<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0003-2573</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anál. Social]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0003-2573</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0003-25732008000300003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Popularidade e economia no semipresidencialismo português]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gramacho]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Wladimir]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Brasilia Núcleo de Pesquisas em Políticas Públicas ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>188</numero>
<fpage>531</fpage>
<lpage>550</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0003-25732008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0003-25732008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0003-25732008000300003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Este artigo analisa a aplicação da função castigo-recompensa em relação à popularidade do presidente e do primeiro-ministro em Portugal no Inverno de 2006. A teoria do voto económico considera que o contexto institucional dos cidadãos pode dificultar a imputação de responsabilidades pelo desempenho económico do governo. Ao contrário do que sugeriram trabalhos anteriores, este estudo mostra que o semipresidencialismo português não parece impor barreiras a que os portugueses castiguem o governo (e não o presidente) pelas más condições económicas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[This article analyses the application of the punishment-reward function to the popularity of the president and prime-minister in Portugal, in the winter of 2006. The theory of the economic voting holds that the institutional context of citizenship may make it difficult to assign responsibility for the government's economic performance. Contrary to what earlier works have suggested, this study shows that Portuguese semipresidentialism does not seem to place barriers in the way of the Portuguese punishing the government (and not the president) for adverse economic circumstances.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[voto económico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[popularidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[semipresidencialismo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Portugal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[economic voting]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[popularity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[semipresidentialism]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Portugal]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P><b>Popularidade e economia no semipresidencialismo portugu&ecirc;s</b></p>      <p><b>Wladimir Gramacho<a href="#1">*</a><a name="top1"></a></b></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify">Este artigo analisa a aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o da fun&ccedil;&atilde;o    castigo-recompensa em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o &agrave; popularidade do presidente    e do primeiro-ministro em Portugal no Inverno de 2006. A teoria do voto econ&oacute;mico    considera que o contexto institucional dos cidad&atilde;os pode dificultar a    imputa&ccedil;&atilde;o de responsabilidades pelo desempenho econ&oacute;mico    do governo. Ao contr&aacute;rio do que sugeriram trabalhos anteriores, este    estudo mostra que o semipresidencialismo portugu&ecirc;s n&atilde;o parece impor    barreiras a que os portugueses castiguem o governo (e n&atilde;o o presidente)    pelas m&aacute;s condi&ccedil;&otilde;es econ&oacute;micas.</p>     <p align="justify"><B>Palavras-chave:</B> voto econ&oacute;mico; popularidade;    semipresidencialismo; Portugal.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="justify">This article analyses the application of the punishment-reward    function to the popularity of the president and prime-minister in Portugal,    in the winter of 2006. The theory of the economic voting holds that the institutional    context of citizenship may make it difficult to assign responsibility for the    government's economic performance. Contrary to what earlier works have suggested,    this study shows that Portuguese semipresidentialism does not seem to place    barriers in the way of the Portuguese punishing the government (and not the    president) for adverse economic circumstances.</p>     <p align="justify"><B>Keywords:</B> economic voting; popularity; semipresidentialism;    Portugal.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><B>BIBLIOGRAFIA</B></p>      <!-- ref --><p>Alvarez, R. M., Nagler, J., e  Willette, J. R. (2000), &#171;Measuring the relative impact of  issues and the economy in democratic elections&#187;, in  <I>Electoral Studies,</I> vol. 19, pp. 237-253.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000016&pid=S0003-2573200800030000300001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>Amorim Neto, O. (2006), &#171;A reforma do sistema de governo: rumo ao parlamentarismo  ou ao semipresidencialismo?&#187;, <I>in</I> Gl&aacute;ucio Ary Dillon Soares e Lucio R. Renn&oacute;  (orgs.), <I>Reforma Pol&iacute;tica &#151; Li&ccedil;&otilde;es da Hist&oacute;ria  Recente,</I> Rio de Janeiro, Editora FGV.</p>      <p>Beck, P., Allen, R. J., Dalton, S. G., e  Huckfeldt, R. (2002), &#171;The social calculus of  voting: interpersonal, media, and organizational influences on presidential choices&#187;, in  <I>American Political Science Review,  </I>vol<I>.</I> 96, pp. 57-73.</p>      <p>Dorussen, H., e Palmer, H. D. (2002), &#171;The context of economic  voting&#187;,<I> in</I> H. Dorussen e M. Taylor (eds.),  <I>Economic Voting</I>, Nova Iorque, Routledge, pp. 1-14.</p>      <p>Downs, A. (1957), <I>An Economic Theory of  Democracy,</I> Nova Iorque, Harper and Row.</p>      <p>Fraile, M. (2005), <I>Cuando la Econom&iacute;a Entre en las Urnas &#151; El Voto Econ&oacute;mico  en Espa&ntilde;a (1979-1996),</I> Madrid, Centro de Investigaciones Sociol&oacute;gicas.</p>      <p>Freire, A., e Lobo, M. C. (2005), &#171;Economics, ideology and vote:  southern Europe, 1985-2000&#187;, in <I>European Journal of Political  Research,</I> vol. 44, n.&#186; 4, pp. 493-518.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Goodhart, C. A. E., e Bhansali, R.J. (1970), &#171;Political economy&#187;, in  <I>Political Studies,</I> 18 (1), pp. 43-106.</p>      <p>G&oacute;mez Fortes, B., e  Magalh&atilde;es, P. (2005), &#171;As elei&ccedil;&otilde;es presidenciais em sistemas  semipresidenciais: participa&ccedil;&atilde;o eleitoral e puni&ccedil;&atilde;o dos governos&#187;, in  <I>An&aacute;lise Social,</I> vol. xl (177), pp. 891-922.</p>      <p>INE (2007), &#171;Dados estat&iacute;sticos&#187;. Portal do Instituto Nacional    de Estat&iacute;stica, <a href="http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_main" target="_blank">www.ine.pt.</a></p>       <p>Key, V. O., Jr. (1958), <I>Politics, Parties, and Pressure  Groups,</I> Nova Iorque, Thomas Y. Crowell Company.</p>       <p>Key, V. O., Jr. (1966), <I>The Responsible Electorate. Rationality in Presidential Voting  1936-1960, </I>Cambridge, Harvard University Press.</p>      <p>King, G. (1989), <I>Unifying Political Methodology &#151; The Likelihood Theory of  Statistical Inference,</I> Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</p>      <p>Kramer, G. H. (1971), &#171;Short-term fluctuations in U. S. voting behavior, 1986-1964&#187;,  in <I>American Political Science Review,</I> vol. 65, pp. 131-143. </p>      <p>Lewis-Beck, M. S. (1997), &#171;Who's the chef? Economic voting under a dual executive&#187;,  in <I>European Journal of Political Research,</I> vol. 31, pp. 315-325. </p>      <p>Lewis-Beck, M. S., e Nadeau, R. (2000), &#171;French electoral institutions and the  economic vote&#187;, in <I>Electoral Studies</I>, vol. 19, pp. 171-182.</p>      <p>Lewis-Beck, M. S., e Paldam, M. (2000), &#171;Economic voting: an introduction&#187;, in  <I>Electoral Studies,</I> vol. 19, pp. 113-121.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Lijphart, A. (2000), <I>Modelos de  Democracia,</I> Barcelona, Ariel.</p>      <p>Lin, T. (1999), &#171;Historical significance of economic voting, 1872-1996&#187;, in  <I>Social Science History, </I>vol. 23, n.&#186; 4, pp. 561-591.</p>      <p>Maravall, J. M. (2003), <I>El control de los  Politicos</I>, Madrid, Santillana Ediciones Generales.</p>      <p>Mueller, J. E. (1970), &#171;Presidential popularity from Truman to Jonson&#187;, in  <I>American Political Science Review, </I>vol. 64, pp. 18-34.</p>      <p>Nannestad, P., e Paldam, M. (1994), &#171;The VP-function: a survey of the literature on  vote and popularity functions after 25 years&#187;, in  <I>Public Choice,</I> vol. 79, pp. 213-245. </p>      <p>Paldam, M. (2003), &#171;Are vote and popularity functions economically correct?&#187;,  <I>in</I> F. Scheneider e C. K. Rowley (eds.), <I>The Encyclopedia of Public  Choice,</I> vol. i, Edward Elgar, pp. 49-59.</p>      <p>Powell, G. B., e Whitten, G. D. (1993), &#171;A cross-national analysis of economic  voting: taking account of the political context&#187;, in  <I>American Journal of Political Science,</I> vol. 37, pp. 391-414.</p>      <p>Robinson, W. S. (1950), &#171;Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals&#187;,  in <I>American Sociological Review,</I> vol. 15, pp. 351-357.</p>     <p>Siaroff, A. (2003), &#171;Comparative presidencies: the inadequacy of the presidential,  semi-presidential and parliamentary distinction&#187;, in  <I>European Journal of Political Research,</I> vol. 42, pp. 287-312.</p>     <p>Veiga, F. J., e Veiga, L. G. (2004a), &#171;Popularity functions, partisan effects, and support  in parliament&#187;, in <I>Economics &amp;  Politics,</I> vol. 16, pp. 101-115.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Veiga, L. G., e Veiga, F. J. (2004b), &#171;Economia, popularidade e inten&ccedil;&otilde;es de voto  em Portugal: uma an&aacute;lise longitudinal com dados agregados&#187;,  <I>in</I> Andr&eacute; Freire, Marina Costa Lobo e Pedro Magalh&atilde;es (orgs.),  <I>Portugal a Votos: As Elei&ccedil;&otilde;es Legislativas de  2002,</I> Lisboa, Imprensa de Ci&ecirc;ncias Sociais.</p>     <p>Veiga, L. G. (1998), &#171;Popularity functions for the Portuguese prime minister,  government, parliament and president&#187;, in <I>European Journal of Political  Research,</I> vol. 33, pp. 347-361.</p>     <p>Zaller, J. R. (1992), <I>The Nature and Origins of Mass  Opinion,</I> Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><a href="#top1">*</a><a name="1"></a> N&uacute;cleo de Pesquisas em Pol&iacute;ticas    P&uacute;blicas da Universidade de Brasilia.</p>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Alvarez]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Nagler]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Willette]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Measuring the relative impact of issues and the economy in democratic elections]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Electoral Studies]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>19</volume>
<page-range>237-253</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
