<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0003-2573</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Social]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Anál. Social]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0003-2573</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Instituto de Ciências Sociais da Universidade de Lisboa]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0003-25732021000300442</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31447/as00032573.2021240.02</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Viver (brevemente) para a política: independência partidária e durabilidade da elite governativa portuguesa.]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[(Briefly) living for politics: partisan independence and durability of the Portuguese governing elite.]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Duarte]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana Carmo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silveira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Pedro]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aaf"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,European University Institute  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Italy</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Nova de Lisboa IPRI-NOVA ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade da Beira Interior  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Covilhã ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>30</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2021</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>240</numero>
<fpage>442</fpage>
<lpage>469</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0003-25732021000300442&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0003-25732021000300442&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0003-25732021000300442&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo Este artigo avalia a influência do perfil partidário na duração da elite governativa portuguesa entre 1995 e 2015. Para o efeito, através de uma análise de sobrevivência, foram considerados os ministros e secretários de Estado de sete governos. Conclui-se que, embora o perfil partidário não influencie a durabilidade dos ministros, os secretários de Estado independentes têm menor probabilidade de permanecer no cargo até ao final do mandato. Adicionalmente, o efeito do perfil partidário na sobrevivência dos secretários de Estado no governo é maior entre as mulheres, bem como entre os que têm 41-50 anos.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract This article explores the influence of partisanship in the Portuguese governing elite&#8217;s durability from 1995 to 2015. Through a survival analysis, we studied the ministers and secretaries of State of seven governments. The main results suggest that partisanship is not relevant to explain the durability of ministers. Nevertheless, the independent Secretaries of State are less likely to remain on the office until the end of the mandate. Moreover, the effect of partisan independence on the durability of secretaries of States is larger amongst women and those aged between 41-50.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[independência partidária]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[governo]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[elites políticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[elite governativa]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[partisan independence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[government]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[political elites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[governing elite]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALMEIDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T. de]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PINTO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERMEO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[N.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Quem Governa a Europa do Sul? O Recrutamento Ministerial, 1850-2000]]></source>
<year>2006</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprensa de Ciências Sociais]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BÄCK]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[In tranquil waters: Swedish cabinet ministers in the post war era]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Selection of Ministers in Europe: Hiring and Firing]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>159-78</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B3">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BAKEMA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The ministerial career]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Profession of Government Minister in Western Europe]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<page-range>70-98</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B4">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BERLINSKI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DEWAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWDING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Accounting for Ministers: Scandal and Survival in British Government, 1945-2007]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B5">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLONDEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Organization of Governments: a Comparative Analysis of Governmental Structures]]></source>
<year>1982</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Beverly Hills ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAGE Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B6">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLONDEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Government Ministers in the Contemporary World]]></source>
<year>1985</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Newbury Park ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAGE Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B7">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLONDEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Government: an Introduction]]></source>
<year>1995</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nova Iorque ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvester Wheatsheaf]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B8">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLONDEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[THIÉBAULT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.-L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Profession of Government Minister in Western Europe]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B9">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLONDEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MU&#776;LLER-ROMMEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Cabinets in Western Europe]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nova Iorque ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[St. Martin&#8217;s Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B10">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BLONDEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MU&#776;LLER-ROMMEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MALOVÁ]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Governing New European Democracies]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Basingstoke ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B11">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BOVENS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRANDSMA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G. J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[THESINGH]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Political death and survival in the Netherlands: explaining resignations of individual cabinet members 1946-2010]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Politica]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>50</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>127-50</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B12">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRAZIER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Ministers of the Crown]]></source>
<year>1997</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B13">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRUÈRE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.-H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GAXIE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Non-partisan ministers under the French fifth republic (1959-2014)]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technocratic Ministers and Political Leadership in European Democracies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>29-51</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B14">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BRIGHT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DÖRING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LITTLE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ministerial importance and survival in government: tough at the top?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[West European Politics]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>38</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>441-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B15">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUCUR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Who Fires Ministers? A Principal-agent Approach to Ministerial Deselection]]></source>
<year>2013</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Dublin ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Dublin University]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B16">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUCUR]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Cabinet ministers under competing pressures: Presidents, prime ministers, and political parties in semi-presidential systems]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative European Politics]]></source>
<year>2017</year>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>180-203</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B17">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BUDGE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[I.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KEMAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Parties and Democracy: Coalition Formation and Government Functioning in Twenty States]]></source>
<year>1990</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nova Iorque, NY ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B18">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[CAMERLO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PÉREZ-LIÑAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Presidential Approval and Technocratic Survival]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B19">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COHEN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. E.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Politics of the U. S. Cabinet: Representation in the Executive Branch, 1789--1984]]></source>
<year>1988</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pittsburgh ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[University of Pittsburgh Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B20">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COTTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technocratic government versus party government? Non-partisan ministers and the challenging parameters of political leadership in European democracies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technocratic Ministers and Political Leadership in European Democracies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>267-88</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B21">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DE WINTER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Parliamentary and party pathways to the cabinet]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Profession of Government Minister in Western Europe]]></source>
<year>1991</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave Macmillan]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B22">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DEWAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[T.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWDING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The corrective effect of ministerial resignations on government popularity]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<volume>49</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>46-56</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B23">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOGAN]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Pathways to Power: Selecting Rulers in Pluralist Democracies]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Westview Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B24">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWDING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[KANG]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W.-T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Ministerial resignations 1945-97]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Public Administration]]></source>
<year>1998</year>
<volume>76</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>411-29</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B25">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWDING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DUMONT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Selection of Ministers in Europe: Hiring and Firing]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B26">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWDING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DUMONT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Selection of Ministers around the World]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B27">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[EASTON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Political System, an Inquiry into the State of Political Science]]></source>
<year>1953</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Nova Iorque ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[A. A. Knopf]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B28">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ESCOBAR-LEMMON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[TAYLOR-ROBINSON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Coming or Going: How Background Affects Duration in Five Presidential Systems]]></source>
<year>2010</year>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B29">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[FISCHER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DOWDING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[DUMONT]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The duration and durability of cabinet ministers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>33</volume>
<numero>5</numero>
<issue>5</issue>
<page-range>505-19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B30">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GONZÁLEZ-BUSTAMANTE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAVADOS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Rotación de subsecretarios en Chile: una exploración de la segunda línea gubernamental, 1990-2014]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista de Gestión Pública]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>IV</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>151-90</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B31">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[HUBER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARTINEZ-GALLARDO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Replacing cabinet ministers: patterns of ministerial stability in parliamentary democracies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>2008</year>
<volume>102</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>169-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B32">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LAVER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SHEPSLE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K. A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Making and Breaking Governments: Cabinets and Legislatures in Parliamentary Democracies]]></source>
<year>1996</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Cambridge University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B33">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LOBO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Governar em Democracia]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprensa de Ciências Sociais]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B34">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[LOBO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The presidentialization of Portuguese democracy?]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Presidentialization of Politics: a Comparative Study of Modern Democracies]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B35">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARANGONI]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Technocrats in government: the composition and legislative initiatives of the Monti government eight months into its term of office]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Bulletin of Italian Politics]]></source>
<year>2012</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<issue>1</issue>
<page-range>135-49</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B36">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARTINEZ-GALLARDO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Designing cabinets: presidential politics and ministerial instability]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Journal of Politics in Latin America]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>6</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>3-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B37">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARTÍNEZ-GALLARDO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SCHLEITER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Choosing whom to trust: agency risks and cabinet partisanship in presidential democracies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Comparative Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2015</year>
<volume>48</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>231-64</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B38">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MARÔCO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Análise Estatística com o SPSS Statistics]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Pêro Pinheiro ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ReportNumber]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B39">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[MÜLLER]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[STRØM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Coalition Governments in Western Europe]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B40">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PINTO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[A elite ministerial da democracia portuguesa. Entre políticos e tecnocratas]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[45 Anos de Democracia em Portugal]]></source>
<year>2020</year>
<page-range>143-61</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Assembleia da República]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B41">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PINTO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALMEIDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Portugal: the primacy of &#8216;independents]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[The Selection of Ministers in Europe: Hiring and Firing]]></source>
<year>2009</year>
<page-range>147-58</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Londres ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Routledge]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B42">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PINTO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALMEIDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The primacy of experts? Non-partisan ministers in Portuguese democracy]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Technocratic Ministers and Political Leadership in European Democracies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<page-range>111-37</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B43">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PINTO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COTTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ALMEIDA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P. T.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Technocratic Ministers and Political Leadership in European Democracies]]></source>
<year>2018</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cham ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Palgrave]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B44">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[PUTNAM]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The Comparative Study of Political Elites]]></source>
<year>1976</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Englewood Cliffs ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Prentice Hall]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B45">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[REAL-DATO]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RODRÍGUEZ-TERUEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Politicians, experts or both? Democratic delegation and junior ministers in Spain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Acta Politica]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>51</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>492-516</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B46">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ROSE]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Understanding Big Government: the Program Approach]]></source>
<year>1984</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Beverly Hills ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[SAGE Publications]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B47">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[RODRIGUEZ-TERUEL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Los ministros de la España democrática: reclutamiento político y carrera ministerial de Suárez a Zapatero (1976-2011)]]></source>
<year>2011</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Madrid ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B48">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SEARING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Junior ministers and ministerial careers in Britain]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Pathways to Power: Selecting Rulers in Pluralist Democracie]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<page-range>141-68</page-range><publisher-loc><![CDATA[Boulder ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Westview Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B49">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SEARING]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[D.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Westminster&#8217;s World: Understanding Political Roles]]></source>
<year>1994</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Cambridge ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Harvard University Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B50">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SEIXAS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[COSTA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. L.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Paths to power and ministers&#8217; durability: the Portuguese case]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[West European Politics]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<volume>44</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>403-25</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B51">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SIAROFF]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Women&#8217;s representation in legislatures and cabinets in industrial democracies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[International Political Science Review]]></source>
<year>2000</year>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>197-215</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B52">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SILVEIRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[To be or not to be a politician: profile and governmental career of Portuguese junior ministers]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Revista Española de Ciencia Política]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<page-range>13-38</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B53">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SILVEIRA]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Os Secretários de Estado: Conflito e Liderança no Ministério]]></source>
<year>2021</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Imprensa de Ciências Sociais]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B54">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[SOYLAND]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Survival of the ministers: On ministerial durability in postwar Norway]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Scandinavian Political Studies]]></source>
<year>2016</year>
<volume>40</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>182-206</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B55">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[THEAKSTON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Junior Ministers in British Government]]></source>
<year>1987</year>
<publisher-loc><![CDATA[Oxford ]]></publisher-loc>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Blackwell Pub]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B56">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[THEAKSTON]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[K.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[GILL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[ATKINS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[The ministerial foothills: labour government junior ministers 1997-2010]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Parliamentary Affairs]]></source>
<year>2014</year>
<volume>67</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>688-707</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B57">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[THIES]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Keeping tabs on partners: the logic of delegation in coalition governments]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Political Science]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>45</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>580-98</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B58">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WHITFORD]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A. B.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[WILKINS]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[V. M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[BALL]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang=""><![CDATA[Descriptive representation and policymaking authority: evidence from women in cabinets and bureaucracies]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Governance]]></source>
<year>2007</year>
<volume>20</volume>
<numero>4</numero>
<issue>4</issue>
<page-range>559-80</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
