<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8231</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Análise Psicológica]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[Aná. Psicológica]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8231</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[ISPA-Instituto Universitário]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-82312005000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="pt"><![CDATA[Comportamentos de consumo de haxixe e saúde mental em adolescentes: Estudo comparativo]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Silva]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Ana Sofia]]></given-names>
</name>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Deus]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Alberto Afonso de]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada  ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Lisboa ]]></addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>04</month>
<year>2005</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>23</volume>
<numero>2</numero>
<fpage>151</fpage>
<lpage>172</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-82312005000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-82312005000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-82312005000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[O presente estudo teve como objectivos avaliar a situação acerca dos comportamentos de consumo de haxixe, em adolescentes inseridos em meio escolar, estudar a influência de variáveis como, a situação famíliar, o grau de influência do grupo de pares nas decisões e as expectativas, no início e na manutenção do consumo daquela substância. Pretendeu-se ainda avaliar a existência ou não de relações entre este consumo e a saúde mental dos adolescentes. Os participantes foram 221 adolescentes de ambos os sexos, com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 17 anos e que frequentavam entre o 8.º ano e o 10.º ano de escolaridade, do ensino regular diurno, em escolas dos arredores de Lisboa. Como instrumentos de medida, construiu-se um questionário (Questionário sobre Comportamentos de Consumo de Haxixe), baseado num já existente para avaliar o consumo de álcool, que depois de ser sujeito a pré-teste, foi administrado juntamente com a adaptação para a população portuguesa do Mental Health Inventory, o Inventário de Saúde Mental. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos jovens não consome haxixe (n=181; 81,9%). Daqueles que o fazem (n=40; 18,1%), 42,5% são consumidores experimentais, 27,5% são ocasionais, 20% são habituais e 10% são abusivos. A maioria (27,5%) afirma ter tido a sua primeira experiência com o haxixe aos 13 anos, sendo os motivos principais do consumo a procura de relaxamento (31,3%) e de diversão (36,8%). Os amigos da mesma idade são os principais companheiros de consumo (62,0%), sendo a rua o local eleito pela maioria para o mesmo (51,0%). Quando comparados os dois grupos de participantes (consumidores versus não consumidores), verificou-se que, no grupo de consumidores existe uma tendência para a escolaridade se apresentar afectada (40% reprovaram), com as reprovações a surgirem em maior número a partir do 9.º ano de escolaridade (12,5%; 16,7% no 10.º ano). Quanto à situação familiar verificou-se a existência de uma maior percentagem de pais de consumidores que se encontram separados (15,0%) ou divorciados (25,0%). Expectativas de maior descontração com consequente aumento da diversão (p=.000), de menor nervosismo (p=.000) e de o haxixe ser menos prejudicial do que o tabaco (p=.005), foram altas nos consumidores. Este grupo classifica o haxixe como uma droga leve (72,5%) ou como não sendo uma droga (27,5%), sendo o principal motivo que apresentam para se consumir, a diversão (55.0%). As diferenças entre os dois grupos quanto à influência da idade e do grupo de pares nas decisões e/ou actos, foram estatisticamente significativas (p=.007 e p=.042, respectivamente). Não foram encontradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos quanto à saúde mental. De tudo isto se conclui que a frequência de utilização desta substância e o significado que ela tem, difere de jovem para jovem. Torna-se importante levar em consideração este facto e, nesta base, delinear programas de prevenção que promovam o diálogo entre os pais e o adolescente, a resiliência deste e as suas competências sociais, com direcção ao bem-estar e a um crescimento saudável.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[The present study had the intent to evaluate the situation concerning the behaviors of consumption of hashish, in adolescents who attended school, to study the influence of variables such as, family situation, degree of influence of the group of pairs in decisions, and expectancies, in the beginning and in maintenance of the consumption of that substance. It was still intended to evaluate the existence or not of relationships between this consumption and the adolescents’mental health. The participants were 221 adolescents of both sexes, with ages between 13 and 17 years old, and that frequented between 8th and 10th, in schools of the surroundings of Lisbon. As measure instruments, it was built a questionnaire (Questionário sobre Comportamentos de Consumo de Haxixe), based on one already existent to evaluate the consumption of alcohol, that after being subject to a pre-test, it was administered together with the adaptation for the portuguese population of the Mental Health Inventory, the Inventário de Saúde Mental. The results showed that most of the youths doesn’t consume hashish (n=181; 81,9%). Of those that do (n=40; 18,1%), 42,5% do an experimental consume, 27,5% an occasional, 20% a habitual and 10% an abusive. Most (27,5%) of them affirms to have had his/her first experience with hashish at 13 years old, being the main reasons for consumption the search of relaxation (31,3%) and of amusement (36,8%). Friends of the same age are the main consumption companions (62,0%), being the street the elected place for most to consume (51,0%). When compared the two groups of participants (consumers versus no consumers), it was verified that, in the consumers’ group a tendency exists to school become afected (40% reproved), with the dissaprovals appearing in larger number at 9th (12,5%; 16,7% in 10th). As for the family situation, it was verified the existence of a larger percentage of consumers’ parents that are separate (15,0%) or divorced (25,0%). Expectations of larger relaxation with consequent increase of amusement (p=.000), of smaller nervousness (p=.000) and of the hashish to be less harmful than tobacco (p=.005), were high in the consumers. This group classifies the hashish as a light drug (72,5%) or as not being a drug at all (27,5%), being the main reason for consume, amusement (55.0%). The differences among the two groups for the influence of age and group of pairs in decisions and/or acts, were statistically significant (p=.007 and p=.042, respectively). There weren’t found differences statistically significant among the two groups as for mental health. To conclude, frequency of use of this substance and the meaning that she has, differs. It becomes important to take in consideration this fact and, on this base, delineate prevention programs that promote dialogue among parents and adolescents, their resilience and their social competences, in direction to well-being and to a healthy growth.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Adolescência]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[saúde mental]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[haxixe]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[expectativas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[drogas leves/pesadas]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Adolescence]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[mental health]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[hashish]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[expectancies]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[light/hard drugs]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <P><b>Comportamentos de consumo de haxixe e sa&uacute;de mental em adolescentes:    Estudo comparativo</b> (<a href="#1"><b>*</b></a>)<a name="top1"></a></P>       <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>      <P align="right"><I>ANA SOFIA SILVA (<a href="#2">**</a><a name="top2"></a>)</I></P>     <P align="right"><I>ALBERTO AFONSO DE DEUS (<a href="#3">***</a><a name="top3"></a>)</I></P>      <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>      <P align="center">RESUMO </P>      <P align="justify">O presente estudo teve como objectivos avaliar a  situa&ccedil;&atilde;o acerca dos comportamentos de consumo de haxixe,  em adolescentes inseridos em meio escolar, estudar a influ&ecirc;ncia  de vari&aacute;veis como, a situa&ccedil;&atilde;o fam&iacute;liar, o  grau de influ&ecirc;ncia do grupo de pares nas decis&otilde;es e as  expectativas, no in&iacute;cio e na manuten&ccedil;&atilde;o do consumo  daquela subst&acirc;ncia. Pretendeu-se ainda avaliar a exist&ecirc;ncia  ou n&atilde;o de rela&ccedil;&otilde;es entre este consumo e a sa&uacute;de  mental dos adolescentes. </P>     <P align="justify">Os participantes foram 221 adolescentes de ambos os  sexos, com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 17 anos e que frequentavam  entre o 8.&ordm; ano e o 10.&ordm; ano de escolaridade, do ensino regular  diurno, em escolas dos arredores de Lisboa. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="justify">Como instrumentos de medida, construiu-se um  question&aacute;rio (Question&aacute;rio sobre Comportamentos de Consumo  de Haxixe), baseado num j&aacute; existente para avaliar o consumo de  &aacute;lcool, que depois de ser sujeito a pr&eacute;-teste, foi  administrado juntamente com a adapta&ccedil;&atilde;o para a  popula&ccedil;&atilde;o portuguesa do <I>Mental Health Inventory</I>,  o Invent&aacute;rio de Sa&uacute;de Mental. </P>     <P align="justify">Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos jovens  n&atilde;o consome haxixe (n=181; 81,9%). Daqueles que o fazem (n=40; 18,1%),  42,5% s&atilde;o consumidores experimentais, 27,5% s&atilde;o ocasionais,  20% s&atilde;o habituais e 10% s&atilde;o abusivos. A maioria (27,5%) afirma  ter tido a sua primeira experi&ecirc;ncia com o haxixe aos 13 anos, sendo  os motivos principais do consumo a procura de relaxamento (31,3%) e de  divers&atilde;o (36,8%). Os amigos da mesma idade s&atilde;o os principais  companheiros de consumo (62,0%), sendo a rua o local eleito pela maioria  para o mesmo (51,0%). </P>     <P align="justify">Quando comparados os dois grupos de participantes  (consumidores <I>versus </I>n&atilde;o consumidores), verificou-se que,  no grupo de consumidores existe uma tend&ecirc;ncia para a escolaridade  se apresentar afectada (40% reprovaram), com as reprova&ccedil;&otilde;es  a surgirem em maior n&uacute;mero a partir do 9.&ordm; ano de escolaridade  (12,5%; 16,7% no 10.&ordm; ano). Quanto &agrave; situa&ccedil;&atilde;o  familiar verificou-se a exist&ecirc;ncia de uma maior percentagem de pais  de consumidores que se encontram separados (15,0%) ou divorciados (25,0%).  Expectativas de maior descontra&ccedil;&atilde;o com consequente aumento  da divers&atilde;o (p=.000), de menor nervosismo (p=.000) e de o haxixe ser  menos prejudicial do que o tabaco (p=.005), foram altas nos consumidores.  Este grupo classifica o haxixe como uma droga leve (72,5%) ou como n&atilde;o  sendo uma droga (27,5%), sendo o principal motivo que apresentam para se  consumir, a divers&atilde;o (55.0%). As diferen&ccedil;as entre os dois  grupos quanto &agrave; influ&ecirc;ncia da idade e do grupo de pares nas  decis&otilde;es e/ou actos, foram estatisticamente significativas (p=.007  e p=.042, respectivamente). </P>     <P align="justify">N&atilde;o foram encontradas diferen&ccedil;as  estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos quanto &agrave;  sa&uacute;de mental. </P>     <P align="justify">De tudo isto se conclui que a frequ&ecirc;ncia de  utiliza&ccedil;&atilde;o desta subst&acirc;ncia e o significado que  ela tem, difere de jovem para jovem. Torna-se importante levar em  considera&ccedil;&atilde;o este facto e, nesta base, delinear programas  de preven&ccedil;&atilde;o que promovam o di&aacute;logo entre os  pais e o adolescente, a resili&ecirc;ncia deste e as suas compet&ecirc;ncias  sociais, com direc&ccedil;&atilde;o ao bem-estar e a um crescimento  saud&aacute;vel. </P>      <P align="justify"><I>Palavras-chave</I>: Adolesc&ecirc;ncia, sa&uacute;de  mental, haxixe, expectativas, drogas leves/pesadas. </P>      <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>      <P align="center">ABSTRACT </P>      <P align="justify">The present study had the intent to evaluate the  situation concerning the behaviors of consumption of hashish, in  adolescents who attended school, to study the influence of variables  such as, family situation, degree of influence of the group of pairs  in decisions, and expectancies, in the beginning and in maintenance  of the consumption of that substance. It was still intended to evaluate  the existence or not of relationships between this consumption and the  adolescents&rsquo;mental health. </P>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<P align="justify">The participants were 221 adolescents of both sexes,  with ages between 13 and 17 years old, and that frequented between 8th  and 10th, in schools of the surroundings of Lisbon. </P>     <P align="justify">As measure instruments, it was built a questionnaire  (<I>Question&aacute;rio sobre Comportamentos de Consumo de Haxixe</I>),  based on one already existent to evaluate the consumption of alcohol,  that after being subject to a pre-test, it was administered together  with the adaptation for the portuguese population of the Mental Health  Inventory, the Invent&aacute;rio de Sa&uacute;de Mental. </P>     <P align="justify">The results showed that most of the youths doesn&rsquo;t  consume hashish (n=181; 81,9%). Of those that do (n=40; 18,1%), 42,5%  do an experimental consume, 27,5% an occasional, 20% a habitual and 10%  an abusive. Most (27,5%) of them affirms to have had his/her first  experience with hashish at 13 years old, being the main reasons for  consumption the search of relaxation (31,3%) and of amusement (36,8%).  Friends of the same age are the main consumption companions (62,0%),  being the street the elected place for most to consume (51,0%). </P>     <P align="justify">When compared the two groups of participants  (consumers <I>versus </I>no consumers), it was verified that, in the  consumers&rsquo; group a tendency exists to school become afected  (40% reproved), with the dissaprovals appearing in larger number at 9th  (12,5%; 16,7% in 10th). As for the family situation, it was verified  the existence of a larger percentage of consumers&rsquo; parents that  are separate (15,0%) or divorced (25,0%). Expectations of larger  relaxation with consequent increase of amusement (p=.000), of smaller  nervousness (p=.000) and of the hashish to be less harmful than tobacco  (p=.005), were high in the consumers. This group classifies the hashish  as a light drug (72,5%) or as not being a drug at all (27,5%), being  the main reason for consume, amusement (55.0%). The differences among  the two groups for the influence of age and group of pairs in decisions  and/or acts, were statistically significant (p=.007 and p=.042, respectively). </P>     <P align="justify">There weren&rsquo;t found differences statistically  significant among the two groups as for mental health. </P>     <P align="justify">To conclude, frequency of use of this substance and  the meaning that she has, differs. It becomes important to take in  consideration this fact and, on this base, delineate prevention programs  that promote dialogue among parents and adolescents, their resilience  and their social competences, in direction to well-being and to a healthy  growth. </P>      <P align="justify"><I>Key words</I>: Adolescence, mental health, hashish,  expectancies, light/hard drugs. </P>      <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>      <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>      <P>&nbsp;</P>     <P>&nbsp;</P>      <P align="center">REFER&Ecirc;NCIAS BIBLIOGR&Aacute;FICAS </P>      <!-- ref --><P align="justify">Baldwin, A. (1993). To drink or not to drink: The  differential role of alcohol expectancies and drinking refusal self-efficacy  in quantity and frequency of alcohol consumption. <I>Cognitive Therapy  and Research, 17 </I>(6), 511-530. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=000037&pid=S0870-8231200500020000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><!-- ref --><P align="justify">Braconnier, A., &amp; Marcelli, D. (2000). <I>As mil  faces da adolesc&ecirc;ncia</I>. 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