Anabela Correia Martins (*)

José Luís Pais Ribeiro (**)

RESUMO

A percepção de auto-eficácia enquadra-se no controlo pessoal das acções, refere-se às expectativas pessoais quanto à sua capacidade para realizar um comportamento específico desejado. Não é uma característica generalizada da personalidade, podendo variar, na mesma pessoa, de tarefa para tarefa, assim como do grau de conhecimento que este detém (Bandura, 1997). Uma revisão extensa da literatura teve como objectivo identificar escalas genéricas e específicas de auto-eficácia, tendo sido gerada uma lista de itens, posteriormente seleccionados e cotados, de acordo com as recomendações de Bandura (2001b).

Num estudo preliminar que incluiu 73 pessoas utilizadoras de cadeira de rodas (46.6% mulheres; média de idades = 39 anos, DP = 14.5; médias de anos de utilização de cadeira de rodas = 12, DP = 7.5) foi testada a validade e a fidelidade do instrumento; o Alfa de Cronbach para a escala total é de 0.81 e para as três escalas – gestão dos sintomas, procura de estratégias e confiança nas capacidades – 0.80, 0.70 e 0.77, respectivamente. Após análise exploratória, com rotação varimax, foram replicados três factores, correspondentes às três sub-escalas, cuja variância total explicada é de 58,63%.

Palavras-chave: Utilizadores de cadeira de rodas, medida de resultados, auto-eficácia.

Studies showed that a person’s confidence in being able to perform a behaviour (self-efficacy) is a good predictor of social participation. As no specifically instrument designed to measure wheelchair users perception of self-efficacy existed, we developed the Wheelchair-Related Self-Efficacy Scale and tested its psychometric properties. An extensive literature review was conducted to identify general and specific self-efficacy outcome measures. The instrument was developed and subjected to wheelchair users to the initial validation and reliability tests. Analyses included descriptive statistics, factor analysis and Cronbach’s alpha. Questionnaires for 73 respondents (46.6% female; mean [SD] age, 39 [14.5] years; and mean [SD] number of years since adoption of the wheelchair, 12 [7.5] years) were analyzed. Using factor analysis with varimax rotation, three subscales explained 58.6% of the variance in our 13-item questionnaire. The domains reflecting three aspects of wheelchair-related self-efficacy: symptoms management, finding strategies and confidence in one’s own abilities. Cronbach’s alpha of the entire instrument was 0.81, and for the three individual scales scores were 0.80, 0.70 and 0.77, respectively. Correlations were moderate-to-high. The psychometric properties of the Wheelchair-Related Self-Efficacy Scale seem to be highly acceptable. Further validation of its use across different cultural settings is required.

Key words: Wheelchair users, outcome measures, self-efficacy.

Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.

Full text only available in PDF format.

REFERÊNCIAS

Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.         [ Links ]

Bandura, A. (1982). The assessment and predictive generality of self-percepts of efficacy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 13, 195-199.

Bandura, A. (1992). Self-efficacy mechanism in psychobiologic functioning. In R. Schwarzer (Ed.), Self-efficacy: Thought control of action (pp. 355-394). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Bandura, A. (2001a). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1-26.

Bandura, A. (2001b). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. Available from Albert Bandura, Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Standford, CA 94305-2130.

Baum, C. M., & Christiansen, C. (2005). Person-Environment-Occupation-Performance: An Occupation-Based Framework for Practice (chapter 11). In C. Christiansen, & C. M. Baum (Eds.), Occupational therapy: Performance, participation and well-being. Thorofare, NJ: Professional Book Division.

Baydala, A., Hiebert, B., & Malec, C. (2000). Lifestyle interventions: Reasons for therapeutic outcome. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 34, 75-84.

Benight, C. C., & Bandura, A. (2004). Social cognitive theory of pottraumatic recovery: The role of perceived self-efficacy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1129-1148.

Boyer, D. A., Zollo, J. S., Thompson, C. M., Vancouver, J. B., Shewring, K., & Sims, E. (2000, June). A quantitative review of the effects of manipulated self-on performance. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Miami, FL.

Endler, N. S., Kocovski, N. L., & Macrodimitris, S. D. (2001). Coping, efficacy, and perceived control in acute vs. chronic illness. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 617-625.

Ferreira, P., & Marques, F. (1998). Avaliação Psicométrica e Adaptação Cultural e Linguística de Instrumentos de Medição em Saúde: Princípios Metodológicos Gerais. Centro de Estudos e Investigação em Saúde, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra.

Graham, S., & Weiner, B. (1996). Theories and principles of motivation. In Berliner, & Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of Educational Psychology (pp. 63-84). New York: Simon & Schuster Macmillan.

Gully, S. M., Incalcaterra, K. A., Joshi, A., & Beaubien, J. M. (2002). A meta-analysis of team efficacy, potency, and performance: Interdependence and level of analysis as moderators of observed relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 819-832.

Harris, J. E., & Eng, J. J. (2006). Individuals with the dominant hand affected following stroke demonstrates less impairment than those with the non-dominant hand affected. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, 20, 380-389.

Harrison, A. L. (2004). The Influence of Pathology, Pain, Balance, and Self-efficacy on Function in Women with Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Physical Therapy, 84 (9), 822-831.

Holden, G., Moncher, M. S., Schinke, S. P., & Barker, K. M. (1990). Self-efficacy of children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychological Reports, 66, 1044-1104.

Horne, R., & Weinman, J. (1996). Predincting treatment adherence: an overview of theoretical model. In M. Conner, & P. Norman (Eds.), Predicting Health Behaviour. Philadelphia, USA: Open University Press.

Lent, R. W., & Maddux, J. E. (1997). Self-Efficacy: Building a Sociocognitive Bridge between Social and Counselling Psychology. The Counselling Psychologist, 25 (2), 240-255.

Lorig, K., Chastain, R. L., Ung, E., Shoor, S., & Holman, H. R. (1989). Development and evaluation of a scale to measure perceived self-efficacy in people with arthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatology, 32 (1), 37-44.

Lorig, K. R., Sobel, D. S., Ritter, P. L., Laurent, D., & Hobbs, M. (2001). Effect of a self-management program for patients with chronic disease. Effective Clinical Practice, 4, 256-262.

Moritz, S. E., Feltz, D. L., Fahrbach, K. R., & Mack, D. E. (2000). The relation of self-efficacy measures to sport performance: a meta-analytic review. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 71, 280-294.

Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-e?cacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 30-38.

O’Leary, A. (1992). Self-efficacy and health: Behavioral and stress-physiological mediation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 229-245.

Pajares (2002). Overview of social cognitive theory and of self-efficacy. Disponível em 10 Outubro 2006, em http://www.emory.edu/EDUCATION/mfp/eff.html.

Pariser, D. A. (2003). The effects of telephone intervention on arthritis self-efficacy, depression, pain and fatigue in older adults with arthritis. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 28 (3), 67-73.

Ponton, M. K., Edmister, J. H., Ukeiley, L. S., & Seiner, J. M. (2001). Understanding the role of self-efficacy in engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 90 (2), 247-251.

Ryckman, R. M., Robbins, M. A., Thorton, B., & Cantrell, P. (1982). Development and validation of a Physical Self-Efficacy Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 891-900.

Sadri, G., & Robertson, I. T. (1993). Self-efficacy and work-related behavior: a review and meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 42, 139-152.

Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663-671.

Stajkovic, A. D., & Luthans, F. (1998). Self-efficacy and work-related performance: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240-261.

Stajkovic, A. D., & Lee, D. S. (2001). A meta-analysis of the relationship between collective efficacy and group performance. Paper presented at the national Academy of Management meeting, August, 2001, Washington, DC.

Sullivan, M. D., Andrea, Z., Russo, J., & Katon, W. J. (1998). Self-Efficacy and Self-Reported Functional Status in Coronary Heart Disease: A Six-Month Prospective Study. Psychosomatic Med, 60 (4), 473-478.

Waldrop, D., Lightsey, O. R., Ethington, C. A., Woemmel, C. A., & Coke, A. L. (2001). Self-efficacy, optimism, health competence and recovery from orthopaedic surgery. Journal of Couns. Psychology, 48, 233-238.

Weeks, D. L., Borrousch, S., Bowen, A., Hepler, L., Osterfoss, S., Sandau, A., & Slevin, F. (2005). The influence of age and gender of an exercise model on self-efficacy and quality of therapeutic exercise performance in the elderly. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713774978~db=all~tab=issueslist~branches=21 - v21, 21 (3), 137-146.

World Health Organization (2001). International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Geneva.

(*) Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimbra (Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra), Departamento de Fisioterapia, Saúde Ocupacional e Ambiental. Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade do Porto, Porto. E-mail: anabelacmartins@estescoimbra.pt