<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-6352</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Silva Lusitana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Silva Lus.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-6352</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unidade de Silvicultura e Produtos Florestais]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-63522004000100001</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Dealing with Ecological Objectives in the Monsu Planning System]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Pukkala]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Timo]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,University of Joensuu Faculty of Forestry ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Joensuu ]]></addr-line>
<country>FINLAND</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>Especial</numero>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>15</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000100001&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The article describes some approaches to incorporate ecological objectives into numerical forest planning when using the Monsu software. Monsu first simulates alternative treatment schedules for all stands in the planning area, over a user-specified planning horizon. It then seeks the best combination of stands' treatment schedules using numerical optimisation. Management objectives are included in the optimisation model either as objective variables or constraints. The ecological variables that Monsu can calculate - and which can therefore be considered in optimisation - include (1) ordinary but ecologically oriented forest characteristics such as deadwood volume and area of old forest, (2) a special biodiversity score calculated for the forest, and (3) a set of landscape metrics. Landscape metrics are variables that measure the sizes, shapes, relative arrangement and connectivity of habitat patches as well as their total area. The most recent development of Monsu has concentrated on the use of landscape metrics, which measure the forest’s ecological quality at the landscape level. A proper scale of ecological planning depends on the size of the territory of the species considered, and it seems that most of the keynote species have rather large territories and therefore require forest rather than stand level evaluations of ecological quality.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Este artigo descreve algumas aproximações para incorporar objectivos ecológicos no âmbito da utilização de métodos numéricos em planeamento florestal com recurso ao software Monsu. O programa começa por simular alternativas de gestão para todos os povoamentos na área objecto de planeamento, de acordo com um horizonte de planeamento especificado pelo utilizador. Em seguida procura a melhor combinação de alternativas de gestão para o conjunto de povoamentos com recurso à optimização numérica. Os objectivos de gestão são incluídos no modelo de optimização como variáveis-objectivo ou como restrições. O programa permite calcular - no âmbito do processo de optimização - o valor de variáveis ecológicas como (1) características florestais comuns com interesse ecológico (e.g. o volume de madeira morta ou a área de floresta com idade avançada), (2) um indicador de biodiversidade na área florestal, e (3) um conjunto de métricas espaciais. As métricas espaciais são variáveis que quantificam a dimensão, a forma, o arranjo espacial e a conectividade de manchas de habitat bem como a área total ocupada por estas manchas. Os desenvolvimentos mais recentes no programa Monsu focaram a utilização de métricas espaciais para estimar a qualidade ecológica da floresta ao nível da paisagem. A escala apropriada para o planeamento ecológico depende da dimensão do território das espécies consideradas. A generalidade das espécies focais ou indicadoras distribuem-se por territórios vastos o que sugere que a estimativa do valor ecológico se deva fazer à escala da paisagem e não do povoamento.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[L'article décrit quelques approches pour incorporer des objectifs écologiques à la planification numérique de la forêt en utilisant le logiciel Monsu. Monsu simule d'abord les alternatives de gestion pour tous les peuplements forestiers dans l'aire de planification, au-dessus d'un horizon de planification personnalisé par l'utilisateur. Il cherche alors la meilleure combinaison d'alternatives de gestion, pour l’ensemble des peuplements forestiers, en utilisant l'optimisation numérique. Les objectifs de gestion sont inclus dans le modèle d'optimisation comme des variables-objectives ou de restriction. Les variables écologiques que Monsu peut calculer - et qui peuvent donc être considérées dans l'optimisation - incluent (1) caractéristiques forestières communes avec l’intérêt écologique (volume de bois mort ou l'aire de forêt vieille), (2) un indicateur de biodiversité calculé pour la forêt, et (3) un ensemble de métriques de paysage. Les métriques de paysage sont des variables qui mesurent les tailles, les formes, l'arrangement spatial et la connectivité des pièces rapportées d'habitat aussi bien que leur surface totale. Les développements plus récents de Monsu sont concentrés sur l'utilisation de la métrique de paysage, qui mesure la qualité écologique des forêts au niveau du paysage. L'échelle appropriée de la planification écologique dépend de la taille du territoire des espèces considérées, et il semble que la majeure partie des espèces principales soit distribuée pour des territoires plutôt grands, et suggère donc que l'estimative de la valeur écologique soit faite à l'échelle du paysage et non du peuplement forestier.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[ecological planning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[forest planning]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heuristics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[landscape metrics]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[numerical optimisation]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[planeamento ecológico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[planeamento florestal]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[heurísticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[métricas espaciais]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[optimização numérica]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[planification écologique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[planification forestière]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[heuristique]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[métrique de paysage]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[optimisation]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align=center><b>Dealing with Ecological Objectives in the Monsu Planning System</b></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p align=center><b>Timo Pukkala<sup><a href="#1">1</a><a name="top1"></a></sup></b></p>      <p align=center>Professor</p>      <p align=center>University of Joensuu. Faculty of Forestry, P.O.Box 111, 80101 Joensuu FINLAND</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Abstract</b>. The article describes some approaches to incorporate ecological    objectives into numerical forest planning when using the Monsu software. Monsu    first simulates alternative treatment schedules for all stands in the planning    area, over a user-specified planning horizon. It then seeks the best combination    of stands' treatment schedules using numerical optimisation. Management objectives    are included in the optimisation model either as objective variables or constraints.    The ecological variables that Monsu can calculate - and which can therefore    be considered in optimisation - include (1) ordinary but ecologically oriented    forest characteristics such as deadwood volume and area of old forest, (2) a    special biodiversity score calculated for the forest, and (3) a set of landscape    metrics. Landscape metrics are variables that measure the sizes, shapes, relative    arrangement and connectivity of habitat patches as well as their total area.    The most recent development of Monsu has concentrated on the use of landscape    metrics, which measure the forest’s ecological quality at the landscape level.    A proper scale of ecological planning depends on the size of the territory of    the species considered, and it seems that most of the keynote species have rather    large territories and therefore require forest rather than stand level evaluations    of ecological quality.</p>      <p><b>Key word:</b> ecological planning; forest planning; heuristics; landscape metrics; numerical optimisation</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Sumário</b>. Este artigo descreve algumas aproximações para incorporar objectivos    ecológicos no âmbito da utilização de métodos numéricos em planeamento florestal    com recurso ao software Monsu. O programa começa por simular alternativas de    gestão para todos os povoamentos na área objecto de planeamento, de acordo com    um horizonte de planeamento especificado pelo utilizador. Em seguida procura    a melhor combinação de alternativas de gestão para o conjunto de povoamentos    com recurso à optimização numérica. Os objectivos de gestão são incluídos no    modelo de optimização como variáveis-objectivo ou como restrições. O programa    permite calcular - no âmbito do processo de optimização - o valor de variáveis    ecológicas como (1) características florestais comuns com interesse ecológico    (e.g. o volume de madeira morta ou a área de floresta com idade avançada), (2)    um indicador de biodiversidade na área florestal, e (3) um conjunto de métricas    espaciais. As métricas espaciais são variáveis que quantificam a dimensão, a    forma, o arranjo espacial e a conectividade de manchas de habitat bem como a    área total ocupada por estas manchas. Os desenvolvimentos mais recentes no programa    Monsu focaram a utilização de métricas espaciais para estimar a qualidade ecológica    da floresta ao nível da paisagem. A escala apropriada para o planeamento ecológico    depende da dimensão do território das espécies consideradas. A generalidade    das espécies focais ou indicadoras distribuem-se por territórios vastos o que    sugere que a estimativa do valor ecológico se deva fazer à escala da paisagem    e não do povoamento.</p>      <p><b>Palavras-chave:</b> planeamento ecológico; planeamento florestal; heurísticas; métricas espaciais; optimização numérica</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Résumé</b>. L'article décrit quelques approches pour incorporer des objectifs    écologiques à la planification numérique de la forêt en utilisant le logiciel    Monsu. Monsu simule d'abord les alternatives de gestion pour tous les peuplements    forestiers dans l'aire de planification, au-dessus d'un horizon de planification    personnalisé par l'utilisateur. Il cherche alors la meilleure combinaison d'alternatives    de gestion, pour l’ensemble des peuplements forestiers, en utilisant l'optimisation    numérique. Les objectifs de gestion sont inclus dans le modèle d'optimisation    comme des variables-objectives ou de restriction. Les variables écologiques    que Monsu peut calculer - et qui peuvent donc être considérées dans l'optimisation    - incluent (1) caractéristiques forestières communes avec l’intérêt écologique    (volume de bois mort ou l'aire de forêt vieille), (2) un indicateur de biodiversité    calculé pour la forêt, et (3) un ensemble de métriques de paysage. Les métriques    de paysage sont des variables qui mesurent les tailles, les formes, l'arrangement    spatial et la connectivité des pièces rapportées d'habitat aussi bien que leur    surface totale. Les développements plus récents de Monsu sont concentrés sur    l'utilisation de la métrique de paysage, qui mesure la qualité écologique des    forêts au niveau du paysage. L'échelle appropriée de la planification écologique    dépend de la taille du territoire des espèces considérées, et il semble que    la majeure partie des espèces principales soit distribuée pour des territoires    plutôt grands, et suggère donc que l'estimative de la valeur écologique soit    faite à l'échelle du paysage et non du peuplement forestier.</p>      <p><b>Mot clé:</b> planification écologique; planification forestière; heuristique;    métrique de paysage; optimisation</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>References</b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>CHOU, Y., MINNICH, R.A., SALAZAE, L.A., POWER, J.D., DEZZANI, R.J. 1990. Spatial    autocorrelation of wildfire distribution in the Idyllwild quadrangle, San Jacinto    Mountain, California. <i>Photogrammetric Engineering &amp; Remote Sensing</i>    <b>56</b> : 1507-1513.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000025&pid=S0870-6352200400010000100001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>KANGAS, J., PUKKALA, T., 1996. 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The performance of alternative    spatial objective types in forest planning calculations: a case for flying squirrel    and moose. <i>Forest Ecology and Management</i> <b>166</b> : 245-260.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000028&pid=S0870-6352200400010000100004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>KURTTILA, M., PUKKALA, T., 2003. Combining holding-level economic goals with    spatial landscape-level goals in the planning of multiple ownership forestry.    <i>Landscape Ecology</i> <b>18</b> : 529-541.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000029&pid=S0870-6352200400010000100005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>McGARICAL, K., MARKS B.J., 1995. FRAGSTATS: Spatial pattern analysis program    for quantifying landscape structure. USDA Forest Service, PNW, General Technical    Report <b>351</b> : 122 pp.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000030&pid=S0870-6352200400010000100006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>PUKKALA, T., 2002. Measuring non-wood forest outputs in numerical forest planning.    <i>In</i> PUKKALA, T. (Ed.), Multi-objective forest planning. Kluwer Academic    Publishers, Netherlands. pp. 173-207.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000031&pid=S0870-6352200400010000100007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>PUKKALA, T., KANGAS, J., 1993. A heuristic optimisation method for forest planning    and decision making. <i>Scandinavia Journal of Forest Research</i> <b>8</b>    : 560-570.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000032&pid=S0870-6352200400010000100008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>PUKKALA, T., KANGAS, J., KNIVIL&Auml;, M., TIAINEN, A.M., 1997. Integrating    forest-level and compartment-level indices of species diversity with numerical    forest planning. <i >Landscape and Urban Planning</i> <b>32</b> : 185-195.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000033&pid=S0870-6352200400010000100009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><sup><a href="#top1">1</a><a name="1"></a></sup> Corresponding Author: <a href="mailto:Timo.Pukkala@joensuu.fi">Timo.Pukkala@joensuu.fi</a></p>         ]]></body><back>
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</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
