<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8231</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Psicológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Aná. Psicológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8231</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISPA-Instituto Universitário]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-82312003000300008</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O papel do reconhecimento do acaso no raciocínio indutivo]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Ferreira]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Mário Boto]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Garcia-Marques]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Leonel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[ ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2003</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>21</volume>
<numero>3</numero>
<fpage>353</fpage>
<lpage>373</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-82312003000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-82312003000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-82312003000300008&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Segundo Tversky e Kahneman (1974), a actividade inferencial humana baseia-se em grande medida em heurísticas (regras simplificadas de tomada de decisão) que divergem dos princípios estatísticos apropriados ao julgamento na incerteza. No entanto, Nisbett, Krantz, Jepson e Kunda (1983), defenderam que paralelamente às heurísticas não-estatísticas, as pessoas também possuem heurísticas estatísticas (i.e. representações intuitivas e abstractas de certos princípios estatísticos). Fong e Nisbett (1991), sugerem que o uso das heurísticas estatísticas está dependente de regras de codificação (associadas a domínios de conteúdo específicos). Aqui considera-se que o essencial das regras de codificação é a facilitação do reconhecimento do componente de acaso subjacente aos problemas indutivos. Assim, condições experimentais que facilitem o reconhecimento deste componente aleatório deverão resultar numa melhoria do desempenho estatístico. Para testar esta hipótese, foram usadas duas manipulações de facilitação do reconhecimento do acaso. Os participantes responderam a um conjunto de problemas indutivos sobre diversos domínios (Desporto, Fidelidade conjugal, Escola, e Saúde), envolvendo vários princípios estatísticos (Lei dos Grandes Números, Regressão à Média, Base-Rates, e Diagnosticidade) antes e após as manipulações (imediatamente ou duas semanas depois). Os resultados revelam uma melhoria no desempenho estatístico para os domínios Fidelidade e Escola, e para os princípios regressão à média e diagnosticidade.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Human inference is, according to Tversky and Kahneman (1974), greatly based in heuristics (simplified rules of decision making) that diverge from the statistical principles appropriate to judgment under uncertainty. However, Nisbett, Krantz, Jepson and Kun-da (1983), contend that beyond these non-statistical heuristics, people also possess statistical heuristics (i.e., intuitive counterparts of statistical principles). Fong and Nisbett (1991), suggest that the use of statistical heuristics depends from codification rules associated to specific content domains. In the present work, we propose that codification rules facilitate the recognition of the chance component inherent to inductive problems. Thus, experimental conditions that facilitate the recognition of this chance component should result in the improvement of statistical performance. To test this hypothesis, we used two manipulations meant to facilitate chance recognition. Participants answered to a number of inductive problems concerning diverse content domains (Sports, Fidelity, School and Health), and regarding a number of statistical principles (Law of the great numbers, Regression to the mean, Base-Rates, and Diagnosticy) before and after the manipulations (immediately and two weeks after). The results showed that statistical performance improved in the domains of Fidelity and School, and for problems concerning Regression to the mean and Diagnosticity principles.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Indução]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[julgamento na incerteza]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[heurísticas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Judgment under uncertainty]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[heuristics]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P><b>O papel do reconhecimento do acaso no racioc&iacute;nio indutivo (<a href="#1">*</a>)    <a name="top1"></a> </b></P>     <P align="right">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="right"><i><a name="top2"></a>M&Aacute;RIO BOTO FERREIRA (<a href="#2">**</a>)</i></P>     <P align="right"><i>LEONEL GARCIA-MARQUES (<a href="#2">**</a>)</i></P>     <P align="right">&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">RESUMO<b> </b></P>     <P>Segundo Tversky e Kahneman (1974), a actividade inferencial humana baseia-se    em grande medida em heur&iacute;sticas (regras simplificadas de tomada de decis&atilde;o)    que divergem dos princ&iacute;pios estat&iacute;sticos apropriados ao julgamento    na incerteza. No entanto, Nisbett, Krantz, Jepson e Kunda (1983), defenderam    que paralelamente &agrave;s heur&iacute;sticas <I>n&atilde;o-estat&iacute;sticas</I>,    as pessoas tamb&eacute;m possuem heur&iacute;sticas estat&iacute;sticas (i.e.    representa&ccedil;&otilde;es intuitivas e abstractas de certos princ&iacute;pios    estat&iacute;sticos). Fong e Nisbett (1991), sugerem que o uso das heur&iacute;sticas    estat&iacute;sticas est&aacute; dependente de <I>regras de codifica&ccedil;&atilde;o    </I>(associadas a dom&iacute;nios de conte&uacute;do espec&iacute;ficos). Aqui    considera-se que o essencial das <I>regras de codifica&ccedil;&atilde;o </I>&eacute;    a facilita&ccedil;&atilde;o do reconhecimento do componente de acaso subjacente    aos problemas indutivos. Assim, condi&ccedil;&otilde;es experimentais que facilitem    o reconhecimento deste componente aleat&oacute;rio dever&atilde;o resultar numa    melhoria do desempenho estat&iacute;stico. Para testar esta hip&oacute;tese,    foram usadas duas manipula&ccedil;&otilde;es de facilita&ccedil;&atilde;o do    reconhecimento do acaso. Os participantes responderam a um conjunto de problemas    indutivos sobre diversos dom&iacute;nios (<I>Desporto, Fidelidade conjugal,    Escola</I>, e <I>Sa&uacute;de</I>), envolvendo v&aacute;rios princ&iacute;pios    estat&iacute;sticos (<I>Lei dos Grandes N&uacute;meros, Regress&atilde;o &agrave;    M&eacute;dia, Base-Rates</I>, e <I>Diagnosticidade</I>) antes e ap&oacute;s    as manipula&ccedil;&otilde;es (imediatamente ou duas semanas depois). Os resultados    revelam uma melhoria no desempenho estat&iacute;stico para os dom&iacute;nios    <I>Fidelidade </I>e <I>Escola</I>, e para os princ&iacute;pios <I>regress&atilde;o    &agrave; m&eacute;dia </I>e <I>diagnosticidade</I>. </P>     <P><I>Palavras-chave</I>: Indu&ccedil;&atilde;o, julgamento na incerteza, heur&iacute;sticas.  </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">ABSTRACT<b> </b></P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Human inference is, according to Tversky and Kahneman (1974),    greatly based in heuristics (simplified rules of decision making) that diverge    from the statistical principles appropriate to judgment under uncertainty. However,    Nisbett, Krantz, Jepson and Kun-da (1983), contend that beyond these <I>non-statistical    heuristics</I>, people also possess <I>statistical heuristics </I>(i.e., intuitive    counterparts of statistical principles). Fong and Nisbett (1991), suggest that    the use of statistical heuristics depends from codification rules associated    to specific content domains. In the present work, we propose that codification    rules facilitate the recognition of the chance component inherent to inductive    problems. Thus, experimental conditions that facilitate the recognition of this    chance component should result in the improvement of statistical performance.    To test this hypothesis, we used two manipulations meant to facilitate chance    recognition. Participants answered to a number of inductive problems concerning    diverse content domains (<I>Sports, Fidelity, School </I>and <I>Health</I>),    and regarding a number of statistical principles (<I>Law of the great numbers,    Regression to the mean, Base-Rates</I>, and <I>Diagnosticy</I>) before and after    the manipulations (immediately and two weeks after). The results showed that    statistical performance improved in the domains of <I>Fidelity </I>and <I>School</I>,    and for problems concerning <I>Regression to the mean </I>and <I>Diagnosticity    </I>principles. </P>     <P><I>Key words</I>: Judgment under uncertainty, heuristics. </P>     <P></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P >     <P>Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</P >     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Doherty, M. E., Mynatt R., Tweney, R. D., & Schiavo, M. D. (1979). Pseudodiagnosticty.    <I>Acta Psychologica, 3</I>, 11-121.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000022&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Einhorn, H. 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(1982). <I>Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases</I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000036&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800008&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1972). Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness. <I>Cognitive Psychology, 3</I>, 430-454.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000038&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800009&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). 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Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000044&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800012&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Nisbett, R. E., Krantz, D. H. Jepson, S. D., & Kunda, Z. (1983). The use of statistical heuristics in everyday reasoning. <I>Psychological Review, 90</I>, 339-363.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000046&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800013&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Sherman, S. J., & Corty, E. (1984). Cognitive heuristics. In R. S. Wyer, & T. K. Srull (Eds.), <I>Handbook of social cognition </I>(Vol. 1, pp. 189-286). Hillsdale, NJ: LEA.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000048&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800014&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1971). Belief in the law of small numbers. <I>Psychological    Review, 2</I>, 105-110.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000050&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800015&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. <I>Cognitive Psychology, 4</I>, 207-232.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000052&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800016&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. <I>Science, 185</I>, 1124-1131.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000054&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800017&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1982). Evidential impact of base rates. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, & A. Tversky (Eds.), <I>Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases</I>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000056&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800018&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <!-- ref --><P>Winer, B. J. (1971). <I>Statistical principles in experimental design </I>(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000058&pid=S0870-8231200300030000800019&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --> </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>        <P><a name="1"></a>(<a href="#top1">*</a>) Este artigo baseia-se na disserta&ccedil;&atilde;o    de Mestrado em Psicologia Cognitiva do primeiro autor sob orienta&ccedil;&atilde;o    do segundo autor. Qualquer quest&atilde;o relativa ao artigo deve ser dirigida    <a href="mailto:mabf@fpce.ul.pt">mabf@fpce.ul.pt</a> </P>     <P><a name="2"></a>(<a href="#top2">**</a>) Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ci&ecirc;ncias    da Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o da Universidade de Lisboa. </P>        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[ ]]></body><back>
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