<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0254-0223</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência Téc. Vitiv.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0254-0223</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INIAV - DOIS PORTOS (Ex-Estação Vitivinícola Nacional)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0254-02232006000100002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Release of contaminant elements from bentonites to wine: a contribution to achieve a test solution]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Cedência de elementos contaminantes de bentonites ao vinho: contributo para a optimização de uma solução teste]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Transmission de quelques éléments minéraux des bentonites aux vins: une contribution pour l’optimisation d’une solution teste]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Catarino]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sofia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Madeira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Monteiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Curvelo-Garcia]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[A.S.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bruno de Sousa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[R.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas Estação Vitivinícola Nacional ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Dois Portos ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Instituto Superior de Agronomia Departamento de Ciências do Ambiente]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Instituto Superior de Agronomia Departamento de Química Agrícola e Ambiental]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2006</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>17</fpage>
<lpage>31</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0254-02232006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0254-02232006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0254-02232006000100002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The release of mineral elements from six bentonites to wine and to the test solution established by the OIV was evaluated in order to compare the extraction performance of both solutions. Significant differences between wine and tartaric solution results for thirty-four mineral elements analysed by AAS, ETAAS and ICP-MS were observed, suggesting that the extraction solution proposed by the OIV is not suitable for bentonite quality control purposes. Taking into account bentonite maximum extractable amounts defined by the OIV, some samples showed higher concentrations for Na (B3 and B8), Al (B8), Fe (B5) and As (B9). An additional extraction essay involving two bentonites, wine and two complex test solutions containing the major mineral elements of wine (K, Ca, Na and Mg) and protein (wine protein and BSA) was carried out. Significant differences were observed for all elements with exception of Sc, Mn, Co, W and Bi. For several elements, such as Na, Mg (test solution with BSA) V, Ni, Ga, Zr, Cd, In, Sb, Tl and U, the similarity of wine and test solutions content variations was satisfactory. The protein nature of test solutions seemed to have a decisive role in some element changes, probably related to wine protein and BSA distinct volume. In general, the test solution containing wine protein was a slightly better simulator of wine performance. However, the above mentioned test solutions did not simulated wine performance in a total satisfactory way, and further work should be performed on extraction solution composition.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Tendo por objectivo principal avaliar e comparar a capacidade de extracção mineral da solução teste indicada pelo OIV relativamente à capacidade de extracção de um vinho, realizou-se um ensaio experimental envolvendo seis bentonites. A composição mineral das soluções de extracção foi determinada por FAAS, ETAAS e ICP-MS, observando-se diferenças significativas entre as variações dos teores de 34 elementos no vinho e na solução de ácido tartárico estabelecida pelo OIV, verificadas em consequência da adição de bentonite. A solução teste indicada pelo OIV parece assim inadequada para fins de controlo da qualidade das bentonites, uma vez que não reflecte o enriquecimento mineral observado no vinho. Algumas bentonites apresentaram teores extraíveis de Na, Al, Fe e As superiores aos estabelecidos pelo OIV. Um segundo ensaio de extracção foi realizado com duas bentonites, vinho e duas soluções teste contendo elementos minerais maioritários no vinho (K, Ca, Na e Mg), proteína de vinho (BSA, em alternativa). Observaram-se diferenças significativas entre as variações de teores no vinho e nas soluções teste para todos os elementos, com excepção do Sc, Mn, Co, W and Bi. Para os elementos Na, Mg (solução teste com BSA), V, Ni, Ga, Zr, Cd, In, Sb, Tl e U, os resultados obtidos foram considerados aceitáveis. A natureza da proteína utilizada nas soluções teste parece importante nas alterações de concentração verificadas por alguns elementos. De um modo geral a solução com proteína de vinho conduziu a resultados mais favoráveis. Contudo, os resultados não são ainda completamente satisfatórios pelo que se considera ser necessário prosseguir os estudos com vista à obtenção de uma solução teste capaz de simular a capacidade de extracção do vinho.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[On a effectué un essai expérimental concernant six bentonites, en envisageant l’objectif d’évaluer et comparer la capacité d’extraction minérale de la solution teste proposée par l’OIV, relativement à la capacité d’extraction d’un vin. La composition minérale des solutions d’extraction a été déterminée par FAAS, ETAAS et ICP-MS. On a observé des différences significatives entre les variations des teneurs de 34 éléments dans le vin et dans la solution de l’acide tartrique établie par l’OIV, vérifiées en conséquence de l’addition de bentonite. La solution teste proposée par l’OIV se montre ainsi impropre pour les fins de contrôle de la qualité des bentonites, une fois qu’elle n’est pas concernée à l’enrichissement minéral observé dans le vin. Quelques bentonites ont présenté des teneurs extractibles de Na, Al, Fe et As plus grandes aux établies par l’OIV. Dans un deuxième essai d’extraction, on a employé deux bentonites, un vin et deux solutions teste en contenant les éléments minéraux majoritaires dans les vins (K, Ca, Na et Mg) et une protéine de vin (BSA, en alternative). On a observé des différences significatives entre les variations des teneurs dans le vin et dans les solutions teste pour tous les éléments, sauf pour Sc, Mn, Co, W et Bi. Pour les éléments Na, Mg (solution teste avec BSA), V, Ni, Ga, Zr, Cd, In, Sb, Tl et U ; les résultats obtenus sont acceptables. La nature de la protéine employée dans les solutions teste paraît importante pour les modifications de concentration vérifiées pour quelques éléments. D’une façon générale, la solution avec la protéine de vin a donné des résultats plus favorables. Cependant, les résultats ne sont pas encore complètement satisfaisants. Ainsi, il y a besoin de continuer ces études en envisageant l’obtention d’une solution teste capable de simuler la capacité d’extraction du vin.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[contaminant elements]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[bentonite]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[wine]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[test solution]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ICP-MS]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[elementos contaminantes]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[bentonite]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[vinho]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[solução teste]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[ICP-MS]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P align="center"><b>Release of contaminant elements from bentonites to wine:    a contribution to achieve a test solution</b></P>      <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>      <P align="center"> <b>Sofia Catarino<Sup>*1,3</Sup>, M. Madeira<Sup>2</Sup>, F.    Monteiro<Sup>2</Sup>, A.S. Curvelo-Garcia<Sup>1</Sup>, </b><b>R. Bruno de Sousa<sup>3</sup></b></P>     <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center"><Sup>1</Sup> Instituto Nacional de Investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o    Agr&aacute;ria e das Pescas. Esta&ccedil;&atilde;o Vitivin&iacute;cola Nacional.    2565-191 Dois Portos. Portugal. E-mail: <a href="mailto:evn.sofia.catarino@mail.net4b.pt">evn.sofia.catarino@mail.net4b.pt</a>  </P>     <P align="center"><Sup>2</Sup> Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Departamento de    Ci&ecirc;ncias do Ambiente. Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa. Portugal. </P>     <P align="center"><Sup>3</Sup> Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Departamento de    Qu&iacute;mica Agr&iacute;cola e Ambiental. Tapada de Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa.    Portugal. </P>     <P align="center"><I>(Manuscrito recebido em 18.04.06 . Aceite para publica&ccedil;&atilde;o    em 22.06.06.) </I></P>      <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="center"><b>SUMMARY </b></P>     <P   align="justify">The release of mineral elements from six bentonites to wine and    to the test solution established by the OIV was evaluated in order to compare    the extraction performance of both solutions. Significant differences between    wine and tartaric solution results for thirty-four mineral elements analysed    by AAS, ETAAS and ICP-MS were observed, suggesting that the extraction solution    proposed by the OIV is not suitable for bentonite quality control purposes.    Taking into account bentonite maximum extractable amounts defined by the OIV,    some samples showed higher concentrations for Na (B3 and B8), Al (B8), Fe (B5)    and As (B9). An additional extraction essay involving two bentonites, wine and    two complex test solutions containing the major mineral elements of wine (K,    Ca, Na and Mg) and protein (wine protein and BSA) was carried out. Significant    differences were observed for all elements with exception of Sc, Mn, Co, W and    Bi. For several elements, such as Na, Mg (test solution with BSA) V, Ni, Ga,    Zr, Cd, In, Sb, Tl and U, the similarity of wine and test solutions content    variations was satisfactory. The protein nature of test solutions seemed to    have a decisive role in some element changes, probably related to wine protein    and BSA distinct volume. In general, the test solution containing wine protein    was a slightly better simulator of wine performance. However, the above mentioned    test solutions did not simulated wine performance in a total satisfactory way,    and further work should be performed on extraction solution composition. </P>      <P align="justify"><b>Keywords</b>: contaminant elements, bentonite,    wine, test solution, ICP-MS </P>      <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>      <P align="center"><b>RESUMO</b></P>       <P align="center"><b>Ced&ecirc;ncia de elementos contaminantes de bentonites ao    vinho: contributo para a optimiza&ccedil;&atilde;o de uma solu&ccedil;&atilde;o    teste </b></P>      <P align="justify">Tendo por objectivo principal avaliar e comparar a capacidade    de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o mineral da solu&ccedil;&atilde;o teste indicada pelo    OIV relativamente &agrave; capacidade de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o de um vinho,    realizou-se um ensaio experimental envolvendo seis bentonites. A composi&ccedil;&atilde;o    mineral das solu&ccedil;&otilde;es de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o foi determinada    por FAAS, ETAAS e ICP-MS, observando-se diferen&ccedil;as significativas entre    as varia&ccedil;&otilde;es dos teores de 34 elementos no vinho e na solu&ccedil;&atilde;o    de &aacute;cido tart&aacute;rico estabelecida pelo OIV, verificadas em consequ&ecirc;ncia    da adi&ccedil;&atilde;o de bentonite. A solu&ccedil;&atilde;o teste indicada    pelo OIV parece assim inadequada para fins de controlo da qualidade das bentonites,    uma vez que n&atilde;o reflecte o enriquecimento mineral observado no vinho.    Algumas bentonites apresentaram teores extra&iacute;veis de Na, Al, Fe e As    superiores aos estabelecidos pelo OIV. Um segundo ensaio de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o    foi realizado com duas bentonites, vinho e duas solu&ccedil;&otilde;es teste    contendo elementos minerais maiorit&aacute;rios no vinho (K, Ca, Na e Mg), prote&iacute;na    de vinho (BSA, em alternativa). Observaram-se diferen&ccedil;as significativas    entre as varia&ccedil;&otilde;es de teores no vinho e nas solu&ccedil;&otilde;es    teste para todos os elementos, com excep&ccedil;&atilde;o do Sc, Mn, Co, W and    Bi. Para os elementos Na, Mg (solu&ccedil;&atilde;o teste com BSA), V, Ni, Ga,    Zr, Cd, In, Sb, Tl e U, os resultados obtidos foram considerados aceit&aacute;veis.    A natureza da prote&iacute;na utilizada nas solu&ccedil;&otilde;es teste parece    importante nas altera&ccedil;&otilde;es de concentra&ccedil;&atilde;o verificadas    por alguns elementos. De um modo geral a solu&ccedil;&atilde;o com prote&iacute;na    de vinho conduziu a resultados mais favor&aacute;veis. Contudo, os resultados    n&atilde;o s&atilde;o ainda completamente satisfat&oacute;rios pelo que se considera    ser necess&aacute;rio prosseguir os estudos com vista &agrave; obten&ccedil;&atilde;o    de uma solu&ccedil;&atilde;o teste capaz de simular a capacidade de extrac&ccedil;&atilde;o    do vinho. </P>      <P align="justify"><b>Palavras chave</b>: elementos contaminantes, bentonite,    vinho, solu&ccedil;&atilde;o teste, ICP-MS </P>      <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>      <P align="center"><b>R&Eacute;SUM&Eacute;</b></P>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="center"><b>Transmission de quelques &eacute;l&eacute;ments min&eacute;raux    des bentonites aux vins&nbsp;: une contribution pour l&#146;optimisation d&#146;une    solution teste </b></P>      <P align="justify">On a effectu&eacute; un essai exp&eacute;rimental concernant    six bentonites, en envisageant l&#146;objectif d&#146;&eacute;valuer et comparer    la capacit&eacute; d&#146;extraction min&eacute;rale de la solution teste propos&eacute;e    par l&#146;OIV, relativement &agrave; la capacit&eacute; d&#146;extraction d&#146;un    vin. La composition min&eacute;rale des solutions d&#146;extraction a &eacute;t&eacute;    d&eacute;termin&eacute;e par FAAS, ETAAS et ICP-MS. On a observ&eacute; des    diff&eacute;rences significatives entre les variations des teneurs de 34 &eacute;l&eacute;ments    dans le vin et dans la solution de l&#146;acide tartrique &eacute;tablie par    l&#146;OIV, v&eacute;rifi&eacute;es en cons&eacute;quence de l&#146;addition    de bentonite. La solution teste propos&eacute;e par l&#146;OIV se montre ainsi    impropre pour les fins de contr&ocirc;le de la qualit&eacute; des bentonites,    une fois qu&#146;elle n&#146;est pas concern&eacute;e &agrave; l&#146;enrichissement    min&eacute;ral observ&eacute; dans le vin. Quelques bentonites ont pr&eacute;sent&eacute;    des teneurs extractibles de Na, Al, Fe et As plus grandes aux &eacute;tablies    par l&#146;OIV. Dans un deuxi&egrave;me essai d&#146;extraction, on a employ&eacute;    deux bentonites, un vin et deux solutions teste en contenant les &eacute;l&eacute;ments    min&eacute;raux majoritaires dans les vins (K, Ca, Na et Mg) et une prot&eacute;ine    de vin (BSA, en alternative). On a observ&eacute; des diff&eacute;rences significatives    entre les variations des teneurs dans le vin et dans les solutions teste pour    tous les &eacute;l&eacute;ments, sauf pour Sc, Mn, Co, W et Bi. Pour les &eacute;l&eacute;ments    Na, Mg (solution teste avec BSA), V, Ni, Ga, Zr, Cd, In, Sb, Tl et U&nbsp;;    les r&eacute;sultats obtenus sont acceptables. La nature de la prot&eacute;ine    employ&eacute;e dans les solutions teste para&icirc;t importante pour les modifications    de concentration v&eacute;rifi&eacute;es pour quelques &eacute;l&eacute;ments.    D&#146;une fa&ccedil;on g&eacute;n&eacute;rale, la solution avec la prot&eacute;ine    de vin a donn&eacute; des r&eacute;sultats plus favorables. Cependant, les r&eacute;sultats    ne sont pas encore compl&egrave;tement satisfaisants. Ainsi, il y a besoin de    continuer ces &eacute;tudes en envisageant l&#146;obtention d&#146;une solution    teste capable de simuler la capacit&eacute; d&#146;extraction du vin. </P>       <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="justify">Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</P>     <P>Full text only available in PDF format.</P>     <P align="justify">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center"></P>     <P align="center"><b>REFERENCES </b></P>     <!-- ref --><P align="justify">Achaerandio I., Pachova V., G&uuml;ell C., L&oacute;pez F., 2001. 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</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Protein adsorption by bentonite in a white wine model solution: effect of protein molecular weight and ethanol concentration]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[American Journal of Enology and Viticulture]]></source>
<year>2001</year>
<volume>52</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<issue>2</issue>
<page-range>122-126</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
