ANTÓNIO MANUEL FONSECA (*)
ANTÓNIO DE PAULA BRITO (**)
RESUMO
Com esta investigação pretendeu-se analisar as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa do Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (McAuley et al., 1989), em contextos de actividade física ou desportiva. No primeiro estudo (n=738; 16.00±3.66 anos), a Análise Factorial Exploratória (AFE) permitiu identificar uma solução constituída por quatro factores similares à da versão original, e o cálculo do alfa de Cronbach para cada uma das subescalas e para o instrumento na sua globalidade confirmou na generalidade a sua fiabilidade. No segundo estudo (n=1780; 15.80±3.85 anos) foram submetidos à Análise Factorial Confirmatória (AFC) quatro modelos de medida do IMIp distintos: i) 18 itens, factor único; ii) 18 itens, quatro factores; iii) 17 itens, factor único; e iv) 17 itens, quatro factores. A análise dos resultados revelou a superioridade dos modelos com 17 itens relativamente aos de 18 itens, e dos modelos com quatro factores face aos modelos com apenas um factor. Ainda assim, os valores dos diferentes indicadores da qualidade de ajustamento dos diferentes modelos investigados sugeriram que o IMIp pode ser utilizado com confiança tanto para avaliar globalmente a motivação intrínseca dos indivíduos para a prática de actividades físicas ou desportivas como para avaliar individualmente cada uma das quatro facetas nele representadas. Finalmente, de realçar que, sem prejuízo do anteriormente referido, uma análise ao conjunto de todos os resultados encontrados nos dois estudos realizados pareceu indicar a possibilidade de melhorar ainda mais as propriedades psicométricas do IMIp.
Palavras-chave: Inventário de Motivação Intrínseca, propriedades psicométricas, actividade física e desportiva.
]]> ABSTRACT
The purpose of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (McAuley et al., 1989) in sport and exercise contexts. In study 1 (n=738; 16.00±3.66 years) Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) identified a four-factor structure similar to the original version, and Cronbach alphas of each one of the different subscales and for the whole instrument showed its reliability. In study 2 (n=1780; 15.80±3.85 years) Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to examine four different measurement models of IMIp: i) 18 itens, one-factor; ii) 18 itens, four-factor; iii) 17 itens, one factor; and iv) 17 itens, four-factor. CFA results showed the superiority of the models with 17 items against the models with 18 itens, and the superiority of the four-factor models face to the one-factor models. However, the fit idexes of the examined models suggested that IMIp can be used with confidence as much as a global measure for the evaluation of the individuals' intrinsic motivation for sport and exercise activities as to measure individually each one of it's four facets. Finally, and despite what was previously referred, a global analysis to the overall results found in the two reported studies seems to suggest that it will be possible to still improve the psychometric properties of the IMIp.
Key words: Intrinsic Motivation Inventory, psychometric properties, sport and exercise activities.
Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.
Full text only available in PDF format.
REFERÊNCIAS
Biddle, S., Goudas, M., & Fox, K. (1994). Dispositional and situational achievement goals in children's sport and physical education. In M. Audiffren, & G. Minvielle (Eds), Psychologie des pratiques physiques et sportives (pp. 295-296). Université de Poitiers: Presses de l'UFR APS. [ Links ]
Biddle, S. J. H., & Soos, I. (1997). Social-cognitive predictors of motivation and intention in hungarian children. In R. Lidor, & M. Bar-Eli (Eds.), Actas do IX Congresso Mundial de Psicologia do Desporto 'Innovations in sport psychology: Linking theory and practice' (Vol. 1, pp. 121-123). Israel: ISSP, The Zinman College of PE and Sports Sciences & Wingate Institute for PE and Sport. [ Links ]
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1980). The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 13, pp. 39-80). New York: Academic Press. [ Links ]
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York: Plenum Press. [ Links ]
Fonseca, A. M. (1995). Versão portuguesa do Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI): Inventário de Motivação Intrínseca (IMIp). Trabalho não publicado. FCDEF, Universidade do Porto. [ Links ]
Goudas M. (1998). Motivational climate and intrinsic motivation of young basketball players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 323-327. [ Links ]
Goudas, M., & Biddle, S. J. H. (1994). Perceived motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in school physical education classes. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 9 (3), 241-250. [ Links ]
Goudas, M., Biddle, S., & Fox, K. (1994). Achievement goal orientations and intrinsic motivation in physical fitness testing with children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 6 (2), 159-167. [ Links ]
Halliwell, W. R. (1980). A reaction to Deci's paper on intrinsic motivation. In D. M. Landers, & R. W. Christina (Eds.), Psychology of motor behavior and sport - 1977 (pp. 397-402). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. [ Links ]
Hanrahan, S. J. (1993). Attributional style, intrinsic motivation, and achievement goal orientations. In S. Serpa, J. Alves, V. Ferreira, & A. Paula-Brito(Eds.), Actas do VIII Congresso Mundial de Psicologia do Desporto (pp. 846-850). Lisboa: ISSP, SPPD & FMH/UTL. [ Links ]
Kim, B. J., & Gill, D. (1997). A cross-cultural extension of goal perspective theory to Korean sport setting. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 19, 142-155. [ Links ]
Lintunen, T., & Valkonen, A., & Biddle, S. J. H. (1997). Social-cognitive predictors of motivation and intention in sports in finnish children. In R. Lidor, & M. Bar-Eli (Eds.), Actas do IX Congresso Mundial de Psicologia do Desporto 'Innovations in sport psychology: Linking theory and practice' (Vol. 2, pp. 437-439). Israel: ISSP, The Zinman College of PE and Sports Sciences & Wingate Institute for PE and Sport. [ Links ]
Markland, D., & Hardy, L. (1997). On the factorial and construct validity of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory: Conceptual and operational concerns. Research Quarterly for exercise and Sport, 69 (1), 20-32. [ Links ]
McAuley, E., Duncan, T. E., & Tammen, V. V. (1989). Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 60 (1), 48-58. [ Links ]
McAuley, E., Wraith, S., & Duncan, T. (1991). Self-efficacy, perceptions of success, and intrinsic motivation for exercise. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 139-155. [ Links ]
Mitchell, S. A. (1996). Relationships between perceived learning environment and intrinsic motivation in middle school physical education. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 15 (3), 369-383. [ Links ]
Morris, T., & Choi, W. B. (1993). Development of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory for use with australian children and adolescents. In S. Serpa, J. Alves, V. Ferreira, & A. Paula-Brito (Eds.), Actas do VIII Congresso Mundial de Psicologia do Desporto (pp. 476-480). Lisboa: ISSP, SPPD e FMH. [ Links ]
Papaioannau, A., & Diggelidis, N. (1997). Social cognitive correlates of motivation and intention in greek children and the social desirability scale. In R. Lidor, & M. Bar-Eli (Eds.), Actas do IX Congresso Mundial de Psicologia do Desporto 'Innovations in sport psychology: Linking theory and practice' (Vol. 2, pp. 537-539). Israel: ISSP, The Zinman College of PE and Sports Sciences & Wingate Institute for PE and Sport. [ Links ]
Ryan, R. M. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 450-461. [ Links ]
Ryan, R. M., Koestner, R., & Deci, E. (1991). Ego-involved persistence: When free-choice behavior is not intrinsically motivated. Motivation and Emotion, 15, 185-205. [ Links ]
Vallerand, R. J. (1989). Vers une méthodologie de validation transculturelle de questionnaires psychologiques: Implications pour la recherche en langue française. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 30 (4), 662-680. [ Links ]
Whitehead, J. R., & Corbin, C. B. (1991). Youth fitness testing: the effect of percentile-based evaluative feedback on intrinsic motivation. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 62 (2), 225-231. [ Links ]
(*) FCDEF, Universidade do Porto.
(**) FMH, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa.
]]>