<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0254-0223</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência Téc. Vitiv.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0254-0223</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[INIAV - DOIS PORTOS (Ex-Estação Vitivinícola Nacional)]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0254-02232007000100003</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Study of humidity and water activity of cork slabs during cork stopper manufacturing process: preliminary results]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Estudo da humidade e actividade de água de pranchas de cortiça durante o processo de fabrico de rolhas de cortiça: resultados preliminares]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pires]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. M. C.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[H.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[San-Romão]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M. V.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[OEIRAS ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade Técnica de Lisboa Instituto Superior de Agronomia Centro de Estudos Florestais]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,Estação Vitivinícola Nacional  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[DOIS PORTOS ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>00</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>20</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0254-02232007000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0254-02232007000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0254-02232007000100003&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The main goal of this work was to make evidence of the applicability in the cork stopper industry of a control method along the cork slabs maturing stage after boiling, aiming to ensure the adequate conditions for Chrysonilia sitophila colonisation of cork slabs during that period, avoiding the development of other fungi. Cork humidity and water activity (wa) were used as indicators. Comparing the drying rate of the outer and the inner parts of the bark it could be observed, under the assay conditions, that to attain 0.9 wa, (the critical point for C. sitophila development), 39.8h were necessary in the case of outer bark while inner bark only need 20.4h. As the visible part of the cork slabs corresponds more to its outer part, the time of 40h can be taken as a good visible indicator to limit the cork slabs maturing period after boiling. Moreover it could be observed that under that period of time the evident prevailing fungus on the cork slabs was C. sitophila so probably assuring low probabilities of ‘cork taint’ occurrence, under the conditions propose on this study.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade na indústria da rolha de cortiça, de um método de controlo, ao longo do processo de maturação das pranchas após cozedura, de modo a garantir condições adequadas para a colonização preferencial da cortiça por Chrysonilia sitophila durante aquele período, evitando o desenvolvimento de outros fungos. A humidade da cortiça e a sua actividade de água (wa) foram usados como indicadores. Comparando a taxa de secagem das partes externa e interna da prancha de cortiça, verificou-se, nas condições do ensaio, que, para atingir 0.9 wa, (o ponto crítico para o desenvolvimento de C. sitophila), eram necessaries 39.8h no caso da parte externa e 20.4h no caso da parte interna da cortiça. Uma vez que a parte mais facilmente observável da prancha é a sua parte externa, propõe-se um período de secagem após cozedura, não superior a 40h como um indicador de fácil aplicabilidade. Foi alias observado, como era esperado, que o fungo dominante nas pranchas durante este período de tempo foi C. sitophila, assegurando, em princípio uma baixa probabilidade de ocorrência do ‘gosto a rolha’ nas condições aqui propostas.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cork]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[slabs maturing stage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[humidity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[water activity]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cork taint]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Cortiça]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[período maturação das pranchas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[humidade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[actividade de água]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[gosto a rolha]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Study of humidity and water activity of cork slabs during    cork stopper manufacturing process - preliminary results</b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><b>J. M. C. Pires<sup>1</sup>, H. Pereira<sup>2</sup>, M. V.    San-Romão<sup>1,3</sup></b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><sup>1</sup> Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica/Instituto    de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. Apt. 12. 2781-901    OEIRAS. Portugal. Tel.: 351-21-4469554 Fax: 351-21-4411277 E-mail: <a href="mailto:vsr@itqb.unl.pt">vsr@itqb.unl.pt    </a></p>     <p align="center"><sup>2</sup> Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior    de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa,    Portugal. </p>     <p align="center"><sup>3</sup> Estação Vitivinícola Nacional. 2565-191 DOIS PORTOS.    Portugal. </p>     <p align="center"><i>(Manuscrito recebido em 17.04.07. Aceite para publicação    em 23.07.07.) </i></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>      <p align="center"><b>SUMMARY</b></p>       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify">The main goal of this work was to make evidence of the applicability    in the cork stopper industry of a control method along the cork slabs maturing    stage after boiling, aiming to ensure the adequate conditions for Chrysonilia    sitophila colonisation of cork slabs during that period, avoiding the development    of other fungi. Cork humidity and water activity (wa) were used as indicators.    Comparing the drying rate of the outer and the inner parts of the bark it could    be observed, under the assay conditions, that to attain 0.9 wa, (the critical    point for C. sitophila development), 39.8h were necessary in the case of outer    bark while inner bark only need 20.4h. As the visible part of the cork slabs    corresponds more to its outer part, the time of 40h can be taken as a good visible    indicator to limit the cork slabs maturing period after boiling. Moreover it    could be observed that under that period of time the evident prevailing fungus    on the cork slabs was C. sitophila so probably assuring low probabilities of    ‘cork taint’ occurrence, under the conditions propose on this study. </p>     <p align="justify"><b>Key words</b>: Cork, slabs maturing stage, humidity, water    activity, ‘cork taint’ </p>     <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><b>RESUMO</b></p>     <p align="center"><b>Estudo da humidade e actividade de &aacute;gua de pranchas    de corti&ccedil;a durante o processo de fabrico de rolhas de corti&ccedil;a    &#8211; resultados preliminares</b></p>       <p align="justify">O principal objectivo deste trabalho foi verificar a aplicabilidade    na indústria da rolha de cortiça, de um método de controlo, ao longo do processo    de maturação das pranchas após cozedura, de modo a garantir condições adequadas    para a colonização preferencial da cortiça por Chrysonilia sitophila durante    aquele período, evitando o desenvolvimento de outros fungos. A humidade da cortiça    e a sua actividade de água (wa) foram usados como indicadores. Comparando a    taxa de secagem das partes externa e interna da prancha de cortiça, verificou-se,    nas condições do ensaio, que, para atingir 0.9 wa, (o ponto crítico para o desenvolvimento    de C. sitophila), eram necessaries 39.8h no caso da parte externa e 20.4h no    caso da parte interna da cortiça. Uma vez que a parte mais facilmente observável    da prancha é a sua parte externa, propõe-se um período de secagem após cozedura,    não superior a 40h como um indicador de fácil aplicabilidade. Foi alias observado,    como era esperado, que o fungo dominante nas pranchas durante este período de    tempo foi C. sitophila, assegurando, em princípio uma baixa probabilidade de    ocorrência do ‘gosto a rolha’ nas condições aqui propostas. </p>      <p><strong>Palavras Chave</strong>: Cortiça, período maturação das pranchas, humidade,    actividade de água, ‘gosto a rolha’ </p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><b>REFERENCES </b></p>      <!-- ref --><p align="justify">Beuchat L.R., 1981. Combined effects of solutes and food preservatives    on rates of inactivation of and colony formation by heated spores and vegetative    cells of molds. Appl Environ Microbiol., 41(2):472-477.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000025&pid=S0254-0223200700010000300001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p align="justify">Board R.G., 1992. Ecosystems: microbes: food-; ecological concepts    in food microbiology. In: The Society for Applied Bacteriology: Symposium Series    321. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston. pp. 295. </p>     <p align="justify">Danesh P., Figueiredo Marques J. J., San Romão M. V. 1997.    Mycobiota in Portuguese “normal” and “green” cork throughout the manufacturing    process of stopper. J. Appl. Microbiology, 82: 689-694. </p>     <p align="justify">Fontana Jr, A. J., 2000. Water activity’s role in food safety    and quality. <a href="http://www.decagon.com/appnotes/aw&safety.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.decagon.com/appnotes/aw&safety.pdf</a>  </p>     <p align="justify">Gibson L. J. Easterling K. E., Ashby M. F., 1981. The Structure    and Mechanics of Cork. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A,    Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 377, No. 1769, pp. 99-117.      <p align="justify">Graca J., Pereira H., 2004. The periderm development in Quercus    suber. IAWA Journal, 25 (3): 325–335. <a href="http://www.decagon.com/appnotes/aw&safety.pdf" target="_blank">http://www.decagon.com/appnotes/aw&safety.pdf</a>  </p>     <p align="justify">Hagerdahl-Hahn B., 1986. Water activity: a possible external    regulator in biotechnical processes. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 8:322-323. </p>     <p align="justify">Kuntz L.A., 1992. Keeping microorganisms in control. Food Product    Design, 44-51.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify">Labuza T., 1963. Creation of Moisture Sorption Isotherms for    Hygroscopic materials. Sorption Isotherm Methods. International Symposium on    Humidity and Moisture. (<a href="http://www.fsci.umn.edu/" target="_blank">www.fsci.umn.edu/Ted_Labuza/PDF_files/papersCreation_Moisture_Isotherms.pdf</a>)  </p>     <p align="justify">Montville T.J., 1987. In Food microbiology: concepts in physiology    and metabolism. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.:2-11. </p>     <p align="justify">Mujumdar A S., Devahastin, S. - Fundamental principles of drying    <a href="http://www.geocities.com" target="_blank">http://www.geocities.com/drying_guruchapter1fundamentals.pdf    </a> </p>     <p align="justify">Natividade J. V., 1950. Subericultura 387 p. Lisboa: Ministério    da Economia – Direcção Geral dos Serviços Florestais e Aquícolas. </p>     <p align="justify">Oliveira A.C., Peres C.M., Correia Pires J.M., Silva Pereira    C. Vitorino S., Figueiredo Marques J.J., Barreto Crespo M.T., San Romão M.V.,    2003. Cork stoppers industry: defining appropriate mould colonization. Microbiol.    Res., 158:117-124. </p>     <p align="justify">Parra R., and Magan N., 2004. Modelling the effect of temperature    and water activity on growth of Aspergillus niger strains and applications for    food spoilage moulds. J.Appl Microbiol,, 97, 429– 438. </p>     <p align="justify">Pereira H., 1988. Chemical composition and variability of cork    from Quercus suber L.. Wood Science and Technology, 22:211-218. </p>     <p align="justify">Pitt JJ, Hocking A.D., 1997. Fungi and food spoilage. p 593.    London: Blackie Academic & Professional, Chapman & Hall. </p>     <p align="justify">ilva Pereira C., Figueiredo Marques J. J., San Romão M. V..    2000a. Cork taint in wine: scientific knowledge and public perception – a critical    review. Critical Rreviews in Microbiology. 26 (3):147-162. </p>     <p align="justify">Silva Pereira C., Pires A., del Valle M. J., Vilas-Boas L.,    Figueiredo Marques J. J.,. San Romão M. V., 2000b. Role of Chrysonilia sitophila    on the quality for cork stoppers for sealing wine bottle. J Industrial Microbiol    Biotechnol,, 24:256-261. </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify">Sutherland J.P., 1986. A colour atlas of food quality control:    explanations of symbols, formulae and abbreviations. A Wolf Science Book, London.    p. 8. </p>     <p align="justify">Stencl J., 1999. Water activity of skimmed milk powder in the    temperature range o f 20 – 45 °C., Acta Vet. Brno, 68: 209–215 </p>     <p align="justify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_activity" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_activity</a>  </p>     <p align="justify"><a href="http://www.wateractivity.com/" target="_blank">http://www.wateractivity.com/aw_info.html</a>  </p>     <p align="justify"><a href="http://www.foodtechsource.com/" target="_blank">http://www.foodtechsource.com/rcenter/tech_data/td_water.htm    </a></p>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Beuchat]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.R.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Combined effects of solutes and food preservatives on rates of inactivation of and colony formation by heated spores and vegetative cells of molds]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Appl Environ Microbiol.]]></source>
<year>1981</year>
<volume>2</volume>
<numero>41</numero>
<issue>41</issue>
<page-range>472-477</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
