<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-6352</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Silva Lusitana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Silva Lus.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-6352</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unidade de Silvicultura e Produtos Florestais]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-63522004000200002</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Tree Profile of Littoral Portuguese Maritime Pine]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Perfil da Árvore de Pinheiro Bravo do Litoral Português]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Profil de l'Arbre de Pin Maritime du Litoral Portugais]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tavares]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mário]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Campos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[José]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,INIAP - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas EFN - Estação Florestal Nacional Departamento de Silvicultura e Produtos Florestais]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[OEIRAS ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>15</fpage>
<lpage>23</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000200002&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Pinus pinaster Aiton is ecologically well adjusted to the Portuguese west littoral sands. The silviculture of this species in even aged, high forest stands produce tall, large trees, showing very peculiar technological characteristics. Within maritime pine stands, selective low thinning promotes the segregation of three main representative tree hierarchic statutes - dominated, medium and dominant. These statutes, tree age and spacing, original sample site and some artificial pruning applied during youth, have some influence in the dimensional partition of tree profiles into three parts, namely crown occurrence and vitality - alive and dead crown and clear trunks. A sample of 96 trees chosen from three Portuguese west littoral forests was divided equally into those three statutes and was used to evaluate their mean sizes and to model their relationship with those factors. Main results are (a) the size of live crown increases with tree statute inside the stand, (b) for a given age, tree statute does not determine significant differences in dead crown depth, and (c) the main trunk depth tends towards the highest values in the medium trees. Furthermore, (d) live crown depth is independent of provenance and hierarchic factors, (e) the northern littoral region trees exhibit the biggest crown depths, (f) dominant trees tend to exhibit smaller main trunk depth and (g) artificial pruning must be applied as high as possible up the main trunk.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[A Pinus pinaster Aiton é uma espécie bem adaptada às areias do litoral oeste Português. A silvicultura desta espécie em povoamentos equiénios e de alto fuste origina árvores de grandes dimensões com características tecnológicas singulares. Nos povoamentos de pinheiro bravo os desbastes pelo baixo e selectivos, promovem a segregação das árvores em três estatutos hierárquicos principais - dominada, média e dominante. Estes estatutos, a idade das árvores e o compasso, a proveniência e a desrama artificial efectuada nas fases mais jovens dos povoamentos, têm alguma influência na repartição dimensional do perfil da árvore em três partes, relativamente à presença e vitalidade da copa - copa viva e morta e tronco limpo. Uma amostra de 96 árvores provenientes de três matas do litoral oeste Português foi equitativamente repartida por aqueles três estatutos e utilizada para avaliar as suas dimensões médias e para modelar a sua relação com aqueles factores. Os principais resultados são que (a) a dimensão da copa viva aumenta com o estatuto da árvore no povoamento, (b) para uma dada idade, o estatuto da árvore não determina diferenças significativas na profundidade de copa morta, e (c) a profundidade de tronco limpo atinge valores mais elevados nas árvores médias. Também que (d) a profundidade de copa viva se revela independente da proveniência e da hierarquia, (e) as árvores da região litoral norte apresentam as maiores profundidades de copa, (f) as árvores dominantes tendem a apresentar menores profundidades de tronco limpo e que (g) a desrama artificial deve aplicar-se o mais alto possível no toro da base.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[La Pinus pinaster Aiton est une essence bien adaptée aux sables du littoral portugais. La sylviculture de cette essence dans des peuplements en futaies régulières origine des arbres à grandes dimensions avec des caractéristiques technologiques singulières. Les éclaircies par le bas et sélectives dans les peuplements de pin maritime, poussent en avant la ségrégation des arbres en trois statuts hiérarchiques principaux - dominée, moyen et dominant. Ces statuts, l'âge des arbres et la circonférence, la provenance et l'élagage artificiel effectuée pendant les phases plus jeunes des peuplements, ont quelques influences sur la répartition dimensionnelle du profil de l'arbre en trois parties, par rapport à la présence et vitalité du houppier - houppier vivant et mort et tige nette. Un échantillon de 96 arbres provenant de trois forêts du littoral Ouest du Portugal a été équitablement réparti en ces trois statuts et utilisé pour évaluer ses dimensions moyennes et pour modeler sa relation avec ces autres facteurs. Les résultats principaux sont que (a) la dimension du houppier vivant augmente avec le statut de l'arbre dans le peuplement, (b) pour un âge donné, le statut de l'arbre ne détermine pas de différences significatives dans la profondeur du houppier mort, et (c) la profondeur de la tige nette atteint des valeurs plus élevées sur les arbres moyens. De même que (d) la profondeur du houppier vivant se révèle indépendant de la provenance et de la hiérarchie, (e) les arbres de la région littorale Nord présentent les plus grandes profondeurs du houppier, (f) les arbres dominants tendent à présenter des profondeurs plus petites de tige nette de branches et (g) que l'élagage artificiel doit s'appliquer le plus haut possible sur le billon de la base de l'arbre.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Pinus pinaster]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[age]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tree spacing]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[statute]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[tree profile]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Pinus pinaster]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[idade]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[espaçamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[estatuto]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[perfil da árvore]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Pinus pinaster]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[âge]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[espacement]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[statut]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[profil de l'arbre]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align=center><b>Tree Profile of Littoral Portuguese Maritime Pine</b></p>        <p>&nbsp; </p>      <p align=center><b>Mário Tavares*<sup><a href="#1">1</a><a name="top1"></a></sup>    and José Campos**</b></p>      <p align="center">*Senior Researcher</p>      <p align="center" >**Forest Engineer</p>      <p align="center">Estação Florestal Nacional. Departamento de Silvicultura e Produtos Florestais, Av. da República, Quinta do Marquês, 2780-159 OEIRAS</p>        <p>&nbsp; </p>        <p></p>        <p>&nbsp; </p>      <p><b>Abstract</b>. <i>Pinus pinaster</i> Aiton is ecologically well adjusted    to the Portuguese west littoral sands. The silviculture of this species in even    aged, high forest stands produce tall, large trees, showing very peculiar technological    characteristics. </p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Within maritime pine stands, selective low thinning promotes the segregation    of three main representative tree hierarchic statutes - dominated, medium and    dominant. These statutes, tree age and spacing, original sample site and some    artificial pruning applied during youth, have some influence in the dimensional    partition of tree profiles into three parts, namely crown occurrence and vitality    - alive and dead crown and clear trunks.</p>      <p>A sample of 96 trees chosen from three Portuguese west littoral forests was divided equally into those three statutes and was used to evaluate their mean sizes and to model their relationship with those factors.</p>      <p>Main results are (a) the size of live crown increases with tree statute inside the stand, (b) for a given age, tree statute does not determine significant differences in dead crown depth, and (c) the main trunk depth tends towards the highest values in the medium trees. Furthermore, (d) live crown depth is independent of provenance and hierarchic factors, (e) the northern littoral region trees exhibit the biggest crown depths, (f) dominant trees tend to exhibit smaller main trunk depth and (g) artificial pruning must be applied as high as possible up the main trunk.</p>      <p><b>Key words</b>: <i>Pinus pinaster</i>; age; tree spacing; statute; tree profile</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p><b>Perfil da Árvore de Pinheiro Bravo do Litoral Português</b></p>     <p><b>Sumário</b>. A <i>Pinus pinaster</i> Aiton é uma espécie bem adaptada às    areias do litoral oeste Português. A silvicultura desta espécie em povoamentos    equiénios e de alto fuste origina árvores de grandes dimensões com características    tecnológicas singulares.</p>      <p>Nos povoamentos de pinheiro bravo os desbastes pelo baixo e selectivos, promovem    a segregação das árvores em três estatutos hierárquicos principais - dominada,    média e dominante. Estes estatutos, a idade das árvores e o compasso, a proveniência    e a desrama artificial efectuada nas fases mais jovens dos povoamentos, têm    alguma influência na repartição dimensional do perfil da árvore em três partes,    relativamente à presença e vitalidade da copa - copa viva e morta e tronco limpo.</p>      <p>Uma amostra de 96 árvores provenientes de três matas do litoral oeste Português foi equitativamente repartida por aqueles três estatutos e utilizada para avaliar as suas dimensões médias e para modelar a sua relação com aqueles factores.</p>      <p>Os principais resultados são que (a) a dimensão da copa viva aumenta com o estatuto da árvore no povoamento, (b) para uma dada idade, o estatuto da árvore não determina diferenças significativas na profundidade de copa morta, e (c) a profundidade de tronco limpo atinge valores mais elevados nas árvores médias. Também que (d) a profundidade de copa viva se revela independente da proveniência e da hierarquia, (e) as árvores da região litoral norte apresentam as maiores profundidades de copa, (f) as árvores dominantes tendem a apresentar menores profundidades de tronco limpo e que (g) a desrama artificial deve aplicar-se o mais alto possível no toro da base.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Palavras-chave:</b><i>Pinus pinaster</i>; idade; espaçamento; estatuto; perfil da árvore</p>        <p>&nbsp; </p>      <p><b>Profil de l'Arbre de Pin Maritime du Litoral Portugais</b></p>     <p><b>Résumé</b>. La <i>Pinus pinaster</i> Aiton est une essence bien adaptée aux sables du littoral    portugais. La sylviculture de cette essence dans des peuplements en futaies    régulières origine des arbres à grandes dimensions avec des caractéristiques    technologiques singulières.</p>      <p>Les éclaircies par le bas et sélectives dans les peuplements de pin maritime, poussent en avant la ségrégation des arbres en trois statuts hiérarchiques principaux – dominée, moyen et dominant. Ces statuts, l'âge des arbres et la circonférence, la provenance et l'élagage artificiel effectuée pendant les phases plus jeunes des peuplements, ont quelques influences sur la répartition dimensionnelle du profil de l'arbre en trois parties, par rapport à la présence et vitalité du houppier – houppier vivant et mort et tige nette.</p>      <p>Un échantillon de 96 arbres provenant de trois forêts du littoral Ouest du Portugal a été équitablement réparti en ces trois statuts et utilisé pour évaluer ses dimensions moyennes et pour modeler sa relation avec ces autres facteurs.</p>      <p>Les résultats principaux sont que (a) la dimension du houppier vivant augmente avec le statut de l'arbre dans le peuplement, (b) pour un âge donné, le statut de l'arbre ne détermine pas de différences significatives dans la profondeur du houppier mort, et (c) la profondeur de la tige nette atteint des valeurs plus élevées sur les arbres moyens. De même que (d) la profondeur du houppier vivant se révèle indépendant de la provenance et de la hiérarchie, (e) les arbres de la région littorale Nord présentent les plus grandes profondeurs du houppier, (f) les arbres dominants tendent à présenter des profondeurs plus petites de tige nette de branches et (g) que l'élagage artificiel doit s'appliquer le plus haut possible sur le billon de la base de l'arbre.</p>      <p><b>Mots-clés:</b> <i>Pinus pinaster</i>; âge; espacement; statut; profil de l'arbre</p>      <p>&nbsp; </p>        <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p></p>       <p>&nbsp; </p>     <p><b>References</b></p>        <!-- ref --><p>AMARASEKARA, H., DENNE, M.P., 2002. Effects of crown size on wood characteristics    of Corsican pine in relation to definitions of juvenile wood, crown formed wood    and core wood. <i >Forestry</i> <b>75</b>(1) : 51-61&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000037&pid=S0870-6352200400020000200001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>CAMERON, A.D., 2002. Importance of early selective thinning in the development of long-term stand stability and improved log quality: a review. <i>Forestry</i> <b>75</b> (1) :  25-35.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000038&pid=S0870-6352200400020000200002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p> MÁTYÁS, C., VARGA, G., 2000. Effect of intra-specific competition on tree    architecture and above ground dry matter allocation in scots pine. <i>Invest.    Agr.: Sist. </i><i>Recur. For.: Fuera de Serie</i> n.º 1-2000: 111-119.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000039&pid=S0870-6352200400020000200003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>TAVARES, M., 1989. <i>O pinhal bravo das dunas do litoral entre Douro e Mondego. Produção lenhosa e crescimento do sistema radical</i>. Dissertação original. Ex-INIA - EFN, Lisboa.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000040&pid=S0870-6352200400020000200004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>TAVARES, M., 1999. Maritime pine wood quality in Portugal. A few reasons responsible for some of its characteristics and defects. In <i>2<sup>nd</sup> Workshop of </i><i>COST</i><i> action E10 - Wood properties for industrial use</i>, 7 pp. Tapada de Mafra, Portugal, 13-15 June.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000041&pid=S0870-6352200400020000200005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>ZOBEL, B.J.,    BUIJTENEN, J.P., 1989. <i>Wood variation. Its causes    and control</i>. Springer-Verlag. London.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000042&pid=S0870-6352200400020000200006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>&nbsp; </p>     <p><i>Entregue para publicação em Abril de 2001 </i></p>     <p><i>Aceite para publicação em Julho de 2003 </i> </p>       <p>&nbsp; </p>     <p><sup><a href="#top1">1</a><a name="1"></a></sup>Corresponding Author E-mail:    <a href="mailto:mario.tavares@efn.com.pt">mario.tavares@efn.com.pt</a></p>       ]]></body><back>
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