<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0430-5027</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Finisterra - Revista Portuguesa de Geografia]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Finisterra]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0430-5027</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Centro de Estudos Geográficos]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0430-50272025000300205</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18055/finis39994</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Spatial disparities in population ageing in Bosnia and Herzegovina: K-Means Clustering approach]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Disparidades espaciais no envelhecimento populacional na Bósnia e Herzegóvina: abordagem de Clustering K-Means]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Kadu&#353;i&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alma]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tanovi&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mariana Luki&#263;]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Smaji&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Nedima]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Avdi&#263;]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Aida]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="Aff"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="Af1">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Tuzla Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics Department of Geography]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Tuzla ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bosnia and Herzegovina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af2">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of East Sarajevo Faculty of Philosophy - Pale Department of Geography]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Pale ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bosnia and Herzegovina</country>
</aff>
<aff id="Af3">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Sarajevo Faculty of Science Department of Geography]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Sarajevo ]]></addr-line>
<country>Bosnia and Herzegovina</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>12</month>
<year>2025</year>
</pub-date>
<numero>130</numero>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0430-50272025000300205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0430-50272025000300205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0430-50272025000300205&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Abstract Population ageing is one of the main demographic issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This country has been facing significant ageing, with spatial differences in the pace and level of ageing. To determine spatial disparities in population ageing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, data on ageing coefficient, ageing index, dependency ratio, old-age dependency ratio, and the average age in the period from 2013 to 2023 were used. Cluster analysis is applied to determine groups of municipalities with similar levels of ageing. To group municipalities into clusters, a non-hierarchical clustering method, k-means clustering, is used. Analysis was performed by experimenting with various clustering alternatives between 2 and 5 clusters, while the Elbow method, Calinski-Harabasz pseudo F-statistic, and Tukey`s Honestly Significant Difference test were used to validate the appropriate number of clusters. Results confirmed clusters with different levels of population ageing in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The most adverse trends in population ageing are confirmed in the rural municipalities of Western Herzegovina and Eastern Bosnia. The results of this study can serve as a basis for further research on the population ageing process and the planning of future demographic development in Bosnia and Herzegovina.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Resumo O envelhecimento da população é um dos principais problemas demográficos na Bósnia e Herzegovina. Este país tem enfrentado um envelhecimento significativo, com diferenças espaciais no ritmo e no nível de envelhecimento. Para determinar as disparidades espaciais no envelhecimento da população na Bósnia e Herzegovina, foram utilizados dados sobre o percentual da população com 65 anos ou mais na população total, o índice de envelhecimento, o rácio de dependência, o rácio de dependência dos idosos e a idade média no período de 2013 a 2023. A análise de clusters foi aplicada para identificar grupos de municípios com níveis de envelhecimento semelhantes. Para agrupar os municípios em clusters, foi utilizado o método de agrupamento não hierárquico k-means. A análise foi realizada experimentando várias alternativas de agrupamento entre 2 e 5 clusters, enquanto o método Elbow, a estatística pseudo-F de Calinski-Harabasz e o teste de diferença significativa de honestidade de Tukey foram usados para validar o número apropriado de clusters. Os resultados confirmaram a existência de agrupamentos de municípios com diferentes níveis de envelhecimento populacional na Bósnia e Herzegovina. As tendências mais adversas no envelhecimento da população foram observadas nos municípios rurais da Herzegovina Ocidental e da Bósnia Oriental. Os resultados deste estudo podem servir como base para futuras investigações sobre o processo de envelhecimento da população e para o planeamento do desenvolvimento demográfico futuro na Bósnia e Herzegovina.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[population ageing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[spatial disparities]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cluster analysis]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[k-means clustering]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Bósnia e Herzegovina]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[envelhecimento populacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[disparidades espaciais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[análise de agrupamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[agrupamento k-means]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
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