<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8231</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Psicológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Aná. Psicológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8231</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISPA-Instituto Universitário]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-82311997000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Interacções sociais e aprendizagem: A influência do estatuto do par nas dinâmicas interactivas e nos procedimentos de resolução]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Peixoto]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Francisco]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Menéres]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Sofia]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISPA - Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada UIPCDE - Unidade de Investigação em Psicologia Cognitiva, do Desenvolvimento e da Educação ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>1997</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>1997</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>15</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>269</fpage>
<lpage>281</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-82311997000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-82311997000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-82311997000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O presente trabalho teve como objectivo a comparação da indução de estatuto em duas condições de assimetria com uma situação de interacção simétrica. Como hipótese geral partimos da ideia de que as interacções assimétricas desencadeariam maior predominância de regulações relacionais e, como consequência, os sujeitos envolvidos nesse tipo de dinâmicas apresentariam menos benefícios que os seus congéneres implicados em situações de interacção simétricas. A amostra foi constituída por 36 crianças, com idades compreendidas entre os 4 anos e 5 meses e os 6 anos, de dois Jardins de Infância de Lisboa. Das 36 crianças, 30 não souberam resolver correctamente a tarefa proposta, no pré-teste, enquanto as restantes 6 o conseguiram. Foi utilizada uma tarefa de classificação multiplicativa, com figuras de animais. A investigação desenrolou-se em duas fases: a primeira incluindo o pré-teste e a segunda a situação experimental e o pós-teste, com um intervalo de 2 semanas entre as duas fases. As 36 crianças foram distribuídas por cada uma das 3 condições experimentais («interacção simétrica», «assimetria induzida» e «assimetria reforçada») com os 6 que resolveram a tarefa correctamente no pré-tes-te, incluídos na condição «assimetria reforçada», como tutores e os restante 30 distribuídos de forma equivalente por 5 grupos, de acordo com os seus desempenhos no pré-teste. Os resultados mostram que o estatuto do par produz impacto no funcionamento sócio-cognitivo da díade e nos desempenhos individuais no pós-teste.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The present study was designed to allow for the comparison of status induction, in two conditions of asymmetry, with a situation of symmetric interaction. As a general hypothesis we state that the asymmetric situations have a predominance of relational regulations and, as a consequence, the children involved have fewer benefits than that involved in a symmetric interaction. 36 children, between the ages of 4:5 and 6:0, from two nursery schools in Lisbon acted as subjects. 30 of the 36 children were not able to solve the task proposed and 6 could solve it correctly. A multiple classification task, with pictures of animals, was used. The experiment was realized in two phases: the first including the pre-test and the second the experimental situation and the post-test, with a delay of two weeks between the two phases. The 36 children were distributed to one of the three experimental conditions: («symmetric interaction», «induced asymmetry» and «reinforced asymmetry») with the 6 who had solved the task correctly assigned to the condition «reinforced asymmetry», as tutors, and the remaining 30 equally assigned to 5 equivalent groups, according to their performances in the pre-test. The results show that the peer status has impact on the socio-cognitive functioning of the dyad and on the individual performance in post-test.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Interacção entre pares]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Interacções simétricas/assimétricas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Mediação sócio-cognitiva]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Peer interaction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Symmetrical/Asym-metrical interaction]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Socio-cognitive mediation]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p><b>Interac&ccedil;&otilde;es sociais e aprendizagem</b></p>     <p><b>A influ&ecirc;ncia do estatuto do par nas din&acirc;micas interactivas e    nos procedimentos de resolu&ccedil;&atilde;o (<a name="top1"></a><a href="#1">*</a>)    </b></p>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P align="right">Francisco Peixoto (<a name="top2"></a><a href="#2">**</a>) </P>     <P align="right">Sofia Men&eacute;res (<a name="top3"></a><a href="#3">***</a>)  </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">RESUMO </P>     <P>O presente trabalho teve como objectivo a compara&ccedil;&atilde;o  da indu&ccedil;&atilde;o de estatuto em duas condi&ccedil;&otilde;es de  assimetria com uma situa&ccedil;&atilde;o de interac&ccedil;&atilde;o sim&eacute;trica.  Como hip&oacute;tese geral partimos da ideia de que as interac&ccedil;&otilde;es  assim&eacute;tricas desencadeariam maior predomin&acirc;ncia de regula&ccedil;&otilde;es  relacionais e, como consequ&ecirc;ncia, os sujeitos envolvidos nesse tipo  de din&acirc;micas apresentariam menos benef&iacute;cios que os seus cong&eacute;neres  implicados em situa&ccedil;&otilde;es de interac&ccedil;&atilde;o sim&eacute;tricas. </P>     <P>A amostra foi constitu&iacute;da por 36 crian&ccedil;as, com  idades compreendidas entre os 4 anos e 5 meses e os 6 anos, de dois Jardins  de Inf&acirc;ncia de Lisboa. Das 36 crian&ccedil;as, 30 n&atilde;o souberam  resolver correctamente a tarefa proposta, no pr&eacute;-teste, enquanto  as restantes 6 o conseguiram. Foi utilizada uma tarefa de classifica&ccedil;&atilde;o  multiplicativa, com figuras de animais. A investiga&ccedil;&atilde;o desenrolou-se  em duas fases: a primeira incluindo o pr&eacute;-teste e a segunda a situa&ccedil;&atilde;o  experimental e o p&oacute;s-teste, com um intervalo de 2 semanas entre as  duas fases.</P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>As 36 crian&ccedil;as foram distribu&iacute;das por cada uma  das 3 condi&ccedil;&otilde;es experimentais (&laquo;interac&ccedil;&atilde;o  sim&eacute;trica&raquo;, &laquo;assimetria induzida&raquo; e &laquo;assimetria  refor&ccedil;ada&raquo;) com os 6 que resolveram a tarefa correctamente  no pr&eacute;-tes-te, inclu&iacute;dos na condi&ccedil;&atilde;o &laquo;assimetria  refor&ccedil;ada&raquo;, como tutores e os restante 30 distribu&iacute;dos  de forma equivalente por 5 grupos, de acordo com os seus desempenhos no  pr&eacute;-teste.</P>     <P>Os resultados mostram que o estatuto do par produz impacto no  funcionamento s&oacute;cio-cognitivo da d&iacute;ade e nos desempenhos individuais  no p&oacute;s-teste.</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><I>Palavras-Chave</I>: Interac&ccedil;&atilde;o entre pares, Interac&ccedil;&otilde;es    sim&eacute;tricas/assim&eacute;tricas, Media&ccedil;&atilde;o s&oacute;cio-cognitiva.</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">ABSTRACT </P>     <P>The present study was designed to allow for the comparison of  status induction, in two conditions of asymmetry, with a situation of symmetric  interaction. As a general hypothesis we state that the asymmetric situations  have a predominance of relational regulations and, as a consequence, the  children involved have fewer benefits than that involved in a symmetric  interaction.</P>     <P>36 children, between the ages of 4:5 and 6:0, from two nursery  schools in Lisbon acted as subjects. 30 of the 36 children were not able  to solve the task proposed and 6 could solve it correctly. A multiple classification  task, with pictures of animals, was used. The experiment was realized in  two phases: the first including the pre-test and the second the experimental  situation and the post-test, with a delay of two weeks between the two phases. </P>     <P>The 36 children were distributed to one of the three experimental  conditions: (&laquo;symmetric interaction&raquo;, &laquo;induced asymmetry&raquo;  and &laquo;reinforced asymmetry&raquo;) with the 6 who had solved the task  correctly assigned to the condition &laquo;reinforced asymmetry&raquo;,  as tutors, and the remaining 30 equally assigned to 5 equivalent groups,  according to their performances in the pre-test. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>The results show that the peer status has impact on the socio-cognitive  functioning of the dyad and on the individual performance in post-test. </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><I>Key Words</I>: Peer interaction, Symmetrical/Asym-metrical interaction,    Socio-cognitive mediation. </P>     <p>&nbsp;</P>     <p>Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</P>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Barnier, G. (1989). L' effet-tuteur dans des situations mettant en jeu des    rapports spatiaux chez des enfants de 7-8 ans en interaction avec des pairs    de 6-7 ans. <I>European Journal of Psychology of Education, 4 </I>(3), 385-399.  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000032&pid=S0870-8231199700020000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P>Blaye, A. (1988). M&eacute;canismes g&eacute;n&eacute;rateurs de progr&egrave;s    lors de la r&eacute;solution &agrave; deux d' un produit de deux ensembles par    des enfants de 5-6 ans. In A. N. Perret-Clermont (Ed.), <I>Interagir et connaitre    enjeux et r&eacute;gulations sociales dans le d&eacute;veloppement cognitif</I>.    Neuch&acirc;tel: Delachaux et Niestl&eacute;. </P>     <P>Blaye, A. (1989). Nature et effets des oppositions dans des situations de co-r&eacute;solution    de probl&egrave;mes entre paires. In N. Bednarz & C. Garnier (Ed.), <I>Construction    des savoirs: obstacles et conflits</I>. Ottawa: Les &Eacute;ditions Agence d'    ARC </P>     <P>Carugati, F., & Mugny, G. (1985). La th&eacute;orie du conflit sociocognitif. In G. Mugny (Ed.), <I>Psychologie du d&eacute;veloppement cognitif</I>. Berne: Peter Lang. </P>     <P>Dalzon, C. (1988). Conflit cognitif et construction de la notion de droite/gauche. In A. N. Perret-Clermont (Ed.), <I>Interagir et connaitre enjeux et r&eacute;gulations sociales dans le d&eacute;veloppement cognitif</I>. Neuch&acirc;tel: Delachaux et Niestl&eacute;. </P>     <P>Doise, W., & Mugny, G. (1981). <I>Le developpement sociale de l' intelligence</I>.    Paris: Inter-Editions. </P>     <P>Fraysse, J. C. (1991). Effects of social insertion mode on performance and interaction in asymmetric dyads. <I>European Journal of Psychology of Education, 6 </I>(1), 45-53. </P>     <P>Gilly, M. (1988). Interactions entre pairs et constructions cognitives: Des travaux exp&eacute;rimentaux de laboratoire au terrain p&eacute;dagogique. <I>European Journal of Psychology of Education, Num&eacute;ro Sp&eacute;cial Hors-Serie</I>. </P>     <P>Gilly, M. (1989a). A propos de la th&eacute;orie du conflit socio-cognitif    et des m&eacute;canismes psycho-sociaux des constructions cognitives: perspectives    actuelles et mod&egrave;les explicatifs. In N. Bednarz, & C. Garnier (Ed.),    <I>Construction des savoirs: obstacles et conflits</I>. Ottawa: Les &Eacute;ditions    Agence d' ARC </P>     <P>Gilly, M. (1989b). <I>Social psychology of cognitive constructions: European perspectives</I>. Comunica&ccedil;&atilde;o apresentada ao col&oacute;quio da E.A.R.L.I., Madrid. </P>     <P>Gilly, M. (1995). Approches socio-constructives du developpement cognitif de    l' enfant d' age scolaire. In D. Gaonac&acute;h & C. Golder (Ed.), <I>Manuel    de psychologie pour l' enseignement</I>. Paris: Hachette. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Gilly, M., Fraysse, J., & Roux, J. P. (1988). R&eacute;solution de probl&egrave;mes en dyades et progr&egrave;s cognitif chez des enfants de 11 &agrave; 13 ans. In A. N. Perret-Cler-mont (Ed.), <I>Interagir et connaitre enjeux et r&eacute;gulations sociales dans le d&eacute;veloppement cognitif</I>. Neuch&acirc;tel: Delachaux et Niestl&eacute;. </P>     <P>Grossen, M. (1994). Theoretical and methodological consequences of a change in the unit of analysis for the study of peer interactions in a problem solving situation. <I>European Journal of Psychology of Education, 9 </I>(2), 159-173. </P>     <P>Mata, L. (1991). Desenvolvimento das conceptualiza&ccedil;&otilde;es infantis sobre escrita: Papel das interac&ccedil;&otilde;es sociais. <I>An&aacute;lise Psicol&oacute;gica, 9 </I>(3/4), 403-410. </P>     <P>Monteiro, V. (1995). <I>Aprender ensinando: Estudo do efeito tutor em crian&ccedil;as do 4.&ordm; ano de escolaridade em interac&ccedil;&atilde;o di&aacute;dica com colegas do 2.&ordm; ano de escolaridade</I>. Disserta&ccedil;&atilde;o de Mestrado, ISPA, Lisboa. </P>     <P>Peixoto, F. (1993). Interac&ccedil;&atilde;o de tutela m&atilde;e-crian&ccedil;a: Efeitos do material nos procedimentos e na din&acirc;mica interactiva. <I>An&aacute;lise Psicol&oacute;gica, 11 </I>(3), 393-399. </P>     <P>Peixoto, F. (1996a). <I>Interac&ccedil;&otilde;es sociais e desenvolvimento: A influ&ecirc;ncia do material em interac&ccedil;&otilde;es de tutela m&atilde;e-crian&ccedil;a</I>. Disserta&ccedil;&atilde;o de Mestrado, ISPA, Lisboa. </P>     <P>Peixoto, F. (1996b). <I>The importance of referential perspective in adult-child interaction</I>. Poster apresentado na Confer&ecirc;ncia Piaget-Vygotsky, organizada pela British Psychological Society, Brighton, England. </P>     <P>Stasoft, Inc. (1995). <I>STATISTICA for Windows (Computer Program Manual)</I>. Tulsa: Stasoft, Inc.</p>      <p>Topping, K. (1994). <I>Peer tutoring</I>. New York: Cassell. Verba, M., & Winnykamen, F. (1992). Expert-novice  interactions: Influence of partner status. <I>European Journal of Psychology of Education, 7</I>, 61-71. </P>     <P>Wertsch, J. V., Minick, N., & Arns, F. J. (1984). The creation of context in joint problem-solving. In B. Rogoff & J. Lave (Ed.), <I>Everiday cognition</I>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Wertsch, J. V., & Sammarco, J. G. (1988). Pr&eacute;curseurs sociaux du fonctionnement cognitif individuel: le probl&egrave;me des unit&eacute;s d&rsquo;analyse. In R. A. Hinde, A.  N. Perret-Clermont, & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), <I>Relations interpersonelles et d&eacute;veloppement des savoirs</I>. Cousset (Fribourg): Del Val.</p>     <p>Winnykamen, F. (1990). <I>Apprendre en imitant?</I>. Paris: PUF. </P>     <P>Zammuner, V. L. (1995). Individual and cooperative computer-writung and revising:    Who gets the best results?. <I>Learning and Instruction, 5</I>, 101-124. </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>(<a name="1"></a><a href="#top1">*</a>) Toda a correspond&ecirc;ncia sobre    este artigo deve ser enviada para Francisco Peixoto, Instituto Superior de Psicologia    Aplicada, Rua Jardim do Tabaco, 44, 1100 Lisboa, Portugal, <a href="mailto:Fpeixoto@ispa.pt">Fpeixoto@ispa.pt</a>  </P>     <P>(<a name="2"></a><a href="#top2">**</a>) Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada.    UIPCDE. </P>     <P>(<a name="3"></a><a href="#top3">***</a>) Psic&oacute;loga Educacional. </P>      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Barnier]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[L' effet-tuteur dans des situations mettant en jeu des rapports spatiaux chez des enfants de 7-8 ans en interaction avec des pairs de 6-7 ans.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[European Journal of Psychology of Education]]></source>
<year>1989</year>
<volume>4</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<issue>3</issue>
<page-range>385-399</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
