<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>1645-9199</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Relações Internacionais (R:I)]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Relações Internacionais]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>1645-9199</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[IPRI-UNL]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S1645-91992024000200077</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23906/ri2024.82a06</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Marco zero: As origens da guerra cibernética orquestrada pelos Estados Unidos para atingir a República Islâmica do Irã (2007-2010)]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Ground zero: the origins of the United States&#8217;s cyber war against the Islamic Republic of Iran (2007-2010)]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Casalunga]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernando H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Svartman]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Eduardo Munhoz]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Reis]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bruno Cardoso]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,Centro de Estudos Estratégicos do Exército  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Brasília DF]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Porto Alegre RS]]></addr-line>
<country>Brazil</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Centro de Estudos Internacionais ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2024</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>82</numero>
<fpage>77</fpage>
<lpage>92</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S1645-91992024000200077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S1645-91992024000200077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S1645-91992024000200077&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Neste artigo realizamos um estudo de caso-único do conflito desencadeado entre os Estados Unidos e a República Islâmica do Irã (2007-2010), sob a perspectiva dos retornos estratégicos auferidos em função do uso da tecnologia da informação para atingir setores de infraestrutura crítica. Nossa análise destaca as condições que permitiram aos norte-americanos ampliarem as capacidades de projeção de poder sobre o seu adversário, fatores significativos para explicar a origem e o impacto da guerra cibernética nos dias atuais. A partir da coleta de evidências que revelam o funcionamento do mecanismo das operações orquestradas por atores estatais e não estatais para conter o programa nuclear iraniano, verificamos como o ciberespaço se tornou um domínio chave para a consecução de objetivos estratégicos nacionais. Por este prisma, com base em fontes primárias e secundárias utilizamos técnicas de análise qualitativa para responder à seguinte questão: como os Estados Unidos utilizaram o ciberespaço para atingir o programa nuclear iraniano?]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract In this article, we conduct a single-case study of the conflict between the United States and the Islamic Republic of Iran (2007-10), from the perspective of the strategic returns obtained through the use of information technology to achieve criticism of infrastructure sectors. Our analysis highlights the conditions that allowed the North Americans to expand their power projection capabilities over their adversary, significant factors in explaining the origin and impact of cyber warfare today. By collecting evidence that reveals the functioning of the operational mechanism orchestrated by state and non-state actors to contain the Iranian nuclear program, we verify how cyberspace has become a key domain for achieving national strategic objectives. From this perspective, based on primary and secondary sources, we use qualitative analysis techniques to answer the following question: how did the United States use cyberspace to target the Iranian nuclear program?]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[cibernética]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[poder nacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[tecnologia da informação]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[código malicioso]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[warfare]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[national power]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[information technology]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[malicious code]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
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