<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-6352</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Silva Lusitana]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Silva Lus.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-6352</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Unidade de Silvicultura e Produtos Florestais]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-63522004000200006</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Identification of Portuguese Armillaria Isolates by Classic Mating-Tests and RFLP-PCR Analysis of the ITS1 Region of Ribosomal DNA]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Identificação de Isolados Portugueses de Armillaria por Testes Clássicos de Confrontação e Análise de RFLP-PCR da Região ITS1 do DNA Ribossomal]]></article-title>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Identification des Isolats Portugais d'Armillaria par Testes Classiques de Confrontation et Analyse de RFLP-PCR de la Région ITS1 des Gènes Ribosomiques]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bragança]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Helena]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Tenreiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Rogério]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Santos]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Natércia]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,INIAP - Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e das Pescas EFN - Estação Florestal Nacional ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[OEIRAS ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Departamento de Biologia Vegetal]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[LISBOA ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>67</fpage>
<lpage>75</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000200006&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The diagnosis of Armillaria, a genus including distinct species of highly woody plant-pathogenic root-infecting fungi with worldwide distribution, is usually based on morphological characteristics and mating-tests, although the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR), specifically in nuclear rDNA spacers, have also been applied. In the present study, mating-tests and restriction analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) were used to identify 20 isolates of a Portuguese Armillaria collection. Although the majority of the diploid isolates (80%) could be identified in diploid-haploid pairings, the method is laborious, takes too much time (up to 2 months), and presents a high rate of inconclusive results. The ITS1 region showed to be a reliable molecular marker for A. mellea, in particular when HinfI restriction analysis is applied, since two fragments with 245 bp and 125 bp have been obtained for this most aggressive species whereas 290 bp and 70 bp were produced from isolates of the other European species. As simple molecular techniques are involved and the whole procedure can be performed in one day, A. mellea identification by ITS1 analysis is a clearly accessible and more advantageous tool to plant pathology laboratories, mainly those involved on the control and preservation of forest trees.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O género Armillaria inclui fungos de espécies muito agressivas que infectam raízes de plantas lenhosas em todas as regiões do globo. A identificação destas espécies tem sido efectuada com base em características morfológicas, em confrontações haplonte-diplonte ("mating-tests") e também em análise de DNA, nomeadamente análise de polimorfismos de restrição de fragmentos amplificados (RFLP-PCR) das regiões espaçadoras (ITSs) dos genes ribossomais (rDNA nuclear). Neste estudo, 20 isolados de uma colecção portuguesa de espécies de Armillaria foram analisados por "mating-tests" e por análise de restrição da região ITS1. Ainda que tenha sido possível identificar 80% dos isolados diplóides através das confrontações haplonte-diplonte, o método é laborioso, demorado (2 meses ou mais) e apresenta uma taxa elevada de resultados não conclusivos. A análise de restrição da região ITS1, com a enzima HinfI, permitiu discriminar claramente a espécie A. mellea (245 bp e 125 bp), uma das mais agressivas, das outras espécies europeias deste género (290 bp e 70 bp).A simplicidade das técnicas moleculares utilizadas, aliada à sua rapidez de execução (1 dia), torna a identificação de A. mellea por análise de ITS1 um método acessível e de grande utilidade em laboratórios de patologia vegetal, nomeadamente os envolvidos no controlo e preservação de florestas.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="fr"><p><![CDATA[Le genre Armillaria est présente dans le monde entier par différentes espèces de champignons pathogéniques trés agressives qui se développent principalement au niveau des racines. L'identification de ces espèces a été effectuée avec des caractéristiques morphologiques, par confrontation ("mating-tests"), et aussi par l'analyse de l'ADN, surtout par des polymorphismes de restriction de fragments amplifiés (RFLP-PCR) des régions d'espacement (ITSs) des gènes ribosomiques (rDNA nucléaire). Dans ce travail, l'identification d’une collection de 20 isolats portugais de Armillaria a été effectuée en utilisant la méthode des confrontations et l'analyse de restriction de la région ITS1. Bien que la plupart des isolats diploïdes (80%) soit identifiée par confrontation diploïde-haploïde, la méthode s'avère laborieuse et longue (au moins 2 mois) et présente un taux élevé de résultats non concluants. Les résultats obtenus par la restriction de la région ITS1, en utilisant l'enzyme HinfI, ont permit la discrimination nette de A. mellea (245 bp et 125 bp), une espèce des plus agressives, des autres espèces européennes du même genre (290 bp et 70 bp). Les techniques moléculaires utilisées sont très simples et les procédés peuvent être exécutés en un jour, ce qui rend l'identification de A. mellea par l'analyse de ITS1 une méthode accessible et avantageuse pour les laboratoires de pathologie végétal, surtout ceux qui sont engagés dans le contrôle et préservation des fôrets.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[RFLP-PCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[DNA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Armillaria mellea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[woody plants]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[cork oak]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[RFLP-PCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[rDNA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Armillaria mellea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[plantas lenhosas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[sobreiro]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[RFLP-PCR]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[rDNA]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[Armillaria mellea]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[plantes ligneuses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="fr"><![CDATA[chêne liège]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align=center><b>Identification of Portuguese <i >Armillaria</i> Isolates by Classic Mating-Tests and RFLP-PCR Analysis of the ITS1 Region of Ribosomal DNA</b></p>        <p>&nbsp; </p>      <p align=center><b>Helena Bragança*<sup><a href="#1">1</a><a name="top1"></a></sup>,    Rogério Tenreiro** and Natércia Santos***</b></p>      <p align=center>* Assistente de Investigação</p>      <p align=center>*** Investigador Principal c/Habilitação</p>      <p align=center>Estação Florestal Nacional, Quinta do Marquês, Av. da República 2780-159 OEIRAS</p>      <p align=center><sup>** </sup>Professor Auxiliar </p>      <p align=center>Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa and Centro de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Campo Grande, 1749-016 LISBOA</p>        <p>&nbsp; </p>          <p><b>Abstract. </b>The diagnosis of <i >Armillaria</i>, a genus including distinct species of highly woody plant-pathogenic root-infecting fungi with worldwide distribution, is usually based on morphological characteristics and mating-tests, although the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP-PCR), specifically in nuclear rDNA spacers, have also been applied. In the present study, mating-tests and restriction analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) were used to identify 20 isolates of a Portuguese <i >Armillaria</i> collection. Although the majority of the diploid isolates (80%) could be identified in diploid-haploid pairings, the method is laborious, takes too much time (up to 2 months), and presents a high rate of inconclusive results. The ITS1 region showed to be a reliable molecular marker for <i >A</i>. <i >mellea</i>, in particular when <i >Hin</i>fI restriction analysis is applied, since two fragments with 245 bp and 125 bp have been obtained for this most aggressive species whereas 290 bp and 70 bp were produced from isolates of the other European species. As simple molecular techniques are involved and the whole procedure can be performed in one day, <i>A. mellea</i> identification by ITS1 analysis is a clearly accessible and more advantageous tool to plant pathology laboratories, mainly those involved on the control and preservation of forest trees.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>Key words: </b>RFLP-PCR; DNA<i >; Armillaria mellea; </i>woody plants; cork oak</p>        <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>Identificação de Isolados Portugueses de <i>Armillaria</i> por Testes  Clássicos de Confrontação e Análise de RFLP-PCR da Região ITS1 do DNA Ribossomal</b></p>     <p><b>Sumário. </b>O género <i>Armillaria</i> inclui fungos de espécies muito    agressivas que infectam raízes de plantas lenhosas em todas as regiões do globo.    A identificação destas espécies tem sido efectuada com base em características    morfológicas, em confrontações haplonte-diplonte (&quot;mating-tests&quot;)    e também em análise de DNA, nomeadamente análise de polimorfismos de restrição    de fragmentos amplificados (RFLP-PCR) das regiões espaçadoras (ITSs) dos genes    ribossomais (rDNA nuclear). Neste estudo, 20 isolados de uma colecção portuguesa    de espécies de <i>Armillaria </i>foram analisados por &quot;mating-tests&quot;    e por análise de restrição da região ITS1. Ainda que tenha sido possível identificar    80% dos isolados diplóides através das confrontações haplonte-diplonte, o método    é laborioso, demorado (2 meses ou mais) e apresenta uma taxa elevada de resultados    não conclusivos. A análise de restrição da região ITS1, com a enzima <i>Hinf</i>I,    permitiu discriminar claramente a espécie <i >A. mellea </i>(245 bp e 125 bp),    uma das mais agressivas, das outras espécies europeias deste género (290 bp    e 70 bp).A simplicidade das técnicas moleculares utilizadas, aliada à sua rapidez    de execução (1 dia), torna a identificação de <i >A. mellea</i> por análise de ITS1 um método acessível e de grande utilidade em    laboratórios de patologia vegetal, nomeadamente os envolvidos no controlo e    preservação de florestas.</p>      <p><b>Palavras-chave: </b>RFLP-PCR; rDNA<i >; Armillaria mellea; </i>plantas lenhosas; sobreiro</p>        <p>&nbsp; </p>      <p><b>Identification des Isolats Portugais d'<i>Armillaria</i> par Testes Classiques  de Confrontation et Analyse de RFLP-PCR de la Région ITS1 des Gènes Ribosomiques</b></p>        <p><b>Résumé.</b> Le genre <i >Armillaria</i> est présente dans le monde entier    par différentes espèces de champignons pathogéniques trés agressives qui se    développent principalement au niveau des racines. L'identification de ces espèces    a été effectuée avec des caractéristiques morphologiques, par confrontation    (&quot;mating-tests&quot;), et aussi par l'analyse de l'ADN, surtout par des    polymorphismes de restriction de fragments amplifiés (RFLP-PCR) des régions    d'espacement (ITSs) des gènes ribosomiques (rDNA nucléaire). Dans ce travail,    l'identification d’une collection de 20 isolats portugais de <i >Armillaria</i>    a été effectuée en utilisant la méthode des confrontations et l'analyse de restriction    de la région ITS1. Bien que la plupart des isolats diploïdes (80%) soit identifiée    par confrontation diploïde-haploïde, la méthode s'avère laborieuse et longue    (au moins 2 mois) et présente un taux élevé de résultats non concluants. Les    résultats obtenus par la restriction de la région ITS1, en utilisant l'enzyme    <i >Hinf</i>I, ont permit la discrimination nette de <i >A. mellea </i>(245    bp et 125 bp), une espèce des plus agressives, des autres espèces européennes    du même genre (290 bp et 70 bp)<b>. </b>Les techniques moléculaires utilisées    sont très simples et les procédés peuvent être exécutés en un jour, ce qui rend    l'identification de <i >A. mellea</i> par l'analyse de ITS1 une méthode accessible et avantageuse pour    les laboratoires de pathologie végétal, surtout ceux qui sont engagés dans le    contrôle et préservation des fôrets.</p>      <p><b>Mots clés</b>: RFLP-PCR; rDNA<i>;  Armillaria mellea; </i>plantes ligneuses; chêne liège</p>        <p></p>        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>&nbsp; </p>      <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp; </p>     <p><b>References</b></p>        <!-- ref --><p>AZEVEDO, N., 1958. Uma Armilariose em <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i> (L.f) D.    Don. Separata das publicações da <i >Dir. Geral dos Serviços Florestais e Aquicolas</i> XXV (I,II) : 59-75.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000028&pid=S0870-6352200400020000600001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><p>AZEVEDO, N., 1963. Nitrogen utilization by four isolates of <i>Armillaria mellea. </i></span><i>Trans. Brit. Mycol. 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<body><![CDATA[<p><i>Entregue para publicação em Maio de 2003</i> </p>     <p><i>Aceite para publicação em Outubro de 2003</i></p>        <p>&nbsp; </p>        <p><sup><a href="#top1">1</a><a name="1"></a></sup>1º Author E-mail: <a href="mailto:helena.braganca@efn.com.pt">helena.braganca@efn.com.pt</a></p>      ]]></body><back>
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