<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8231</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Psicológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Aná. Psicológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8231</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISPA-Instituto Universitário]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-82312004000100019</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Desenvolvimento e aprendizagem da ortografia: Implicações educacionais]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Horta]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Inês Vasconcelos]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Martins]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Margarida Alves]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A02"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISEC - Instituto Superior de Educação e Ciências  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="A02">
<institution><![CDATA[,ISPA - Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada UIPCDE - Unidade de Investigação em Psicologia Cognitiva do Desenvolvimento e da Educação ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2004</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>22</volume>
<numero>1</numero>
<fpage>213</fpage>
<lpage>223</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-82312004000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-82312004000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-82312004000100019&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Neste trabalho procurou-se compreender se os erros ortográficos dados por crianças que frequentam o 1.&ordm; ciclo variam em função do seu desempenho ortográfico e do ano de escolaridade que frequentam e de que modo o conhecimento das normas ortográficas se relaciona com o desempenho ortográfico. Os participantes neste estudo foram 43 crianças que frequentavam o 3.&ordm; ano de escolaridade no início do estudo. Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal em que estas crianças foram seguidas durante dois anos lectivos. Para avaliar o tipo de erros dados pelas crianças realizou-se a mesma tarefa de ditado nos dois anos de escolaridade. Para avaliar o nível de explicitação das normas ortográficas, realizou-se uma entrevista às crianças com melhores e piores desempenhos ortográficos no 4.&ordm; ano. Os resultados mostram que as crianças diminuem os erros do 3.&ordm; para o 4.&ordm; ano, apesar dos erros não serem qualitativamente diferentes nos dois anos de escolaridade. Mostram também que existem diferenças qualitativas entre os erros dados por alunos com bons e maus desempenhos ortográficos. Mostram, finalmente, que existem diferenças na capacidade de reflexão sobre os erros ortográficos em função do desempenho ortográfico.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The aim of this study was to understand if spelling mistakes made by primary-school children vary according to their orthographic performance and school year and to analyse the relation between knowledge of orthographic norms and orthographic performance. The participants in this study were 43 children which were in the 3rd grade when the study began. It was a longitudinal study which accompanied them throughout 2 school years. In order to assess the kind of mistakes made by the children, the same dictation task was performed in the two years. In order to evaluate the level of knowledge of orthographic norms, the children with the highest and lowest orthographic performances in the 4th grade were interviewed. The results show that the number of mistakes decreases from the 3rd to the 4th grade, even though the mistakes made are not qualitatively different in the two years. They also demonstrate that there are qualitative differences between the mistakes made by pupils with good and bad orthographic performances. Finally, they show that children's capacity to think about spelling mistakes varies according to their orthographic performance.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Desempenho ortográfico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[normas ortográficas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[conhecimento metalinguístico]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Orthographic performance]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[orthographic norms]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[metalinguistic knowledge]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p><b>Desenvolvimento e aprendizagem da      ortografia: Implica&ccedil;&otilde;es educacionais </B></P>       <P>&nbsp;</P>        <p align="right"><I>IN&Ecirc;S VASCONCELOS HORTA (<a href="#back1">*</a>)<a name="top1"></a></I></p>     <p align="right"><I>MARGARIDA ALVES MARTINS (<a href="#back2">**</a>)<a name="top2"></a></I></p>       <P>&nbsp;</P>       <P>&nbsp;</P>       <P align="center">RESUMO </P>       <P>Neste trabalho procurou-se compreender se os erros ortogr&aacute;ficos      dados por crian&ccedil;as que frequentam o 1.&ordm; ciclo variam em fun&ccedil;&atilde;o      do seu desempenho ortogr&aacute;fico e do ano de escolaridade que frequentam      e de que modo o conhecimento das normas ortogr&aacute;ficas se relaciona com      o desempenho ortogr&aacute;fico. </P>       <P>Os participantes neste estudo foram 43 crian&ccedil;as      que frequentavam o 3.&ordm; ano de escolaridade no in&iacute;cio do estudo.      Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal em que estas crian&ccedil;as foram seguidas      durante dois anos lectivos. </P>        <P>Para avaliar o tipo de erros dados pelas crian&ccedil;as realizou-se a mesma    tarefa de ditado nos dois anos de escolaridade. Para avaliar o n&iacute;vel    de explicita&ccedil;&atilde;o das normas ortogr&aacute;ficas, realizou-se uma    entrevista &agrave;s crian&ccedil;as com melhores e piores desempenhos ortogr&aacute;ficos    no 4.&ordm; ano.</P>        ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P>Os resultados mostram que as crian&ccedil;as diminuem os erros do 3.&ordm;    para o 4.&ordm; ano, apesar dos erros n&atilde;o serem qualitativamente diferentes    nos dois anos de escolaridade. Mostram tamb&eacute;m que existem diferen&ccedil;as    qualitativas entre os erros dados por alunos com bons e maus desempenhos ortogr&aacute;ficos.    Mostram, finalmente, que existem diferen&ccedil;as na capacidade de reflex&atilde;o    sobre os erros ortogr&aacute;ficos em fun&ccedil;&atilde;o do desempenho ortogr&aacute;fico.  </P>       <P><I>Palavras-chave</I>: Desempenho ortogr&aacute;fico,      normas ortogr&aacute;ficas, conhecimento metalingu&iacute;stico. </P>       <P>&nbsp;</P>       <P>&nbsp;</P>       <P align="center">ABSTRACT </P>       <P>The aim of this study was to understand if spelling      mistakes made by primary-school children vary according to their orthographic      performance and school year and to analyse the relation between knowledge      of orthographic norms and orthographic performance. </P>       <P>The participants in this study were 43 children      which were in the 3rd grade when the study began. It was a longitudinal study      which accompanied them throughout 2 school years.</P>       <P>In order to assess the kind of mistakes made      by the children, the same dictation task was performed in the two years. In      order to evaluate the level of knowledge of orthographic norms, the children      with the highest and lowest orthographic performances in the 4th grade were      interviewed. </P>        <P>The results show that the number of mistakes decreases from the 3rd to the    4th grade, even though the mistakes made are not qualitatively different in    the two years. They also demonstrate that there are qualitative differences    between the mistakes made by pupils with good and bad orthographic performances.    Finally, they show that children's capacity to think about spelling mistakes    varies according to their orthographic performance. </P>       <P><I>Key words</I>: Orthographic performance, orthographic      norms, metalinguistic knowledge.</P>       ]]></body>
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Errores en lectura y escritura - Un modelo dual. <I>Cognitiva,    2</I>, 35-63. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000055&pid=S0870-8231200400010001900026&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><P>&nbsp;</P>          <P>&nbsp;</P>          <P><a name="back1"></a>(<a href="#top1">*</a>) Instituto Superior de Educa&ccedil;&atilde;o    e Ci&ecirc;ncias, Lisboa. </P>     <P><a name="back2"></a>(<a href="#top2">**</a>) Instituto Superior de Psicologia    Aplicada, Lisboa. UIPCDE. </P>          ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="journal">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Almeida]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guerreiro]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
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