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<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0254-0223</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência Téc. Vitiv.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0254-0223</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INIAV - DOIS PORTOS (Ex-Estação Vitivinícola Nacional)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0254-02231999000200005</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O Gosto a Rolha em Vinhos -Estado Actual dos Conhecimentos]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Le goût de bouchon -État actuel des connaissances]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Cork taint in wines - Current state of knowledge]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. Silva]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Danesh]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[P.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Marques]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. J. Figueiredo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Romão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. V. San]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,IBET - Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,UNL - Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[OEIRAS ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,MADRP - Ministério da Agricultura, do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pescas INIAP - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas EAN - Estação Agronómica Nacional]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[OEIRAS ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,MADRP - Ministério da Agricultura, do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pescas INIAP - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas EVN - Estação Vitivinícola Nacional]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[DOIS PORTOS ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>79</fpage>
<lpage>99</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0254-02231999000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0254-02231999000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0254-02231999000200005&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[A produção de rolhas de cortiça ocupa um lugar relevante na indústria transformadora Portuguesa, e na economia nacional uma vez que Portugal é o maior produtor mundial de cortiça. O processo de fabrico engloba um período de repouso das pranchas de cortiça após cozedura, designado por maturação, onde os bolores cobrem totalmente as pranchas. Este processo é utilizado tradicionalmente desde há décadas, mas recentemente as rolhas de cortiça são alvo de várias acusações, todas elas fundamentadas na ocorrência do chamado &#8220;gosto a rolha&#8221; em vinhos. Apesar dos vários compostos correlacionados com este defeito, actualmente, a designação &#8220;gosto a rolha&#8221; tende a ser confundida com o aparecimento em vinhos do composto 2,4,6-tricloroanisol, que é o principal factor responsável por este problema em vinhos, mas não o único. A complexidade do problema, e o aparecimento de novos dados justificam uma revisão cuidada do tema com vista a esclarecer os investigadores, os industriais e os consumidores. Face aos primeiros dados que evidenciaram a capacidade de alguns bolores isolados a partir de amostras de cortiça produzirem cloroanisóis por metilação dos clorofenóis correspondentes, provou-se recentemente que Chrysonilia sitophila não utiliza esta estratégia como a principal via para metabolisar clorofenóis. C. sitophila aparece sistematicamente associada ao processo de maturação das pranchas de cortiça, sendo identificado como o bolor branco rosado que cobre as pranchas em maturação, o que tradicionalmente constituía um indicador de qualidade. Este artigo resume o estado actual dos conhecimentos neste domínio, incluindo alguns resultados importantes do nosso trabalho nesta área.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[La production de bouchons en liège occupe une place importante dans l&#8217;industre Portugaise de la transformation, ainsi que dans l&#8217;économie national puisque le Portugal est le plus grand producteur mondial de liège. Le procédé de fabrication comprend une étape de stabilisation des planches de liège après bouillage, appelé également maturation, durant lequel la croissance des moisissures recouvre totalement les planches. Ce procédé de fabricaion, traditionnellement utilisé depuis plusieurs décennies, ainsi que les bouchons en liège, ont récemment été accusés à tort d&#8217;être responsables du &#8220; goût de bouchon &#8221;. L&#8217;origine du &#8220; goût de bouchon &#8221; a été sujette à différentes interprétations. Bien qu&#8217;il existe une grande quantité de composés qui contribuent à ce phénomène, de nos jours, le terme &#8220; goût de bouchon &#8221; est généralement associé à la présence du 2,4,6-trichloroanisole qui en est le principal facteur responsable mais pas l'unique. La complexité du problème et l&#8217;apparition de nouvelles données expérimentales, justifient par conséquent une révision soignée de l&#8217;état de l&#8217;art, afin d&#8217;éclairer les chercheurs, les industriels et les consommateurs. En face des premiers résultats qui ont mis en évidence l&#8217;aptitude de certaines moisissures isolées à partir d&#8217;échantillons de liège à produire des chloroanisoles, il apparaît clairement que Chrysonilia sitophila ne fait quasiment pas appel à cette stratégie pour métaboliser des chlorophénols. C. sitophila est systématiquement associée au procédé de maturation, et a été identifiée comme la moisissure blanche aux spores de couleur saumon, qui recouvre les planches en maturation, ce qui traditionnellement est interprété comme un indicateur de qualité. Ce rapport et un revision bibliographique des connaissances part le sujet et rassemble les résultats les plus importants de nos travaux dans ce domaine.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The manufacture of cork stoppers in Portugal holds a relevant position within it&#8217;s manufacturing industries, as well as within the national economy of Portugal due to Portugal being the major cork stopper producer, world wide. The manufacturing process includes a stabilisation period of the cork slabs following boiling, designated the maturation period, during which mould growth completely covers the cork slabs. This process has been traditionally used for several decades and recently cork stoppers are being targeted with several false accusations, all concerning the problem of &#8220;cork taint&#8221;. The origin of &#8220;cork taint&#8221; has suffered different interpretations. Although there is a high variety of compounds already correlated with this problem, nowadays the term &#8220;cork taint&#8221; is somehow automatically confused with the presence of the compound 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, which is the main responsible factor in wine, although not exclusively so. The complexity of this problem, and the most recent results, justify a careful revision of this matter in order to clarify the researchers, the producers and the consumers. Confronting the first results that have previously shown the ability of certain moulds isolated from cork, to methylate chlorophenolic compounds and producing the corresponding chloroanisole, it is now clear that Chrysonilia sitophila does not use this metabolic strategy as it&#8217;s principal method to metabolise chlorophenols. C. sitophila is systematically associated with the maturation step of cork stopper manufacture, and has been identified as the white and salmon mould that covers the cork slabs during this stage. This has traditionally meant good quality. This report summarises the actual state of knowledge concerning this matter, including the most important results obtained recently from our work.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Rolhas de cortiça]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[gosto a rolha]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[2,4,6-tricloroanisol]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Chrysonilia sitophila]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cork industry]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cork-stoppers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cork taint 2,4,6-trichloroanisole]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Chrysonilia sitophila]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>O Gosto a Rolha em Vinhos -Estado Actual dos Conhecimentos</b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">C. Silva Pereira<Sup>1</Sup>, P. Danesh<Sup>1</Sup>, J. J. Figueiredo    Marques<Sup><Sup>1,</Sup><Sup>2</Sup></Sup>, M. V. San Rom&atilde;o<Sup>1,3    </Sup></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <P align="center"   ><Sup>1</Sup>Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnol&oacute;gica/Instituto    de Tecnologia Qu&iacute;mica e Biol&oacute;gica-Universidade Nova de Lisboa,    Apt. 12, 2781-901 OEIRAS. Portugal. </p>     <P align="center"   ><Sup>2</Sup>Esta&ccedil;&atilde;o Agron&oacute;mica Nacional, 2780 OEIRAS. Portugal.</p>     <P align="center"   > <Sup>3</Sup>Esta&ccedil;&atilde;o Vitivin&iacute;cola Nacional. INIA. 2565-191    DOIS PORTOS. Portugal. E-mail: <a href="mailto:inia.evn@mail.telepac.pt">inia.evn@mail.telepac.pt</a>  </p>     <p align="center"><I>(Manuscrito recebido em 16.09.99. Aceite para publica&ccedil;&atilde;o    em 30.11.99) </I></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center">RESUMO</p>     <p> A produ&ccedil;&atilde;o de rolhas de corti&ccedil;a ocupa um lugar relevante    na ind&uacute;stria transformadora Portuguesa, e na economia nacional uma vez    que Portugal &eacute; o maior produtor mundial de corti&ccedil;a. O processo    de fabrico engloba um per&iacute;odo de repouso das pranchas de corti&ccedil;a    ap&oacute;s cozedura, designado por matura&ccedil;&atilde;o, onde os bolores    cobrem totalmente as pranchas. Este processo &eacute; utilizado tradicionalmente    desde h&aacute; d&eacute;cadas, mas recentemente as rolhas de corti&ccedil;a    s&atilde;o alvo de v&aacute;rias acusa&ccedil;&otilde;es, todas elas fundamentadas    na ocorr&ecirc;ncia do chamado &#147;gosto a rolha&#148; em vinhos. Apesar dos    v&aacute;rios compostos correlacionados com este defeito, actualmente, a designa&ccedil;&atilde;o    &#147;gosto a rolha&#148; tende a ser confundida com o aparecimento em vinhos    do composto 2,4,6-tricloroanisol, que &eacute; o principal factor respons&aacute;vel    por este problema em vinhos, mas n&atilde;o o &uacute;nico. A complexidade do    problema, e o aparecimento de novos dados justificam uma revis&atilde;o cuidada    do tema com vista a esclarecer os investigadores, os industriais e os consumidores.    Face aos primeiros dados que evidenciaram a capacidade de alguns bolores isolados    a partir de amostras de corti&ccedil;a produzirem cloroanis&oacute;is por metila&ccedil;&atilde;o    dos clorofen&oacute;is correspondentes, provou-se recentemente que <I>Chrysonilia    sitophila</I> n&atilde;o utiliza esta estrat&eacute;gia como a principal via    para metabolisar clorofen&oacute;is. <I>C.</I><I> sitophila</I> aparece sistematicamente    associada ao processo de matura&ccedil;&atilde;o das pranchas de corti&ccedil;a,    sendo identificado como o bolor branco rosado que cobre as pranchas em matura&ccedil;&atilde;o,    o que tradicionalmente constitu&iacute;a um indicador de qualidade. Este artigo    resume o estado actual dos conhecimentos neste dom&iacute;nio, incluindo alguns    resultados importantes do nosso trabalho nesta &aacute;rea. </p>     <p><b>Palavras Chave</b>: Rolhas de corti&ccedil;a, gosto a rolha, 2,4,6-tricloroanisol,    <I>Chrysonilia sitophila. </I></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">RESUM&Eacute; </p>     <p align="center"><b>Le go&ucirc;t de bouchon -&Eacute;tat actuel des connaissances    </b></p>     <p>La production de bouchons en li&egrave;ge occupe une place importante dans    l&#146;industre Portugaise de la transformation, ainsi que dans l&#146;&eacute;conomie    national puisque le Portugal est le plus grand producteur mondial de li&egrave;ge.    Le proc&eacute;d&eacute; de fabrication comprend une &eacute;tape de stabilisation    des planches de li&egrave;ge apr&egrave;s bouillage, appel&eacute; &eacute;galement    maturation, durant lequel la croissance des moisissures recouvre totalement    les planches. Ce proc&eacute;d&eacute; de fabricaion, traditionnellement utilis&eacute;    depuis plusieurs d&eacute;cennies, ainsi que les bouchons en li&egrave;ge, ont    r&eacute;cemment &eacute;t&eacute; accus&eacute;s &agrave; tort d&#146;&ecirc;tre    responsables du &#147; go&ucirc;t de bouchon&nbsp;&#148;. L&#146;origine du    &#147;&nbsp;go&ucirc;t de bouchon&nbsp;&#148; a &eacute;t&eacute; sujette &agrave;    diff&eacute;rentes interpr&eacute;tations. Bien qu&#146;il existe une grande    quantit&eacute; de compos&eacute;s qui contribuent &agrave; ce ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne,    de nos jours, le terme &#147;&nbsp;go&ucirc;t de bouchon&nbsp;&#148; est g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement    associ&eacute; &agrave; la pr&eacute;sence du 2,4,6-trichloroanisole qui en    est le principal facteur responsable mais pas l'unique. La complexit&eacute;    du probl&egrave;me et l&#146;apparition de nouvelles donn&eacute;es exp&eacute;rimentales,    justifient par cons&eacute;quent une r&eacute;vision soign&eacute;e de l&#146;&eacute;tat    de l&#146;art, afin d&#146;&eacute;clairer les chercheurs, les industriels et    les consommateurs. En face des premiers r&eacute;sultats qui ont mis en &eacute;vidence    l&#146;aptitude de certaines moisissures isol&eacute;es &agrave; partir d&#146;&eacute;chantillons    de li&egrave;ge &agrave; produire des chloroanisoles, il appara&icirc;t clairement    que <I>Chrysonilia sitophila </I>ne fait quasiment pas appel &agrave; cette    strat&eacute;gie pour m&eacute;taboliser des chloroph&eacute;nols. <I>C. sitophila    </I>est syst&eacute;matiquement associ&eacute;e au proc&eacute;d&eacute; de    maturation, et a &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;e comme la moisissure blanche    aux spores de couleur saumon, qui recouvre les planches en maturation, ce qui    traditionnellement est interpr&eacute;t&eacute; comme un indicateur de qualit&eacute;.    Ce rapport et un revision bibliographique des connaissances part le sujet et    rassemble les r&eacute;sultats les plus importants de nos travaux dans ce domaine.  </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center">SUMMARY </p>     <p align="center"><b>Cork taint in wines &#150; Current state of knowledge </b></p>     <p>The manufacture of cork stoppers in Portugal holds a relevant position within    it&#146;s manufacturing industries, as well as within the national economy of    Portugal due to Portugal being the major cork stopper producer, world wide.    The manufacturing process includes a stabilisation period of the cork slabs    following boiling, designated the maturation period, during which mould growth    completely covers the cork slabs. This process has been traditionally used for    several decades and recently cork stoppers are being targeted with several false    accusations, all concerning the problem of &#147;cork taint&#148;. The origin    of &#147;cork taint&#148; has suffered different interpretations. Although there    is a high variety of compounds already correlated with this problem, nowadays    the term &#147;cork taint&#148; is somehow automatically confused with the presence    of the compound 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, which is the main responsible factor    in wine, although not exclusively so. The complexity of this problem, and the    most recent results, justify a careful revision of this matter in order to clarify    the researchers, the producers and the consumers. Confronting the first results    that have previously shown the ability of certain moulds isolated from cork,    to methylate chlorophenolic compounds and producing the corresponding chloroanisole,    it is now clear that <I>Chrysonilia sitophila </I>does not use this metabolic    strategy as it&#146;s principal method to metabolise chlorophenols. <I>C. sitophila    </I>is systematically associated with the maturation step of cork stopper manufacture,    and has been identified as the white and salmon mould that covers the cork slabs    during this stage. This has traditionally meant good quality. This report summarises    the actual state of knowledge concerning this matter, including the most important    results obtained recently from our work. </p>     <p><b>Key words</b>: Cork industry, cork-stoppers; cork taint 2,4,6-trichloroanisole,    <I>Chrysonilia sitophila </I></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center">REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <!-- ref --><p>Ahlborg, U.G., Thunberg, T.M, 1980. Chlorinated phenols: occurrence, toxicity, metabolism, and environmental impact. <I>Crit. Rev. Toxicol.</I>, 7, 1-35. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000035&pid=S0254-0223199900020000500001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>Alvim Ferraz, M.C.M., 1996. Transforma&ccedil;&atilde;o da Corti&ccedil;a. Preven&ccedil;&atilde;o da Suberose. Rev. Port. Pneumol., II, 6, 77-90. </p>    <p>An&oacute;nimo, 1970. Norma Portuguesa NP273-Corti&ccedil;a. Terminologia-CT-16, IPQ, Lisboa. </p>    <p>An&oacute;nimo, 1996. <I>Le Li&egrave;ge et le bouchon</I>. Quercus. 22 p. C. E. Li&egrave;ge (ed.), Paris, Fran&ccedil;a. </p>    <p>&Aacute;vila, R., 1996. Suberose&#150;Hist&oacute;ria e etiopatogenia. <I>Rev. Port. Pneumol.</I>, II, 6, 11-21. </p>    <p>&Aacute;vila, R., Lacey, J., 1974. The role of <I>Penicillium frequentants </I>in suberosis (respiratory disease in workers in the cork industry). <I>Clin. Allergy.</I>, 4, 109-117. </p>     <p>Borges, M.A.C., 1990. Cork - Unique raw-material. Production of cork stoppers    and its quality control. Relevant aspects. In: <I>9th International Oenological    Symposium. </I>607-623. E. Lemperle, E. Figlestahler (ed), International Association    for Modern winery techonology and manangment, Cascais, Portugal. </p>     <p>Buser, H.-R., Zanier, C., Tanner, H., 1982. Identification of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole as a potent compound causing cork taint in wine. <I>J. Agr. Food Chem.</I>, 30, 359-362. </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Cantagrel, R., Vidal, J. P., 1990. Recherche des compos&eacute;s responsables du go&ucirc;t de bouchon dans les cognacs. <I>Bull. OIV</I>, 709-710, 253-277. </p>    <p>Carri&ccedil;o, S.R., Delgadillo, A.J., Correia, A.J.F., Bastos, A.M., Roseira, I., Guimar&atilde;es, A., 1994. Elimination du &#147;go&ucirc;t de bouchon&#148; dans le vin au cours du processus de manufacturation du li&egrave;ge. <I>Rev. Oenologues</I>, 70, 29-33. </p>     <p>Carvalho, A., 1993. Qualifica&ccedil;&atilde;o de amadias preparadas. <I>Relat&oacute;rio    Final. PEDIP -Programa 5 </I><I>-</I><I>Miss&otilde;es de Produtividade -Projecto    n&ordm; 668</I>. 183p. Associa&ccedil;&atilde;o de Industriais e Exportadores    de Corti&ccedil;a, Esta&ccedil;&atilde;o Florestal Nacional, Minist&eacute;rio    da Ind&uacute;stria e Energia (ed), Portugal. </p>     <p>Carvalho, P.P.M.G., 1990. The cork production in Portugal. <I>In: 9th International Oenological Symposium</I>. 581-596. E. Lemperle, E. Figlestahler (ed), International Association for Modern winery techonology and manangment, Cascais, Portugal. </p>    <p>Castera-Rossignol, A., 1983. Controle microbiologique des bouchons. Bouchons steriles. Conditions de conservation des bouchons. <I>Conn. Vigne Vin</I>, 17, 183-193. </p>    <p>Ch&acirc;tonnet, P., 1994, L&#146;origine des go&ucirc;ts de moisi. <I>La Vigne</I>, 4, 48-49. </p>    <p>Ch&acirc;tonnet, P., Guimberteau, G., Dubourdieu, D., Boidron, J.N., 1994. Nature et origine des odeurs de &#147;moisi&#148; dans les caves. Incidences sur la contamination des vins<I>. J. Int. Scie. Vigne Vin</I>, 28, 131-151. </p>    <p>Danesh P., 1996. <I>O &#147;gosto da rolha&#148; em vinhos. Isolamento e identifica&ccedil;&atilde;o dos microorganismos eventualmente associados a sua forma&ccedil;&atilde;o</I>. 131 p. Tese de Mestrado, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade Ci&ecirc;ncias e Tecnologia. </p>    <p>Danesh, P., Velez Caldas, F.M., Figueiredo Marques, J.J., San Rom&atilde;o, M.V., 1997. Mycobiota in Portuguese &#147;normal&#148; and green&#148; cork throughout the manufacturing process of stoppers. <I>J. Appl. Microb</I>., 82, 689-694. </p>    <p>Davis, C.R., Fleet, G.H. e. Lee, T.H., 1981. The microflora of wine corks. <I>Aust. Grapegrower & Winemaker</I>, 208, 42-44. </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Davis, C.R., Fleet, G.H., Lee T.H., 1982. Inactivation of wine cork microflora by a commercial sulphur dioxide treatment. <I>Am. J. Enol. Vitic., </I>33, 124-127. </p>    <p>Di Falco, G.R., Samp&oacute;, S., 1992. Cork resistance to fungal attacks. <I>In: Abs. Int. Symposium The sughero in enologia</I>. 119-120. Chiriotti (ed.), Instituto di Enologia, Piacenza, It&aacute;lia. </p>    <p>Dubois, P., Rigaud, J., 1981. A propos du go&ucirc;t du bouchon. <I>Vignes et Vins</I>, 301, 48-49. </p>    <p>Duncan, B.C., Gibson, R.L., Obradovic, D., 1997. 2,4,6 - Trichloroanisole and Cork Production. <I>Wine Ind. J.</I>, 12, 180-184. </p>    <p>Ferreirinha, M.P., 1983. O com&eacute;rcio mundial de produtos corticeiros. <I>Forum Mundial da Corti&ccedil;a</I>, Filcork, Lisboa, Portugal. </p>    <p>Fumi, M.D., Colagrande, O., 1988. Inactivation thermique de la microflore dans les bouchons de li&egrave;ge. <I>Rev. Oenologues</I>, 52, 11-15. </p>    <p>Gerber, N. N., 1968. Geosmin from microorganisms in <I>trans</I>-1,10-dimethyl-<I>trans</I>-9-decalol. <I>Tetrahedron Lett.</I>, 25, 2971-2974. </p>    <p>Gerber, N. N., 1979. Volatile substances from <I>Actinomycetes</I>: their role in the odor pollution of water. <I>Crit. Rev. Microbiol.</I>, 7, 191-214 </p>    <p>Guillemonat, M. A., 1960. Progr&egrave;s recents dans l&#146;&eacute;tude de la constitution chimique du li&egrave;ge. <I>Bull. Fac. Sci. Marseille</I>, 45-53. </p>    <p>J&auml;ger, J.J, Diekmann, D, Lorenz, Jakob, L., 1996. Cork-borne bacteria and yeasts as potential producers of off-flavours in wine. <I>Aust. J. Grape Wine Res.</I>, 2, 35-41. </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Kaminski, E., Stawitcki, S., Wasowicz, E., 1974. Volatile flavor compounds produced by molds of <I>Aspergillus</I>, <I>Penicillium </I>and <I>Fungi imperfecti</I>. <I>J. Appl. Microb., </I>27 (6), 1001-1004. </p>    <p>Lacey, J., 1973. The air spora of a Portuguese cork factory. <I>Ann. Occup. Hyg.</I>, 16, 223-230. </p>    <p>Lee, T.H., 1990. La microbiologie et les &#147;faux go&ucirc;ts&#148; de li&egrave;ge. <I>In: 9th International Oenological Symposium</I>. 653-667. E. Lemperle, E. Figlestahler (ed), International Association for Modern winery techonology and manangment, Cascais, Portugal. </p>    <p>Lee, T.H., Simpson, R.F., 1993. Microbiology and chemistry of cork taints in wine. <I>In: Wine Microbiology and Biotechnology</I>. p. 353-372. Graham Fleet (ed), Harwood Academic Publishers, Chur, Switzerland. </p>    <p>Lefebvre, A., Riboullet, J-M., Boidron, J-N., Rib&eacute;reau-Gayon, P., 1983. Incidence des microorganismes du li&egrave;ge sour les alt&eacute;rations olfactives du vin. <I>Scs. Aliment, </I>3, 265-278. </p>    <p>Lima, C.A.F., 1990. The importance of cork-stoppers for wine-bottling. <I>In: 9th International Oenological Symposium. </I>597-606. E. Lemperle, E. Figlestahler (ed), International Association for Modern winery techonology and manangment, Cascais, Portugal. </p>    <p>Lobo, A., 1993. &Aacute;guas de cozedura da corti&ccedil;a. <I>In: Relat&oacute;rio Final. PEDIP -Programa 5 Miss&otilde;es de Produtividade - Projecto n.&ordm; 668</I>. 25-82. Associa&ccedil;&atilde;o de Industriais e Exportadores de Corti&ccedil;a, Minist&eacute;rio da Ind&uacute;stria e Energia (ed), Portugal. </p>    <p>Maga, J. A., 1978. Simple phenol and phenolic compounds in food flavour. <I>Crit. Rev. Food Sci.</I>, 10, 323-372. </p>    <p>Maujean, A., Millery, P., Lemaresquier, H., 1985. Explications biochimiques et metaboliques de la confusion entre go&ucirc;t de bouchon et go&ucirc;t de moisi. <I>Rev. Fran. Oenol</I>ogie, 99, 55-62. </p>    <p>Milheiro da Costa, R., 1983. A rolha de corti&ccedil;a natural no Mundo. <I>Forum Mundial da Corti&ccedil;a</I>, Filcork, Lisboa, Portugal. </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Moreau, M., 1978. La mycoflore des bouchon de li&egrave;ge. Son evolution au contact du vin; consequ&eacute;nces possibles du m&eacute;tabolisme des moisissures. <I>Rev. Mycol</I>., 12, 155-189. </p>    <p>Moreau, M., 1979. Les Moisissures des Bouchons. <I>Bull. OIV</I>, 842-849. </p>    <p>Pereira, H., 1992. The thermochemical degradation of cork. <I>Wood Sci. Technol.</I>, 26, 259-269. </p>    <p>Pereira, H., 1993. Qualidade de processamento da corti&ccedil;a. <I>In: Relat&oacute;rio Final. PEDIP - Programa 5 - Miss&otilde;es de Produtividade - Projecto n.&ordm; 664. </I>1-79. Associa&ccedil;&atilde;o de Industriais e Exportadores de Corti&ccedil;a, Minist&eacute;rio da Ind&uacute;stria e Energia (ed), Portugal. </p>    <p>Pereira, H., Ferreira, M.V., Faria, M.G.P., 1979. Qu&iacute;mica da corti&ccedil;a. 1-Estudos de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o com &aacute;gua. <I>A corti&ccedil;a- Boletim I.P.F</I>., 485, 296-300 </p>    <p>Pes, A., Vodret, A., 1971. <I>Il gusto di tappo nei vini in bottiglia</I>. Stazione sperimentale del Sughero, Tempo-Pausania, Sardenha, It&aacute;lia. </p>    <p>Ramalho de Almeida, A., 1996. A corti&ccedil;a: do sobreiro &agrave; sua comercializa&ccedil;&atilde;o. Import&acirc;ncia na ind&uacute;stria nacional. <I>Revista Portuguesa de Pneumologia</I>. II, 6: 7-10. </p>    <p>Rib&eacute;reau-Gayon, P., Glories, Y., Maujean, A., Dubourdieu, D., 1998. <I>In: Trait&eacute; d&#146;Oneologie. 2Chimie du vin. Stabilisation et traitements</I>. 519 p. Dunod (ed.), Paris, Fran&ccedil;a. </p>    <p>Riboulet, J.-M., 1982. <I>Contribution a l&#146;&eacute;tude chimique et microbiologique des &#147;go&ucirc;ts de bouchon&#148; dans les vins</I>. 191 p. Tese de Doutoramento. Institut d&#146;Oenologie -Universit&eacute; de Bordeaux II, Fran&ccedil;a. </p>    <p>Riboulet, J.-M., 1989. Go&ucirc;ts de bouchon: le point sur les origines et les recherches. <I>Resumes des interventions du 4e Symposium International des M&eacute;tiers de la Vigne et du Vin - Odeurs et Go&ucirc;ts Anormaux des Vins</I>, Chateaux de Chaintre, Fran&ccedil;a. </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Rigaud, J., Issanchou, S., Sarris, J., Langlois, D., 1984. Incidence des compos&eacute;s volatils issus du li&egrave;ge sur le &#147;go&ucirc;t de bouchon&#148; des vins. <I>Scs. Aliment</I>, 41, 81-93 </p>    <p>Rosa, E., 1993. Verde da corti&ccedil;a<I>. In: Relat&oacute;rio final. PEDIP -Programa 5 -Miss&otilde;es de Produtividade </I>-Projecto n.&ordm; 664. 80-95. Associa&ccedil;&atilde;o de Industriais e Exportadores de Corti&ccedil;a, Minist&eacute;rio da Ind&uacute;stria e Energia (ed), Portugal. </p>    <p>Saxby, M. J., 1992. A survey of chemicals causing taints and off-flavours in food. <I>In: Food Taints and off-flavours</I>. 41-71. Sasby M. J (ed.), Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, UK. </p>    <p>Schaeffer, A., Mayer, J.-P., Guillerm, A., 1978. &Eacute;tude sur l&#146;origine du &#147;go&ucirc;t de bouchon&#148; dans les vins. <I>Rev. Fr. Oeno., </I>70, 25-29. </p>    <p>Silva Pereira, C., Oliveira, A.C., Cunha, P., Peres, C.M., Figueiredo Marques, J.J., Barreto Crespo, M.T., San Rom&atilde;o, M.V., 1999 a. Cork Stoppers Industry: Mould Colonisation and Environment. <I>IX International Congress of Bacteriology and Applied Microbiology</I>. Sydney. Austr&aacute;lia. </p>    <p>Silva Pereira, C., Leal, S., Santos, C., San Rom&atilde;o, M. V, Figueiredo Marques, J. J., 1998. Influence of <I>Chrysonilia sitophila </I>development on the cork slabs on the cork stoppers quality<I>. In: XXIII Congr&eacute;s Mondial de la Vigne et du Vin. L&#146;Oenologie de l&#146;avenir et la qualit&eacute; de Vie</I>. 66-69. Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho (ed.), Lisboa, Portugal. </p>    <p>Silva Pereira, C., Pires, A., Valle, M. J., Vilas Boas, L., Figueiredo Marques, J. J., San Rom&atilde;o, </p>    <p>M. V., 1999 b. Role of <I>Chrysonilia sitophila </I>on the quality for cork stoppers for sealing wine bottles (acc. J. <I>Indust. Microbiol</I>.)<I>. </I></p>    <p>Tanner, H. Zanier, C., 1983. Uber die Bestimung der Chloroanisole in Wein und in Korktopfen. <I>Schweiz. Ztschr. F. Obst-und Weinbau</I>, 117. 468-473, citados por Cantagrel, R. e Vidal, J.P., 1990. </p>    <p>Tanner, H., Zanier, C., 1981. Zur analytischen Differenzierung von Muffton und Korkgesmack in Weinen. <I>Schweiz. Ztschr. F. Obst-und Weinbau</I>, 117, 26, 752-757, citados por Ch&acirc;tonnet <I>et al</I>, 1994. </p>    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Tindale, C.R., 1987. Shipping container floors: a potential source of chloroanisole contamination in packaged dried fruit. <I>Chem. Ind.-London</I>, 458-459. </p>    <p>Tindale, C.R., Whitfield, F.B., Levingston S. D., Nguyen, T.H.L., 1989. Fungi isolated from packaging materials: Their role in the production of 2,4,6-trichloroanisole. <I>J. Sci. Food Agr., </I>49, 437-447. </p>    <p>Wurdig, G., 1975. Vorsicht bei der Anwendung von Fassanssendesinfektionmitteln. <I>Die Weinwirtschalft</I>, 111, 1250-1251. </p>     ]]></body><back>
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