.

In September 2017, a routine abdominal ultrasound examination identified a “de novo” hypoechoic solitary liver nodule in segment IVa with 11 mm axial maximum diameter (Figure 1). Subsequent CT (February 2018) confirmed the presence of a focal lesion with a slight arterial enhancement and non-peripheral washout on portal/delayed phases within an hepatic background considered normal on both imaging modalities. Four months later, further investigation was conducted by MRI with an extracellular contrast (Figure 1), revealing diameter stability of the small lesion, with low and moderate signal intensity on T1W Fat Saturated and T2W respectively, marked diffusion restriction and wash-in/wash-out suspicious for malignancy, especially HCC. On both CT and MRI there was no evidence of abdominopelvic extra- hepatic neoplasm.

In keeping with the radiologist’s suspicion of malignancy, an ultrasound guided biopsy was conducted revealing a slight parenchymal fibrosis and lymphocytic infiltrates interpreted in the context of a prior HCV infection, with absence of worrisome atypical features.

Upon multidisciplinary discussion, lesion imaging follow- up was put forward. In spite of lesion stability for 1,5 years and absence of cirrhosis, given the history of HCV infection and worrisome imaging characteristics, a second percutaneous biopsy was attempted in November 2019 revealing an indeterminate lymphocytic T infiltrate. (Figure 3). On June 2020 a MRI with a hepatocyte- selective agent (gadobenate dimeglumine, MultiHance®) was relevant for nodular growth (20 mm vs 11 mm), with moderate arterial enhancement and central wash- out on portal/delayed phases, and hypointensity on the hepatobiliary phase (Figure 2). Due to interval growth and concerning imaging features, surgical resection of the left hepatic lobe was decided; specimen pathological examination was consistent with RLH.

During this period of time (2017-2020) laboratory tests were unremarkable, including liver function tests and tumor markers (alpha fetoprotein, carcinoembryonic antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19.9). Fibroscan® measurements were within normal range (3-4 kPa).

No recurrence of the liver nodule was detected at the 3 month imaging follow-up.

Figure 1: Ultrasound (A) documen- ting an hypoechoic liver nodule in segment IVa, represented at MRI by a moderate T2 signal intensity nodule (B) with dynamic wash-in/wash-out (C,D) and diffusion restriction (E, F). 

Figure 2: Contrast enhanced MRI with hepatobiliary agent (2020) documenting persistence of the focal hepatic lesion with moderate T2 hyperintensity (A), dynamic wash-in/ wash-out (B,C), hypointensity at the hepatobiliary phase (D), diffusion restriction (E,F) and apparent inter- val growth (F). 

Figure 3: Reactive lymphoid follicles in a hematoxylin and eosin staining with 40x (A) and 100x magnification (B); Lymphoid follicles are composed of B-cells, highlighted by CD20 staining with 40x (C) and 100x magnification (D); Interfolli- cular areas composed of T-cells, highlighted by CD3 staining with 100x magnification (E); Absence of BCL2 staining is characteristic of non-neoplastic germinal centers, with 100x magnification (F). 

Discussion

Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia was first reported in 1981 by Snover D et al.5 RLH is a benign lesion with no malignant potential, characterized by a marked proliferation of polyclonal lymphocytes organized into follicles with an active germinal center, frequently described in the skin, lung, orbit, intestine and thyroid, but an uncommon finding in the liver.1,3The precise etiology and pathogenesis is unknown, but it is speculated by some authors to represent a reactive immunological response to a chronic inflammatory liver process.3

In a recent literature review, Kanno H et al.3 (2020) found only 76 cases of hepatic RLH reported in the medical literature since 1981. Of these, most occurred in asymptomatic females (93.4%) with an average age of 56.7 years old and with liver (35.5 %), autoimmune (17.1 %) or malignant diseases (27.6%). Most of the times RLH presented as a solitary lesions (84.7%) with less than 20 mm in the greater diameter (81.3%) and located in the right hepatic lobe (62.9%). Because most lesions were misdiagnosed as malignant, surgical resection was performed in a majority of cases (82.9%).3

The diagnosis of RLH of the liver is made problematic by the nonspecific imaging features and significant overlap with liver malignancy, exhibiting various patterns of dynamic enhancement, but mostly with wash-in/ wash-out and occasionally perinodular enhancement or pseudocapsule. Thus, it is extremely difficult to differentiate hepatic RLH from malignant tumors such as HCC and hypervascular metastatic tumors based on imaging findings alone.1,2,3,4On MRI, RLH usually exhibits a homogeneous low signal intensity (SI) on T1W and moderate on T2W.3,4In the largest RLH series published to date (n=20), Zhou Y et al concluded that a homogeneous nodule with less than <2 cm, hypervascular with lower SI than that of portal vein on arterial phase and lower ADC value than the spleen is a common MRI presentation of hepatic RLH, with most lesions exhibiting a wash-in/wash-out pattern of enhacement (12/20).6

In our particular case, contrast-enhanced MRI showed a non-cirrhotic liver with an isolated hypervascular lesion with wash-out. This lesion showed lack of uptake on hepatobiliary phase, which is seen in HCC and hepatic adenoma, but argues against focal nodular hyperplasia. In spite of the normal liver morphology, hepatocellular carcinoma was an important differential diagnosis to be considered not only because of the dynamic features but also ancillary features such as moderate T2W hyperintensity, hepatobiliary phase hypointensity, restricted diffusion and late growth. On the other hand, one must consider that there is a considerable reduction in the risk of HCC in HCV- infected patients cured with direct acting antiviral agents, and that dynamic wash-in/wash-out features have only high specificity for HCC in a cirrhotic liver.7,8,9Additionally, sustained unremarkable levels of alpha fetoprotein and 2 negative biopsies also argue against HCC in this particular patient. The possibility of a neuroendocrine lesion was considered unlikely due to absent abdominopelvic primary tumor and inconsistency with the biopsy histology. In accordance to the second biopsy result, a lymphocytic process was considered, although its nature was unknown (reactive vs primary MALT lymphoma). Typically, liver lymphoma nodules are hypointense on dynamic assessment, albeit reports of hypervascular lesions with wash-out can be found in the literature.10,11Mostly due to uncertainty of the diagnosis but also because of the imaging characteristics and apparent growth, surgical treatment was undertaken.

Histologically, RLH consist of prominent hyperplastic lymphoid follicles, lymphocytes, and other inflammatory cells. An accurate diagnosis of pseudolymphoma relies mostly on the immunohistochemical analysis.2,11Usually, immunohistochemical staining shows positivity for CD3, CD4, CD8 (T cell markers) in the interfollicular areas and CD20 and CD79a (B cell markers) in the follicles. In the germinal centers the B-cells are positive for CD10 and BCL6 and negative for BCL2, thus indicating the RLH’s reactive and nonneoplastic nature.2,11In accordance with these findings, in our case the immunohistochemical stain (Figure 3) showed that the follicles were composed of CD20 (+), Bcl-2 (-) B cells, and the interfollicular area was composed of CD3 (+) small T cells.

RLH of the liver is considered a benign lesion with no reports of malignant transformation to the best of our knowledge, and volumetric regression has been observed in conservative treated RLH diagnosed by needle biopsy.1,4,8

Conclusion

Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of liver is an extremely rare disease with similar radiological features to hepatocellular carcinoma. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small hepatic tumors in which biopsy fails to demonstrate malignant cells, particularly when a single incidental hypervascular lesion is found in a non-cirrhotic liver in an asymptomatic female patient with systemic autoimmune or liver disease.

Bibliography

Kwon Y, Jha RC, Etesami K, Fishbein T, Ozdemirli M, Desai C. Pseudolymphoma (reactive lymphoid hyperplasia) of the liver: A clinical challenge. World J Hepatol. 2015;7:2696-702. [ Links ]

Taguchi K, Kuroda S, Kobayashi T, Tashiro H, Ishiyama K, Ide K, et al. Pseudolymphoma of the liver: a case report and literature review. Surgical Case Reports. 2015;1:1071-15. [ Links ]

Kanno H, Sakai H, Hisaka T, Kojima S, Midorikawa R, Fukutomi S, et al. A case of reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the liver in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis. Surgical Case reports. 2020;6:1-8. [ Links ]

Higashi T, Hashimoto D, Hayashi H, Nitta H, Chikamoto A, Beppu T, et al. Reactive lymphoid hyperplasia of the liver requires differential diagnosis of the hepatocellular carcinoma. Surgical Case Reports. 2015; 31:1-5. [ Links ]

Snover D, Filipovich A, Dehner LP, et al. ‘Pseudolymphoma’. A case associated with primary immunodeficiency disease and polyglandular failure syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med.1981;105:46-9. [ Links ]

Zhou Y, Wang X, Xu C, Zhou G, Zeng M, Xu P. Hepatic pseudolymphoma: imaging features on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and diffusion-weighted imaging. Abdom Radiol. 2018;43:2288-94. [ Links ]

Kanwal F, Kramer J, Asch S, Chayanupatkul M, Cao Y, El-Serag H. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Gastroenterology. 2017;153:996-1005. [ Links ]

Yoshida K, Kobayashi S, Matsui O, Gabata T, Sanada J, Koda W, et al. Hepatic pseudolymphoma: imaging-pathologic correlation with special reference to hemodynamic analysis. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38:1277-85. [ Links ]

Amico E, Alves JR, Souza D, Salviano F, João S, Liguori A. Hypervascular lesions in radiologically normal liver. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2017;30:21-26. [ Links ]

Tomasian A, Sandrasegaran K, Elsayes KM, Shanbhogue A, Shaaban A, Menias C. Hematologic Malignancies of the liver: Spectrum of diseases. Radiographics. 2015;35:71-86. [ Links ]

Bohlok A, De Grez T, Bouazza F, De Wind R, El-Khoury M. Primary hepatic lymphoma mimicking a hepatocellular carcinoma in a cirrhotic patient: case report and systematic review of the literature. Case Rep Surg. 2018;2018:1-6. [ Links ]

Ethical disclosures

Financing Support: This work has not received any contribution, grant or scholarship.

Received: September 02, 2021; Accepted: October 04, 2021

Address 61. Pedro M. Sousa 62. Av. David-Mourão Ferreira, Nº29, 4A 1750-220, Lisboa, Portugal 63. e-mail: pedromcsousa.med@gmail.com

© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) and ARP 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use.

Conflicts of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Confidentiality of data: The authors declare that they have followed the protocols of their work center on the publication of data from patients.

Protection of human and animal subjects: The authors declare that the procedures followed were in accordance with the regulations of the relevant clinical research ethics committee and with those of the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki).

Creative Commons License This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License