<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0254-0223</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência Téc. Vitiv.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0254-0223</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INIAV - DOIS PORTOS (Ex-Estação Vitivinícola Nacional)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0254-02232004000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Implicações da utilização de bentonites sobre a fracção mineral de vinhos: potássio, sódio, cálcio, alumínio e chumbo. efeito do pH]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Influence of bentonites on mineral composition of wine: potassium, sodium, calcium, aluminium, lead. pH effect]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[L’influence des bentonites dans la composition minérale des vins: potassium, sodium, calcium, aluminium, plomb. L’effet du pH]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catarino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sofia]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Soares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curvelo-Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R. Bruno de]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,INIAP - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas Estação Vitivinícola Nacional ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Dois Portos ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Instituto Superior de Agronomia Departamento de Química Agrícola e Ambiental]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>29</fpage>
<lpage>45</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0254-02232004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0254-02232004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0254-02232004000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[A bentonite é um produto enológico com vasta aplicação na clarificação e estabilização proteica de mostos e vinhos brancos, representando um risco não negligenciável de introdução de contaminação mineral, com possíveis implicações ao nível da sua qualidade higiénica, organoléptica e legal. O conhecimento dos fenómenos de extracção e cedência de elementos minerais para o meio, e dos factores com influência nesses fenómenos, é fundamental para prevenir a ocorrência dessas contaminações. No presente artigo, são apresentados resultados parcelares de um estudo envolvendo ensaios de extracção com 6 bentonites, em solução de ácido tartárico e em vinhos, sendo investigada a influência do pH do meio nos fenómenos de extracção e cedência de elementos minerais. A avaliação da fracção mineral, envolvendo o doseamento de mais de 50 elementos, maioritários, minoritários, vestigiais e subvestigiais, foi realizada com recurso às técnicas analíticas de FAAS, GFAAS e ICP-MS. Os resultados encontrados não podem ser directamente extrapolados no que respeita à quantidade de elemento cedida ou retirada ao vinho, dado terem sido obtidos em condições experimentais específicas. Verificaram-se enriquecimentos nos teores de Na, Ca, Al e diminuição do teor de K. De acordo com a bentonite aplicada, ocorreram aumentos e decréscimos no teor de Pb. O pH exerce efeito significativo na cedência de Ca (aumentando com o pH), Al e Pb (diminuindo com o pH), não afectando a cedência de K e Na (no intervalo de pH 2,9 a 3,6). As características físico-químicas das bentonites utilizadas são um factor determinante, tendo-se observado grande variabilidade de comportamento e nas quantidades cedidas, nas mesmas condições experimentais.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Bentonites are enological products widely utilised on clarification and proteic stabilization of musts and white wines. The risk of mineral contamination, associated with hygienic, sensory and legal quality of wines, should not be neglected. The knowledge of extraction and mineral elements release phenomena and influence factors are very important to prevent this contamination. The aim of the present work was to investigate the extraction phenomena, the nature of extraction solution and pH level. 6 different bentonites, in wine and tartaric acid solution, at 3 pH levels (2,9 to 3,6), were studied. The analysis of extraction solutions were realised by FAAS, GFAAS and ICP-MS. More than 50 mineral elements (major, minor and trace elements) were analysed. The results were obtained at specific experimental conditions, so, they should not be directly applied to wine, concerning the mineral contents. Bentonite-treated wines showed higher Ca, Na and Al contents, while K contents decreased. The influence of bentonite on Pb contents was very important: some bentonites increased this metal content, while others decreased it. The pH effect showed to be significant on Ca, Al and Pb releases: higher Ca contents were found at pH 3,6. On the other hand, Al and Pb extraction and release decreased with pH increase. Bentonite factor was determinative on mineral elements amounts released, depending on pH value.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Les bentonites sont des produits œnologiques largement utilisés dans la stabilisation protéique et dans la clarification des moûts et des vins. Les risques des contaminations minérales ne doivent pas être minimisés, à cause de leurs implications sur la qualité des vins, sous les points de vue sensorielle, légal et de sécurité alimentaire. La connaissance des phénomènes concernant l’extraction des éléments minéraux et des facteurs influents est très importante pour éviter les contaminations. Dans cet article, on présente l’évaluation de l’influence des bentonites employées, de la nature de la solution d’extraction et du niveau du pH. On a étudié 6 différentes bentonites, dans le vin et dans une solution d’acide tartrique, pour 3 niveaux de pH (2,9 à 3,6). Les analyses des solutions d’extraction ont été réalisées par FAAS, GFAAS et ICP-MS. On a analysé plus que 50 éléments minéraux. Les résultats trouvés ne pourront pas être directement extrapolés en ce qui concerne la quantité des éléments cédée ou retirée au vin, parce qu’ils ont été obtenus dans conditions différentes de la pratique œnologique. Pour les vins traités avec des bentonites, les teneurs de Ca, Na et Al sont plus élevées, tandis que la teneur de K est inférieure. L’influence sur la teneur en Pb est moins importante : quelques bentonites pourront conduire à une augmentation de cette teneur, tandis que des autres la pourront baisser. L’effet du pH est négligenciable pour le Ca, Al et Pb ; des valeurs plus élevées ont été trouvées pour le Ca à pH de 3,6. L’extraction de Al et Pb diminue avec l’augmentation du pH. Les caractéristiques physicochimiques des bentonites sont déterminantes, avec des différences significatives pour l’extraction des différents éléments et pour l’influence du pH.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[vinho]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[bentonites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[pH]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[K]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Ca]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Na]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Al]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Pb]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bentonites]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[pH]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[K]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Ca]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Na]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Al]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pb]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>IMPLICA&Ccedil;&Otilde;ES DA UTILIZA&Ccedil;&Atilde;O DE    BENTONITES SOBRE A FRAC&Ccedil;&Atilde;O MINERAL DE VINHOS: POT&Aacute;SSIO,    S&Oacute;DIO, C&Aacute;LCIO, ALUM&Iacute;NIO E CHUMBO. EFEITO DO pH</b> </div>     <P   align="center" >&nbsp;</P   >     <p align="center"><b> Sofia Catarino<Sup> 1, 2</Sup>, Jos&eacute; Soares<Sup>1,3</Sup>,    A.S. Curvelo-Garcia<Sup>1</Sup>, R. Bruno de Sousa</b><Sup>2</Sup></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><Sup>1</Sup> INIAP. Esta&ccedil;&atilde;o Vitivin&iacute;cola    Nacional. 2565-191 Dois Portos. Portugal. E-mail: <a href="mailto:inia.evn@oninet.pt">inia.evn@oninet.pt</a>  </p>     <p align="center"><Sup>2 </Sup>Instituto Superior de Agronomia &#150; Departamento    de Qu&iacute;mica Agr&iacute;cola e Ambiental. Tapada da Ajuda. 1349-017 Lisboa.    Portugal. E-mail: <a href="mailto:brunosousa@isa.utl.pt">brunosousa@isa.utl.pt</a>  </p>     <p align="center"><Sup>3 </Sup>Estagirio da Universidade de Tr&aacute;s-os-Montes    e Alto Douro</p>     <p align="center"><I>(Manuscrito recebido em 20.04.04. Aceite para publica&ccedil;&atilde;o    em 28.06.04.)</I> </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="center"><b>RESUMO</b> </P   >     <p>A bentonite &eacute; um produto enol&oacute;gico com vasta aplica&ccedil;&atilde;o    na clarifica&ccedil;&atilde;o e estabiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o proteica de mostos    e vinhos brancos, representando um risco n&atilde;o negligenci&aacute;vel de    introdu&ccedil;&atilde;o de contamina&ccedil;&atilde;o mineral, com poss&iacute;veis    implica&ccedil;&otilde;es ao n&iacute;vel da sua qualidade higi&eacute;nica,    organol&eacute;ptica e legal. O conhecimento dos fen&oacute;menos de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o    e ced&ecirc;ncia de elementos minerais para o meio, e dos factores com influ&ecirc;ncia    nesses fen&oacute;menos, &eacute; fundamental para prevenir a ocorr&ecirc;ncia    dessas contamina&ccedil;&otilde;es.</P   >     <P   align="justify" >No presente artigo, s&atilde;o apresentados resultados parcelares de um estudo envolvendo ensaios de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o com 6 bentonites, em solu&ccedil;&atilde;o de &aacute;cido tart&aacute;rico e em vinhos, sendo investigada a influ&ecirc;ncia do pH do meio nos fen&oacute;menos de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o e ced&ecirc;ncia de elementos minerais. A avalia&ccedil;&atilde;o da frac&ccedil;&atilde;o mineral, envolvendo o doseamento de mais de 50 elementos, maiorit&aacute;rios, minorit&aacute;rios, vestigiais e subvestigiais, foi realizada com recurso &agrave;s t&eacute;cnicas anal&iacute;ticas de FAAS, GFAAS e ICP-MS. </P >     <P   align="justify" >Os resultados encontrados n&atilde;o podem ser directamente extrapolados no que    respeita &agrave; quantidade de elemento cedida ou retirada ao vinho, dado terem    sido obtidos em condi&ccedil;&otilde;es experimentais espec&iacute;ficas. Verificaram-se    enriquecimentos nos teores de Na, Ca, Al e diminui&ccedil;&atilde;o do teor    de K. De acordo com a bentonite aplicada, ocorreram aumentos e decr&eacute;scimos    no teor de Pb. O pH exerce efeito significativo na ced&ecirc;ncia de Ca (aumentando    com o pH), Al e Pb (diminuindo com o pH), n&atilde;o afectando a ced&ecirc;ncia    de K e Na (no intervalo de pH 2,9 a 3,6). As caracter&iacute;sticas f&iacute;sico-qu&iacute;micas    das bentonites utilizadas s&atilde;o um factor determinante, tendo-se observado    grande variabilidade de comportamento e nas quantidades cedidas, nas mesmas    condi&ccedil;&otilde;es experimentais. </P >     <P   align="left" ><b>Palavras-chave:</b> vinho, bentonites, pH, K, Ca, Na, Al, Pb </P >     <p></P  > </p> </P  >       <p>&nbsp;</p>      <P   align="center" ><b>SUMMARY</b> </P >     <div align="center"><b>Influence of bentonites on mineral composition of wine:    potassium, sodium, calcium, aluminium, lead. pH effect </b> </P > </div>     <P   align="justify" >Bentonites are enological products widely utilised on clarification and proteic    stabilization of musts and white wines. The risk of mineral contamination, associated    with hygienic, sensory and legal quality of wines, should not be neglected.    The knowledge of extraction and mineral elements release phenomena and influence    factors are very important to prevent this contamination. The aim of the present    work was to investigate the extraction phenomena, the nature of extraction solution    and pH level. 6 different bentonites, in wine and tartaric acid solution, at    3 pH levels (2,9 to 3,6), were studied. The analysis of extraction solutions    were realised by FAAS, GFAAS and ICP-MS. More than 50 mineral elements (major,    minor and trace elements) were analysed. The results were obtained at specific    experimental conditions, so, they should not be directly applied to wine, concerning    the mineral contents. Bentonite-treated wines showed higher Ca, Na and Al contents,    while K contents decreased. The influence of bentonite on Pb contents was very    important: some bentonites increased this metal content, while others decreased    it. The pH effect showed to be significant on Ca, Al and Pb releases: higher    Ca contents were found at pH 3,6. On the other hand, Al and Pb extraction and    release decreased with pH increase. Bentonite factor was determinative on mineral    elements amounts released, depending on pH value. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="left">      <p><b>Key words:</b> wine, bentonites, pH, K, Ca, Na, Al, Pb </P  >     <P   align="justify" >&nbsp;</P >     <P   align="justify" >&nbsp;</P >     <P   align="justify" >&nbsp;</P >     <P   align="center" ><b>RESUME</b> </P >    <P   align="center" ><b>L&#146;influence des bentonites dans la composition min&eacute;rale des vins&nbsp;: potassium, sodium, calcium, aluminium, plomb. L&#146;effet du pH</b> </P >    <P   align="justify" >Les bentonites sont des produits &#156;nologiques largement utilis&eacute;s dans la stabilisation prot&eacute;ique et dans la clarification des mo&ucirc;ts et des vins. Les risques des contaminations min&eacute;rales ne doivent pas &ecirc;tre minimis&eacute;s, &agrave; cause de leurs implications sur la qualit&eacute; des vins, sous les points de vue sensorielle, l&eacute;gal et de s&eacute;curit&eacute; alimentaire. La connaissance des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes concernant l&#146;extraction des &eacute;l&eacute;ments min&eacute;raux et des facteurs influents est tr&egrave;s importante pour &eacute;viter les contaminations. Dans cet article, on pr&eacute;sente l&#146;&eacute;valuation de l&#146;influence des bentonites employ&eacute;es, de la nature de la solution d&#146;extraction et du niveau du pH. On a &eacute;tudi&eacute; 6 diff&eacute;rentes bentonites, dans le vin et dans une solution d&#146;acide tartrique, pour 3 niveaux de pH (2,9 &agrave; 3,6). Les analyses des solutions d&#146;extraction ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;alis&eacute;es par FAAS, GFAAS et ICP-MS. On a analys&eacute; plus que 50 &eacute;l&eacute;ments min&eacute;raux. Les r&eacute;sultats trouv&eacute;s ne pourront pas &ecirc;tre directement extrapol&eacute;s en ce qui concerne la quantit&eacute; des &eacute;l&eacute;ments c&eacute;d&eacute;e ou retir&eacute;e au vin, parce qu&#146;ils ont &eacute;t&eacute; obtenus dans conditions diff&eacute;rentes de la pratique &#156;nologique. Pour les vins trait&eacute;s avec des bentonites, les teneurs de Ca, Na et Al sont plus &eacute;lev&eacute;es, tandis que la teneur de K est inf&eacute;rieure. L&#146;influence sur la teneur en Pb est moins importante&nbsp;: quelques bentonites pourront conduire &agrave; une augmentation de cette teneur, tandis que des autres la pourront baisser. L&#146;effet du pH est n&eacute;gligenciable pour le Ca, Al et Pb ; des valeurs plus &eacute;lev&eacute;es ont &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute;es pour le Ca &agrave; pH de 3,6. L&#146;extraction de Al et Pb diminue avec l&#146;augmentation du pH. Les caract&eacute;ristiques physicochimiques des bentonites sont d&eacute;terminantes, avec des diff&eacute;rences significatives pour l&#146;extraction des diff&eacute;rents &eacute;l&eacute;ments et pour l&#146;influence du pH. </P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   align="justify" >Texto completo apenas em formato pdf.</P         >     <p>Full text only in pdf format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>    <P   >&nbsp;</P >     <P   align="center" ><b>REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS</b> </P >    <!-- ref --><P   align="justify" >Almeida C.M.R., 2002. <I>Isotopic and multi-element characterisation of wine for identification of lead contamination sources and of the provenance region</I>. Tese de doutoramento. 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