<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8231</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Psicológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Aná. Psicológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8231</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISPA-Instituto Universitário]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-82312004000100004</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[O que é ser criança: Da genética ao comportamento]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Gomes-Pedro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[João]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Universidade de Lisboa Faculdade de Medicina ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>33</fpage>
<lpage>42</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-82312004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-82312004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-82312004000100004&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Cada gene só se pode exprimir em função do modo como cada fase ambiental da evolução humana modela a força potencial da natureza. A expressão genómica com todas as suas influências é, de facto, condicionada pelas sucessivas interacções entre o que é potencial e o que são os sucessivos ambientes que constituem o envelope do biológico, desde o núcleo ao citoplasma, desde a célula ao tecido, desde o órgão ao corpo total, desde o corpo à relação com o outro mais significativo nos primeiros tempos de vida e que é a mãe, até às outras todas relações sociais com os outros mais ou menos preferenciais que a família e a sociedade vão proporcionando, nas sucessivas etapas do ciclo da vida. O mito determinista que tanto nos legou em termos de significado nas primeiras relações, cruza-se com as outras realidades influenciais através das quais sabemos que nunca nada está perdido em função da extraordinária capacidade de adaptação humana em todos as fases potenciais da vida. O modelo etológico ter-nos-á influenciado a pensar em termos de sobrevivência quando caracteriza a evolução em termos de competência de espécies na mira de garantir aquela mesma sobrevivência. Porém, a caracterização da espécie humana vai no sentido de uma evolução complexa destinada a garantir competências susceptíveis de condicionar capacidades decisivas como são as de constituir família e de cooperar em grupos sociais com objectivos comuns, cada vez mais complexos. Ser Criança significa o destino de vida feita relação e afecto.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Each gene can only express itself according to the way in which each environmental phase of human evolution configures the potential force of nature. Genomic expression and its influences is conditioned by the successive interactions between what is potential and the successive environments that constitute the biological envelope, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, from the cell to the tissue, from the organ to the total body, from the body to the relationship with the meaningful other during the first years of life, which is the mother, and all the other social relationships with members of the family and society, in the several stages of the life cycle. The determinist myth that left us so much in terms of the meaning of the first relationships intersects with the other influential realities which show that nothing is ever lost, due to the extraordinary human capacity for adaptation in all the potential phases of life. The ethological model has influenced us to think in terms of survival by characterising evolution as species' competences to guarantee survival. However, the characterisation of the human species is based on the idea of a complex evolution, aimed at guaranteeing the competences and skills needed to create families and cooperate in social groups with common goals, which are more and more complex.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Genética e comportamento]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[desenvolvimento precoce]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[necessidades irredutíveis da criança]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Genetics and behavior]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[infant's development]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[children's irreducible needs]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P><b><a name="top1"></a>O que &eacute; ser crian&ccedil;a? </b></p>     <p><b>Da gen&eacute;tica ao comportamento (<a href="#back1">*</a>) </b></p>     <P>&nbsp;</P>      <P align="right"><I>JO&Atilde;O GOMES-PEDRO (<a href="#back2">**</a>)<a name="top2"></a></I></P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">RESUMO </P>     <P>Cada gene s&oacute; se pode exprimir em fun&ccedil;&atilde;o do modo como cada    fase ambiental da evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o humana modela a for&ccedil;a potencial    da natureza. A express&atilde;o gen&oacute;mica com todas as suas influ&ecirc;ncias    &eacute;, de facto, condicionada pelas sucessivas interac&ccedil;&otilde;es    entre o que &eacute; potencial e o que s&atilde;o os sucessivos ambientes que    constituem o envelope do biol&oacute;gico, desde o n&uacute;cleo ao citoplasma,    desde a c&eacute;lula ao tecido, desde o &oacute;rg&atilde;o ao corpo total,    desde o corpo &agrave; rela&ccedil;&atilde;o com o outro mais significativo    nos primeiros tempos de vida e que &eacute; a m&atilde;e, at&eacute; &agrave;s    outras todas rela&ccedil;&otilde;es sociais com os outros mais ou menos preferenciais    que a fam&iacute;lia e a sociedade v&atilde;o proporcionando, nas sucessivas    etapas do ciclo da vida. </P>     <P>O mito determinista que tanto nos legou em termos de significado nas primeiras    rela&ccedil;&otilde;es, cruza-se com as outras realidades influenciais atrav&eacute;s    das quais sabemos que nunca nada est&aacute; perdido em fun&ccedil;&atilde;o    da extraordin&aacute;ria capacidade de adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o humana em todos    as fases potenciais da vida. </P>     <P>O modelo etol&oacute;gico ter-nos-&aacute; influenciado a pensar em termos de    sobreviv&ecirc;ncia quando caracteriza a evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o em termos de    compet&ecirc;ncia de esp&eacute;cies na mira de garantir aquela mesma sobreviv&ecirc;ncia. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Por&eacute;m, a caracteriza&ccedil;&atilde;o da esp&eacute;cie humana vai no    sentido de uma evolu&ccedil;&atilde;o complexa destinada a garantir compet&ecirc;ncias    suscept&iacute;veis de condicionar capacidades decisivas como s&atilde;o as    de constituir fam&iacute;lia e de cooperar em grupos sociais com objectivos    comuns, cada vez mais complexos. </P>     <P>Ser Crian&ccedil;a significa o destino de vida feita rela&ccedil;&atilde;o e    afecto. </P>     <P><I>Palavras-chave</I>: Gen&eacute;tica e comportamento, desenvolvimento precoce,    necessidades irredut&iacute;veis da crian&ccedil;a. </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P align="center">ABSTRACT </P>     <P>Each gene can only express itself according to the way in which each environmental    phase of human evolution configures the potential force of nature. Genomic expression    and its influences is conditioned by the successive interactions between what    is potential and the successive environments that constitute the biological    envelope, from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, from the cell to the tissue, from    the organ to the total body, from the body to the relationship with the meaningful    other during the first years of life, which is the mother, and all the other    social relationships with members of the family and society, in the several    stages of the life cycle. </P>     <P>The determinist myth that left us so much in terms of the meaning of the first    relationships intersects with the other influential realities which show that    nothing is ever lost, due to the extraordinary human capacity for adaptation    in all the potential phases of life. </P>     <P>The ethological model has influenced us to think in terms of survival by characterising    evolution as species' competences to guarantee survival. </P>     <P>However, the characterisation of the human species is based on the idea of a    complex evolution, aimed at guaranteeing the competences and skills needed to    create families and cooperate in social groups with common goals, which are    more and more complex. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P><I>Key words</I>: Genetics and behavior, infant's development, children's irreducible    needs. </P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>Texto completo dispon&iacute;vel apenas em PDF.</P>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</P>     <p>&nbsp;</P>       <P align="center">REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS </P>       <!-- ref --><P>Brazelton, T. B., & Greenspan, S. (2000). <I>The Irreducible Needs of Children</I>.    Cambridge, MA: Persus Publishing. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000031&pid=S0870-8231200400010000400001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P>Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. A. (1998). The ecology of developmental processes.    In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), <I>Handbook of Child Psychology: Theoretical Models of Human Development    </I>(5th ed., vol. 1, pp. 993-1028). New York: Wiley. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000032&pid=S0870-8231200400010000400002&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P>Gomes-Pedro, J. (2001). <I>My Baby XXI</I>. Boston: Brunner-Routledge. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000033&pid=S0870-8231200400010000400003&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P>Karr-Morse, R., & Wiley, M. S. (1997). <I>Ghosts from the Nursery. Training the roots    of violence</I>. New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000034&pid=S0870-8231200400010000400004&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P>Perry, B. Neurodevelopment and the Neurophysiology of Trauma: Conceptual Consideration for    Clinical Work with Maltreated Children. <I>The Advisor, 6 </I>(1). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000035&pid=S0870-8231200400010000400005&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P>Rutter, M., Dunn, J., Plomin, R., & Simonoff, E. (1997). Integrating nature and nurture:    Implications of Person-environment correlations and interactions for developmental    psychopathology. <I>Development & Psychopathology, 9 </I>(2), 335-364. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000036&pid=S0870-8231200400010000400006&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P>Winchester, A. M. (1972). <I>Genetics</I>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000037&pid=S0870-8231200400010000400007&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P><a name="back1"></a>(<a href="#top1">*</a>) Nota da Redac&ccedil;&atilde;o:    Este artigo foi originalmente publicado em <I>Novos Desafios &agrave; Bio&eacute;tica</I>,    Porto Editora, 2001. Reeditamo-lo, neste n&uacute;mero especial de <I>An&aacute;lise    Psicol&oacute;gica</I>, com as devidas autoriza&ccedil;&otilde;es do autor e    da respectiva editora. </P>     <P><a name="back2"></a>(<a href="#top2">**</a>) Faculdade de Medicina Universidade    de Lisboa. Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisboa. </P>       ]]></body><back>
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</back>
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