<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8231</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Psicológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Aná. Psicológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8231</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISPA-Instituto Universitário]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-82311999000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Respostas de stress e recursos de coping nos enfermeiros]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mcintyre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Teresa Mendonça]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Mcintyre]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Scott Elmes]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silvério]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Jorge]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade do Minho Instituto de Educação e Psicologia Departamento de Psicologia]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Braga ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISMAI - Instituto Superior da Maia  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
<country>Portugal</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>09</month>
<year>1999</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>17</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>513</fpage>
<lpage>527</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-82311999000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-82311999000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-82311999000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Neste artigo faz-se uma revisão da literatura sobre os modelos de stress ocupacional em contextos de saúde. São também apresentados os resultados preliminares de um estudo mais alargado sobre as fontes de stress, as respostas de stress e os recursos de coping nos profissionais de saúde da região Norte. Este artigo refere-se a uma amostra de 62 enfermeiros hospitalares no Norte de Portugal. Os instrumentos usados foram o Inventário de Recursos para Lidar com o Stress, o Inventário de Respostas e Recursos Pessoais, após adaptação e validação para Portugal pelos autores, e um questionário demográfico desenvolvido para o estudo. Os resultados indicam que as três principais fontes de stress para os enfermeiros são: sobrecarga de doentes, sobrecarga de trabalho e más condições físicas e técnicas. Os enfermeiros respondem ao stress predominantemente com ideação suicida, negação, sintomas físicos e humor deprimido. Os recursos de coping mais utilizados por estes são o suporte social, a capacidade para organizar e gerir recursos, e a liberdade financeira. Algumas variáveis demográficas e profissionais, como o estatuto profissional, têm um impacto significativo nas respostas ao stress e nos recursos de coping utilizados. As respostas de stress encontradas, constituem reacções indirectas e potencialmente disfuncionais ao stress que podem afectar negativamente, quer os profissionais de saúde quer os cuidados prestados. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade urgente de uma intervenção psicológica de apoio aos enfermeiros em Portugal.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[This is a preliminary report of a larger study which aims at determining the sources of stress, stress responses and coping resources of Portuguese health providers using a comprehensive model of occupational stress. This sample is comprised of 62 Portuguese nurses of both sexes from regional hospitals in Northern Portugal selected from units with chronically ill patients (e.g. rehabilitation). The subjects were given the Coping Resources Inventory for Stress, the Brief Personal Survey and a brief demographic information form. The two instruments were previously adapted and validated for Portugal by the authors. The results indicate that the three main sources of stress for providers are work load, poor physical and technical conditions and patient overload. The providers responded to stress predominantly with suicide ideation, denial, physical symptoms and depressed mood. The coping resources most reported were the extent of social support, the ability to organise and manage resources, financial freedom and the ability to monitor stress. There was a significant impact of some demographic and professional variables on the sources of stress, stress responses and coping resources, especially the nurses' professional status. The study confirmed previously found relationships between one's stress response and availability of coping resources. The sources of stress found in the Portuguese nurses are similar to those reported in other countries for various health providers. The predominant stress responses found (denial and physical symptoms), although well accepted in the Portuguese medical culture, indicate indirect and potentially dysfunctional reactions to stress which may adversely affect both the provider and the patient. These results point to the urgent need for psychological intervention to support Portuguese health professionals.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Stress ocupacional]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[enfermeiros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[coping]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Occupational stress]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[nurses]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[coping resources]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p    ><b>Respostas de stress e recursos de coping nos enfermeiros (<a name="top1"></a><a href="#1">*</a>)</b>  </p >       <P   ></P >        <P   align="right" >Teresa Mendon&ccedil;a Mcintyre (<a name="top2"></a><a href="#2">**</a>)</P >     <P   align="right" >Scott Elmes Mcintyre (<a name="top3"></a><a href="#3">***</a>) </P >     <P   align="right" >Jorge Silv&eacute;rio (<a name="top4"></a><a href="#4">****</a>) </P >        <P   >&nbsp;</P >     <P   align="center" >RESUMO </P >     <P   >Neste artigo faz-se uma revis&atilde;o da literatura sobre os modelos de stress    ocupacional em contextos de sa&uacute;de. S&atilde;o tamb&eacute;m apresentados    os resultados preliminares de um estudo mais alargado sobre as fontes de stress,    as respostas de stress e os recursos de coping nos profissionais de sa&uacute;de    da regi&atilde;o Norte. Este artigo refere-se a uma amostra de 62 enfermeiros    hospitalares no Norte de Portugal. Os instrumentos usados foram o Invent&aacute;rio    de Recursos para Lidar com o Stress, o Invent&aacute;rio de Respostas e Recursos    Pessoais, ap&oacute;s adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o e valida&ccedil;&atilde;o para    Portugal pelos autores, e um question&aacute;rio demogr&aacute;fico desenvolvido    para o estudo. Os resultados indicam que as tr&ecirc;s principais fontes de    stress para os enfermeiros s&atilde;o: sobrecarga de doentes, sobrecarga de    trabalho e m&aacute;s condi&ccedil;&otilde;es f&iacute;sicas e t&eacute;cnicas.    Os enfermeiros respondem ao stress predominantemente com idea&ccedil;&atilde;o    suicida, nega&ccedil;&atilde;o, sintomas f&iacute;sicos e humor deprimido. Os    recursos de coping mais utilizados por estes s&atilde;o o suporte social, a    capacidade para organizar e gerir recursos, e a liberdade financeira. Algumas    vari&aacute;veis demogr&aacute;ficas e profissionais, como o estatuto profissional,    t&ecirc;m um impacto significativo nas respostas ao stress e nos recursos de    coping utilizados. As respostas de stress encontradas, constituem reac&ccedil;&otilde;es    indirectas e potencialmente disfuncionais ao stress que podem afectar negativamente,    quer os profissionais de sa&uacute;de quer os cuidados prestados. Os resultados    apontam para a necessidade urgente de uma interven&ccedil;&atilde;o psicol&oacute;gica    de apoio aos enfermeiros em Portugal. </P >     <P   ><I>Palavras-Chave</I>: Stress ocupacional, enfermeiros, coping. </P >     <P   align="center" >&nbsp;</P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   align="center" >ABSTRACT </P >     <P   >This is a preliminary report of a larger study which aims at determining the    sources of stress, stress responses and coping resources of Portuguese health    providers using a comprehensive model of occupational stress. This sample is    comprised of 62 Portuguese nurses of both sexes from regional hospitals in Northern    Portugal selected from units with chronically ill patients (e.g. rehabilitation).    The subjects were given the Coping Resources Inventory for Stress, the Brief    Personal Survey and a brief demographic information form. The two instruments    were previously adapted and validated for Portugal by the authors. The results    indicate that the three main sources of stress for providers are work load,    poor physical and technical conditions and patient overload. The providers responded    to stress predominantly with suicide ideation, denial, physical symptoms and    depressed mood. The coping resources most reported were the extent of social    support, the ability to organise and manage resources, financial freedom and    the ability to monitor stress. There was a significant impact of some demographic    and professional variables on the sources of stress, stress responses and coping    resources, especially the nurses' professional status. The study confirmed previously    found relationships between one's stress response and availability of coping    resources. The sources of stress found in the Portuguese nurses are similar    to those reported in other countries for various health providers. The predominant    stress responses found (denial and physical symptoms), although well accepted    in the Portuguese medical culture, indicate indirect and potentially dysfunctional    reactions to stress which may adversely affect both the provider and the patient.    These results point to the urgent need for psychological intervention to support    Portuguese health professionals. </P >     <P   ><I>Key words</I>: Occupational stress, nurses, coping resources.</P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >     <P   >Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</P >     <p>Full text only available in PDF format. </p>     <P   ><I> </I></P >        <P    ></P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >       <P align="center"   >REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS </P >       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<!-- ref --><P    >Calhoun, G. (1980). Hospitals are high-stress employers. <I>Hospitals, 54 </I>(12), 171-176. </P >    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000023&pid=S0870-8231199900030000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P   >Cassel, E. (1982). The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. <I>The New England Journal of Medicine, 306 </I>(11), 639-645. </P >       <P   >Chambers, N., & Billig, N. (1984). Stresses in special care nursing. <I>Nursing      Management, 15 </I>(6), 30A-30G. </P >       <P   >Cohen-Mansfield, J. (1995). Stress in nursing home staff: a review and a theoretical model. <I>Journal of Applied Gerontology, 14 </I>(4), 444-466. </P >    <P   >Dirkx, J. (1991). Recent research on nightwork for women: a review. In W. Singleton, & J. Dirkx (Eds.), <I>Ergonomics, health and safety: perspectives for the nineties </I>(pp. 45-51). Leuven: Leuven University Press. </P >       <P   >Fel&iacute;cio, M., & Pereira, A. (1996). Stress ocupacional: sua rela&ccedil;&atilde;o      com a sa&uacute;de e varia&ccedil;&atilde;o com o sexo. <I>Revista Portuguesa      de Cl&iacute;nica Geral, 13 </I>(2), 87-97. </P >       <P    >Gray-Toft, P., & Anderson, J. (1981). Stress among hospital nursing staff: its causes and effects. <I>Social Sciences Medicine, 15A</I>, 639-647. </P >    <P   >Greenberg, J. (1987). <I>Comprehensive stress management</I>. Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Brown Publishers. </P >    <P   >Gunnarsd&oacute;ttir, H., & Rafnsson, R. (1995). Mortality among Icelandic nurses. Scandinavian <I>Journal of Work Environment and Health, 21</I>, 24-29. </P >    <P   >Ivancevich, J., & Matteson, M. (1981). Stress prevention: Framework for management. <I>Organizational Dynamics, 17</I>. </P >     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   >Kandolin, I. (1993). Burnout of female and male nurses in shiftwork. <I>Ergonomics,    36 </I>(1-3), 141-147. </P >     <P   >Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S. (1984). <I>Stress, appraisal and coping</I>. New York:    Springer Publishing. </P >     <P   >Leiter, M. P. (1991). Coping patterns as predictors of burnout: the function of control and escapist coping patterns. <I>Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 12</I>, 123-144. </P >    <P   >Leppanen, R., & Olkinuora, M. (1987). Psychological stress experienced by health care personnel. <I>Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 13</I>, 1-8. </P >    <P   >Lindstrom, K. (1992). Work organization and wellbeing of Finnish health care personnel. <I>Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 18 </I>(2), 90-93. </P >    <P   >Loff, A. (1992, Outubro). <I>Aspectos psicol&oacute;gicos do exerc&iacute;cio da profiss&atilde;o de enfermagem</I>. Comunica&ccedil;&atilde;o apresentada nas &laquo;Jornadas de enfermagem&raquo;, Lisboa, Portugal. </P >    <P   >Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. <I>Journal of Occupational Behavior, 2</I>, 99-113. </P >    <P   >Matheny, K., Curlette, W., Aycock, D., Pugh, J., & Taylor, H. (1987). <I>Coping resources inventory for stress</I>. Fayetteville, GA: Health Prisms Inc. </P >    <P   >Mauger, P. (1994). <I>The brief personal survey</I>. Jonesboro, GA: Automated Assessment Systems. </P >    <P   >McCue, J. (1982). The effect of stress on physicians and their medical practice. <I>The New England Journal of Medicine, 306 </I>(8), 458-463. </P >    ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   >McIntyre, T. (1985). <I>Aggressiveness and assertiveness in Portuguese and American college students: a cross-cultural study</I>. Unpublished Masters Thesis, Georgia State University, Atlanta. </P >    <P   >McIntyre, T. (1994). Stress e os profissionais de sa&uacute;de: os que tratam tamb&eacute;m sofrem. <I>An&aacute;lise Psicol&oacute;gica, 12 </I>(2-3), 193-200. </P >    <P   >McIntyre, T. (1997). Family therapy in Portugal and the U.S.: a culturally sensitive approach. In U. Gielen & A. Comunian (Eds.), <I>Family and family therapy in international perspective</I>. Milan, Italy: Marinelli Editrice. </P >       <P   >McIntyre, T., McIntyre, S., & Silv&eacute;rio, J. (1995). <I>Invent&aacute;rio      de Recursos para Lidar com o Stress [Coping Resources Inventory for Stress      - Portuguese version]</I>. Fayetteville, GA: Health Prisms Inc. </P >       <P   >McIntyre, T., McIntyre, S., & Silv&eacute;rio, J. (1995). <I>Invent&aacute;rio      de Respostas e Recursos Pessoais [Brief Personal Survey - Portuguese version]</I>.      Jonesboro, GA: Automated Assessment Systems. </P >       <P   >Michie, S., Ridout, K., & Johnston, M. (1996). Stress in nursing and patient&acute;s satisfaction with health care. <I>British Journal of Nursing, 5 </I>(16), 1002-1006. </P >     <P   >Nogueira, J. (1988). <I>Stress e exaust&atilde;o m&eacute;dicas: que sa&iacute;da    para a crise? </I>Estudo feito no &acirc;mbito do Internato de especialidade    de Sa&uacute;de P&uacute;blica, Escola Nacional de Sa&uacute;de P&uacute;blica.  </P >     <P   >Olkinuora, M., Asp, S., Juntunen, J., Kauttu, K., Strid, L., & Aarimaa, M. (1992). Stress symptoms, burnout and suicidal thoughts of Finnish physicians. Scandinavian <I>Journal of Work Environment and Health, 18 </I>(2), 110-112. </P >    <P   >Pines, A., Aronson, E., & Kafry, D. (1981). <I>From tedium to personal growth</I>. New York: The Free Press. </P >    <P   >Rodrigo, M. L. (1995). Estr&eacute;s de los profesionales de enfermer&iacute;a: sobre qu&eacute; o quien repercute?. <I>Revista ROL de Enfermer&iacute;a, 201</I>, 65-68. </P >       ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   >Selye, H. (1971). The evolution of the stress concept. In L. Levi (Ed.), <I>Society,      stress and disease </I>(Vol. 1, pp. 299-311). London: Oxford University Press.    </P >       <P   >Smith, M. (1978). <I>A review of NIOSH physical stress research - 1977</I>. National      Institute of Occupational Health and Safety, pp. 27-28. </P >       <P   >Spelten, E., Smith, L., Totterdel, P., Barton, J., Folkard, S., & Bohle, P. (1993). The relationship between coping strategies and GHQ-scores in nurses. <I>Ergonomics, 36 </I>(1-3), 227-232. </P >    <P   >Sue, D., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (1990)</B>. 	<I>Understanding abnormal behavior</I>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. </P >       <P   >Veninga, R., & Spradley, J. (1982). The work stress <I>connection - How to cope      with job burnout</I>. New York: Ballantine Books. </P >       <P   >Warp, P. (1987). <I>Work, unemployment and mental </I><I>health</I>. Oxford:      Oxford Science Publications. </P >       <P   ></P >     <P   >&nbsp;</P >       <P   >(<a name="1"></a><a href="#top1">*</a>) Este estudo foi apoiado pelo Centro de    Estudos em Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o e Psicologia da Universidade do Minho. Gostar&iacute;amos    de agradecer aos alunos da Licenciatura em Psicologia Bernardete Lima, Aldina    Martins, Augusta Nogueira, Dulce Parente e Helena Pereira pela sua colabora&ccedil;&atilde;o    na recolha, codifica&ccedil;&atilde;o e entrada de dados. Tamb&eacute;m gostar&iacute;amos    de agradecer ao hospital o apoio prestado e a todos os enfermeiros que participaram    no estudo. </P >     <P   >Toda a correspond&ecirc;ncia em rela&ccedil;&atilde;o a este artigo dever&aacute;    ser dirigida &agrave; Prof. Dra. Teresa McIntyre, Departamento de Psicologia,    Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4700 Braga, Telef: 053-604254; e-mail:    <a href="mailto:mcintyre@iep.uminho.pt">mcintyre@iep.uminho.pt</a> </P >        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P   >(<a name="2"></a><a href="#top2">**</a>) Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade    do Minho, Portugal. </P >        <P   >(<a name="3"></a><a href="#top3">***</a>) Instituto Superior da Maia, Portugal.  </P >        <P   >(<a name="4"></a><a href="#top4">****</a>) Departamento de Psicologia, Universidade    do Minho, Portugal. </P >       <P   ></P >       <P   >&nbsp;</P >      ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Calhoun]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Hospitals are high-stress employers.]]></article-title>
<source><![CDATA[Hospitals]]></source>
<year>1980</year>
<volume>54</volume>
<numero>12</numero>
<issue>12</issue>
<page-range>171-176</page-range></nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>
