<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-1164</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Corrosão e Protecção de Materiais]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Corros. Prot. Mater.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-1164</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P.]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-11642008000300001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Laser Selectivity on Cleaning Museologic Iron Artefacts]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Selectividade da limpeza POR laser aplicada a objectos museológicos em ferro]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pereira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Gilberto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pires]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarida]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Benilde F. O.]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A03"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Costa]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Fernanda]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A04"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Coimbra Science Museum ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,INETI - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação Department of Optoelectronics ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A03">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Coimbra Department of Physics CEMDRX - Centro de Estudos de Materiais por Difracção de Raios-X]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Coimbra ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A04">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Lisbon Faculty of Sciences Chemical Department]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisbon ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>2008</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>27</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>74</fpage>
<lpage>81</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-11642008000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-11642008000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-11642008000300001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Three distinct techniques were used to clean Fe alloys objects with surface corrosion. These objects are presently kept in Physics Museum of the University of Coimbra. The techniques used were mechanical, chemical (EDTA solution) and LASER (pulsed CO2 and Nd:YAG - Q-Switch). The chemical characterisation and the evaluation of the cleaning degree were done by transmission 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results suggest that: the mechanical process of cleaning does not allow total removal of corrosion, reaching easily the substrate and so causing mechanical damage; the cleaning method using EDTA in confined environment and high controlled conditions, removes the corrosion products efficiently, without damaging the surface; and the cleaning methods using LASER although not achieving complete removal of corrosion, show clear characteristics of selectivity when acting on the corrosion layer or on the metal surface.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[A fim de estudar processos de limpeza de corrosão em superfícies de ligas de ferro, foram utilizadas três técnicas distintas. As técnicas de limpeza utilizadas foram a limpeza mecânica, a limpeza química (com uma solução de EDTA) e a limpeza por laser. Estas técnicas foram aplicadas a objectos museológicos, pertença do Museu de Física da Universidade de Coimbra. O grau de limpeza obtido pelas diferentes técnicas foi caracterizado quimicamente e avaliado por espectroscopia 57Fe Mössbauer por transmissão. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que: o processo de limpeza mecânica, não remove completamente a corrosão, além de que atinge facilmente o substrato de ferro, causando dano mecânico na superfície; a limpeza química com uma solução de EDTA, realizada em condições controladas e em espaço confinado, remove eficientemente os produtos de corrosão, sem danos visíveis na superfície; por último a técnica limpeza por laser, embora não removendo a corrosão completamente, mostra características claras de selectividade na actuação sobre a camada de corrosão ou sobre a superfície metálica.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Museologic Artefacts]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Iron Corrosion]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Cleaning Laser]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Objectos Museológicos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Corrosão no Ferro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Limpeza Laser]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Laser Selectivity on Cleaning Museologic Iron Artefacts<sup>(<a href="#5">*</a>)<a name="top5"></a></sup></b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">Gilberto Pereira<sup>(<a href="#1">1</a>)<a name="top1"></a></sup>,    Margarida Pires<sup>(<a href="#2">2</a>)<a name="top2"></a> (<a href="#6">**</a>)</sup><a name="top6"></a>,    Benilde F. O. Costa<sup>(<a href="#3">3</a>)</sup><a name="top3"></a> e Fernanda    Costa<sup>(<a href="#4">4</a>)<a name="top4"></a></sup></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><b>Abstract</b></p>      <p>Three distinct techniques were used to clean Fe alloys objects with surface    corrosion. These objects are presently kept in Physics Museum of the University    of Coimbra. The techniques used were mechanical, chemical (EDTA solution) and    LASER (pulsed CO<sub>2</sub> and Nd:YAG &#8211; Q-Switch). The chemical characterisation    and the evaluation of the cleaning degree were done by transmission <sup>57</sup>Fe    Mössbauer spectroscopy.</p>      <p>The results suggest that: the mechanical process of cleaning does not allow total removal of corrosion, reaching easily the substrate and so causing mechanical damage; the cleaning method using EDTA in confined environment and high controlled conditions, removes the corrosion products efficiently, without damaging the surface; and the cleaning methods using LASER although not achieving complete removal of corrosion, show clear characteristics of selectivity when acting on the corrosion layer or on the metal surface.</p>      <p><b>Keywords:</b> Museologic Artefacts; Iron Corrosion; Cleaning Laser</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align="center"><b>Selectividade da limpeza POR laser aplicada a objectos museológicos    em ferro</b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center"><b>Resumo</b></p>      <p>A fim de estudar processos de limpeza de corrosão em superfícies de ligas de    ferro, foram utilizadas três técnicas distintas. As técnicas de limpeza utilizadas    foram a limpeza mecânica, a limpeza química (com uma solução de EDTA) e a limpeza    por laser. Estas técnicas foram aplicadas a objectos museológicos, pertença    do Museu de Física da Universidade de Coimbra. O grau de limpeza obtido pelas    diferentes técnicas foi caracterizado quimicamente e avaliado por espectroscopia    <sup>57</sup>Fe Mössbauer por transmissão.</p>      <p>Os resultados obtidos sugerem que: o processo de limpeza mecânica, não remove completamente a corrosão, além de que atinge facilmente o substrato de ferro, causando dano mecânico na superfície; a limpeza química com uma solução de EDTA, realizada em condições controladas e em espaço confinado, remove eficientemente os produtos de corrosão, sem danos visíveis na superfície; por último a técnica limpeza por laser, embora não removendo a corrosão completamente, mostra características claras de selectividade na actuação sobre a camada de corrosão ou sobre a superfície metálica.</p>      <p><b>Palavras chave:</b> Objectos Museológicos; Corrosão no Ferro; Limpeza Laser</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>References</b></p>      <p><b>&nbsp;</b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>[1] J. F. Asmus, C. G. Murphy and W. H. Munk (Studies on the Interaction of    Laser Radiation with Art Artefacts) <i>in Proceedings. of the Society of Photo-Optical    Instrument Engin,</i> 41, p. 19 (1973).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000028&pid=S0870-1164200800030000100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>[2] J. F. Asmus, <i>Technology &amp; Conservation</i>, Fall, p. 14 (1978).</p>      <p>[3] J. F. Asmus, <i>Interdisc Science Rev</i>., 12, 2, 171 (1987).</p>      <p>[4] P. Leavengood, J. Twilley and J. F. Asmus, <i>J. Cultural Heritage,</i> 1, S 71, (2000).</p>      <p>[5] J. F. Asmus (Laser Conservation in Palaeontology) <i>in SPIE Proc. - Laser Techniques and Systems in Art Conservation (R. Salimbeni ed.)</i>, June, Munich, Germany (2001).</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>[6] J. F. Asmus and M. Abraham (Laser Dusting of Delicate Objects) <i>in SPIE Proc. - Optical Methods for Arts and Archaeology (R. Salimbeni, L Pezzati eds),</i> June, Munich, Germany (2005).</p>      <p>[7] A. Kearns <i>et al.,Appl. Surf. Sci.</i>, 127, p. 773 (1998).</p>      <p>[8] J. M. Lee and K. G. Watkins, <i>Lasers in Engineering,</i> 8, 3, p. 229 (1999).</p>      <p>[9] P. Pasquet<i> et al</i>., <i>Appl. Phys. A</i>, 69, 1, p. S727 (1999).</p>      <p>[10] P. Meja <i>et al.</i>, <i>Appl. Phys. A</i>, 69, 1, S-687 (1999).</p>      <p>[11] J. M. Lee and K. G. Watkins, <i>The Industrial Laser User,</i> 18, 29 (2000).</p>      <p>[12] P. Psyllaki and R. Oltra, <i>Mater. Sci. &amp; Eng., A</i>, 282, 145 (2000).</p>      <p>[13] K. Watkins and J. Lee, <i>Optics Express</i>, 7, 2, 69 (2000).</p>      <p>[14] P. Pasquet <i>et al</i>., (Laser Cleaning of Oxidized Fe-Alloys) <i>in Proceedings of. XIV Int. Conf. Surface Modification Technologies</i>, September, Paris, France (2000).</p>      <p>[15] P. Pasquet <i>et al</i>., (Laser Cleaning of Oxidized Metallic Materials: Role of the Optical Properties of the Oxide Film) <i>in SPIE Proc. of Laser Techniques and Systems in Art Conservation (R. Salimbeni ed.) </i>June, Munich, Germany (2001).</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>[16] S. Siano and R. Salimbeni, <i>Stud. Conserv.</i>, 46, 269 (2001).</p>      <p>[17] J. Hildenhagen and K. Dickmann, <i>Journal of Cultural Heritage</i>, 4, S-174 (2003).</p>      <p>[18] E. Drakaki <i>et al</i>., <i>Appl. Phys. A</i>, 79, 4-6, 1111 (2004).</p>      <p>[19] T. Burmester <i>et al</i>., (Femtosecond Laser Cleaning of Metallic Cultural Heritage and Antique Artworks) <i>in Proc. LACONA V (K. Dickman, C. Fotakis, J. F. Asmus eds), </i>September, Osnabrueck,  Germany, p. 61 (2003).</p>      <p>[20] P. Mottner <i>et al</i>., (Laser Cleaning of Metal Surfaces - Laboratory Investigations) <i>inProc. LACONA V (K. Dickman, C. Fotakis, J. F. Asmus eds), </i>September, Osnabrueck, Germany (2003).</p>      <p>[21] S. Batishche <i>et al</i>., (1320 nm Range Nd:YAG Laser in Restoration of Artworks made of Bronze and Other Metals) <i>in Proc. LACONA V (K. Dickman, C. Fotakis, J. F. Asmus eds), </i>September, Osnabrueck, Germany (2003).</p>      <p>[22] Y. Koh and I. Sarady (Surface Cleaning of Iron Artefacts by Lasers) <i>in Proc. LACONA V (K. Dickman, C. Fotakis, J. F. Asmus eds), </i>September, Osnabrueck, Germany (2003).</p>      <p>[23] K. Dickmann <i>et al</i>., (Archaeological Ironwork: Removal of Corrosion Layers by Nd:YAG Lasers) <i>in Proc. LACONA V (K. Dickman, C. Fotakis, J. F. Asmus eds), </i>September, Osnabrueck, Germany (2003).</p>      <p>[24] M. Autric and R. Oltra (Basic Processes of Pulsed Laser Materials Interaction.    Applications to Laser Cleaning of Oxidized Surfaces); in <i>SPIE Proc. XV Int.    Symp. on Gas Flow, Chemical Lasers and High Power Lasers (J. Kodimova ed.),</i>    March, Prague, Czech Rep<i>.</i> (2005).</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><sup><a name="1"></a>(<a href="#top1">1</a>)</sup> Science Museum of University    of Coimbra, P-3000-272 Coimbra, Portugal</p>     <p><sup><a name="2"></a>(<a href="#top2">2</a>) </sup> INETI, Department of Optoelectronics,    P-1649-038 Lisbon, Portugal</p>     <p><sup><a name="3"></a>(<a href="#top3">3</a>) </sup> CEMDRX, Department of Physics,    University of Coimbra, P-3004-516 Coimbra, Portugal</p>     <p><sup><a name="4"></a>(<a href="#top4">4</a>) </sup> Chemical Department, Faculty    of Sciences of the University of Lisbon, P-1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal</p>     <p><sup><a name="5"></a>(<a href="#top5">*</a>) </sup> Trabalho apresentado no    &#8220;XVI Symposium on gas and chemical lasers &amp; high power lasers&#8221;,    Setembro, Gmunden, Áustria (2006)</p>     <p><sup><a name="6"></a>(<a href="#top6">**</a>) </sup> A quem a correspondência    deve ser dirigida, e-mail: <a href="mailto:margarida.pires@ineti.pt">margarida.pires@ineti.pt</a></p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p align="right"><i>Artigo submetido em Julho de 2007 e aceite em Março de 2008</i></p>         ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Asmus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[J. F.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Murphy]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[C. G.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Munk]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[W. H.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Studies on the Interaction of Laser Radiation with Art Artefacts]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Proceedings. of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrument Engin]]></source>
<year>1973</year>
<volume>41</volume>
<page-range>19</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
