Carlos Costa*
O artigo discute a forma como o sector do turismo tem vindo a perspectivar e a incorporar a cultura no seu processo de desenvolvimento. Partindo de uma discussão inicial centrada na tese de que a cultura é um elemento fulcral e um dos mais importantes pilares de todo o sistema do turismo e, como tal, a cultura não pode ser dissociada do fenómeno e do sector do turismo, o artigo introduz evidência empírica sobre o grande hiato existente entre esta «relação umbilical» e a prática da política e das estratégias postas em prática no sector do turismo.
Palavras-chave: Turismo, Portugal, Práticas culturais, Património cultural
Tourisme et culture: évaluation des théories et pratiques culturelles du secteur du tourisme (1990-2000)
L’article discute la façon dont le secteur du tourisme envisage et incorpore la culture dans son processus de développement. En partant d’une discussion initiale centrée sur la thèse que la culture est un élément central, voire l’un des piliers majeurs, de tout le système du tourisme et que, en tant que telle, la culture ne peut être dissociée du phénomène et du secteur du tourisme, l’article introduit l’évidence empirique du grand hiatus existant entre cette «relation ombilicale» et la pratique de la politique et des stratégies mises en pratique dans le secteur du tourisme.
Tourism and culture: an assessment of cultural theory and practice in the tourism sector (1990-2000)
]]> This article discusses how the tourism sector has approached and incorporated culture in its development. Based on an initial discussion which focuses on the idea that culture is a key element and one of the most significant pillars of the whole tourism system, and that culture cannot therefore be divorced from tourism as a phenomenon and as a sector, the article offers empirical evidence on the substantial gap between this «umbilical chord relationship» and political practice and strategy for the tourism sector.
Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.
Full text only available in PDF format.
Referências bibliográficas
Baud-Bovy, M. (1982), «New concepts in planning for tourism and recreation», in Tourism Management, 3 (4), pp. 308-313. [ Links ]
Boissevain, J. (1996), Coping with Tourists — European Reactions to Mass Tourism, Oxford, Berghahn Books.
Christaller, W. (1963), «Some considerations of tourism location in Europe: the peripheral regions — underdeveloped countries — recreation areas», in Regional Science Association, Papers XII, Lund Congress, pp. 95-105.
]]> Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D., Sheperd, R., e Wanhill, S. (1998), Tourism: Principles and Practice, Londres, Longman.Costa, C. M. M. (2003) (coord.), Avaliação do II Quadro Comunitário de Apoio _ Componente Turismo, Lisboa, Secretaria de Estado do Turismo/Universidade de Aveiro.
Costa, C. M. M. (2001), «An emerging tourism planning paradigm? A comparative analysis between town and tourism planning», in The International Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 3, n.º 6, pp. 425-441.
Costa, C. M. M. (1996), Towards the Improvement of the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Tourism Planning and Development at the Regional Level: Planning, Organisations and Networks. The Case of Portugal, Inglaterra, Universidade de Surrey, tese de doutoramento.
De Kadt, E. (1979), Tourism: Passport to Development?, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Ferreira, A. M. (2003), O Turismo como Propiciador da Sustentabilidade dos Centros Históricos Urbanos. O Caso Algarvio, Aveiro, Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial da Universidade de Aveiro, tese de doutoramento.
Getz, D. (1986), «Models in tourism planning: towards integration of theory and practice», in Tourism Management, 7 (1), pp. 21-32.
Gunn, C. A. (1988), Tourism Planning, Nova Iorque, Taylor and Francis, 2.ª ed.
Gunn, C. A. (1994), Tourism Planning, Nova Iorque, Taylor and Francis, 3.ª ed.
Heeley, J. (1981), «Planning for tourism in Britain: an historical perspective», in Town Planning Review, vol. 52, n.º 1, pp. 61-79.
]]> IFT (2000), Quatro Décadas de Turismo, Lisboa, Instituto de Financiamento e Apoio ao Turismo.Inskeep, E. (1991), Tourism Planning: An Integrated and Sustainable Development Approach, Nova Iorque, Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Leiper, N. (1990), Tourism Systems, Auckland, New Zealand, Massey University Department of Management Systems Occasional Paper 2.
Leiper, N. (1979), «The framework of tourism, in Annals of Tourism Research, 6 (4), pp. 390-407.
MacCannell, D. (1976), The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class, Nova Iorque, Schocken Books.
McIntosh, R. W., e Goeldner, C. R. (1986), Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies, Nova Iorque, John Wiley, 5.ª ed.
Mathieson, A., e Wall, G. (1982), Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts, Harlow, Longman.
Middleton, V. T. C. (1988), Marketing in Travel and Tourism, Oxford, Butterworth and Heinemann.
Mill, R. C., e Morrison, A. M. (1985), The Tourism System: An Introductory Text, Nova Jérsia, Prentice-Hall.
Murphy, P. E. (1985), Tourism: A Community Approach, Nova Iorque, Methuen.
]]> Pina, P. (1988), Portugal: O Turismo no Século XX, Lisboa, Lucidus.Pearce, D. (1992), Tourist Organizations, Harlow, Longman.
Pearce, D. (1989), Tourist Development, Harlow, Longman, 2.ª ed.
Smith, S. L. J. (1989), Tourism Analysis: A Handbook, Harlow, Longman.
Torkildsen, G. (1992), Leisure and Recreation Management, Londres, E & F Spon.
WTO (1985), The State's Role in Encouraging the Development of New Destinations and Ensuring Balanced Distribution of Tourism Flows..., Madrid, WTO.
WTO (1980), Physical Planning and Area Development for Tourism in the Six WTO Regions 1980, Madrid, WTO.
* Universidade de Aveiro.
]]>