<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8312</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[C.Tecn. Mat.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8312</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-83122007000100007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Les élastomères Cristaux Liquides]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bispo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donnio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bertrand]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,ULP - Université Louis Pasteur CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Strasbourg ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>1-2</numero>
<fpage>34</fpage>
<lpage>40</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-83122007000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-83122007000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-83122007000100007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCE) are weakly reticulated networks, presenting a non-classical elastic behavior. The possibility of coupling between the liquid crystal order and the network organization allows spontaneous elongations. These materials present memory effect, and can be used to prepare artificial muscles, case in which they have shown to present perfectly reversible elongation-contraction cycles, with good endurance. Activation may take place by temperature change, irradiation or submission to a magnetic field. Increasing interest is being deposited on these materials, for their simplicity (very useful in nanotechnologies, because it is easy to miniaturize), lightweight and no need for lubrication.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Os Elastómeros Cristais Líquidos (LCE) são redes poliméricas fracamente reticuladas, que apresentam um comportamento elástico não clássico. De facto, a possibilidade de acoplar a ordem própria dos cristais líquidos com a organização da rede polimérica permite extensões espontâneas. Estes materiais apresentam memória de forma, podendo ser utilizados para preparar músculos artificiais, caso no qual apresentam ciclos de contracção-extensão perfeitamente reversíveis, assim como a necessária robustez. A activação pode dar-se por variação de temperatura, irradiação ou submissão a um campo magnético. Estes materiais têm sido objecto de um crescente interesse, devido à sua simplicidade (muito útil em nanotecnologias, porque é facilmente miniaturizável), leveza e ao facto de não necessitar de lubrificação.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Liquid Crystals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Elastomers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Artificial Muscles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Cristais Líquidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Elastómeros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Músculos Artificiais]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Les &eacute;lastom&egrave;res Cristaux Liquides</b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">Bispo, Miguel; Donnio, Bertrand and Guillon, Daniel</p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">CNRS-ULP (UMR 7504), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux    de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 43 F-67037 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France</p>     <p align="center"><a href="mailto:migbip@gmail.com">migbip@gmail.com</a></p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>ABSTRACT: </b>Liquid      Crystal Elastomers (LCE) are weakly reticulated networks, presenting a      non-classical elastic behavior. The possibility of coupling between the      liquid crystal order and the network organization allows spontaneous      elongations. These materials present memory effect, and can be used to      prepare artificial muscles, case in which they have shown to present      perfectly reversible elongation-contraction cycles, with good endurance.      Activation may take place by temperature change, irradiation or submission      to a magnetic field. Increasing interest is being deposited on these      materials, for their simplicity (very useful in nanotechnologies, because      it is easy to miniaturize), lightweight and no need for lubrication.</p>           <p><b>Keywords:</b> Liquid Crystals, Elastomers, Artificial Muscles.</p>          <p>&nbsp;</p>          ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p><b>RESUMO:</b>      Os Elastómeros Cristais Líquidos (LCE) são redes poliméricas fracamente      reticuladas, que apresentam um comportamento elástico não clássico. De      facto, a possibilidade de acoplar a ordem própria dos cristais líquidos      com a organização da rede polimérica permite extensões espontâneas. Estes      materiais apresentam memória de forma, podendo ser utilizados para      preparar músculos artificiais, caso no qual apresentam ciclos de      contracção-extensão perfeitamente reversíveis, assim como a necessária      robustez. A activação pode dar-se por variação de temperatura, irradiação      ou submissão a um campo magnético. Estes materiais têm sido objecto de um      crescente interesse, devido à sua simplicidade (muito útil em      nanotecnologias, porque é facilmente miniaturizável), leveza e ao facto de      não necessitar de lubrificação.  </p>       <p><b>Palavras Chave:</b>      Cristais Líquidos, Elastómeros, Músculos Artificiais.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES</b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>[1]Warner, M.; Terentjev, E., <i>Liquid Crystal Elastomers</i>, International Series of Monographs on Physics, n<sup>rb</sup> 120, Oxford University Press, 2003.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=141406&pid=S0870-8312200700010000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>[2] Collings, P.; Hird, M., Introduction to Liquid Crystals, Taylor&amp;Francis, 1997</p>      <p>[3] Mitov, M., <i>Les cristaux liquides</i>, Editeur <i>Que sais-je?</i>, 2000.</p>      <p>[4]Friedel, G., <i>Ann. </i><i>Phys.</i> (1922), <b>18</b>, 273-475.</p>      <p>[5]Auroy, P., <i>Pour la Science</i> (2002), <b>294</b>, 88-93.</p>      <p>[6]Kuhn, W., Hargilay, B., Katchalsky, A., Eisenberg, H., <i>Nature</i> (1950), <b>165</b>, 514-516.</p>      <p>[7]De Gennes, P.-G., <i>C. R. Acad. Sci. </i><i>Paris</i>,<i>Ser. IIb </i>(1997) <b>324</b>, 343-348.</p>      <p>[8]Elliot, A.; Ambrose, E., <i>Discuss Faraday Soc.</i> (1950), <b>9</b>, 246.</p>      <p>[9]De Gennes, P.-G., <i>C. R. Scéances Acad. Sci. Ser. </i><i>B</i> (1975), <b>281</b>, 101-103.</p>      <p>[10]Finkelmann, H.; Kock, H.; Rehage, G., <i>Makromol. Rapid Commun.</i> (1981), <b>2</b>, 317.</p>      <p>[11]Kupfer, J.; Finkelmann, H., <i>Macromol. Chem. Rapid. Commun. </i>(1991), <b>12</b>, 717-726.</p>      ]]></body>
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<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Warner]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[M.]]></given-names>
</name>
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Terentjev]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[E.]]></given-names>
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</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[Liquid Crystal Elastomers]]></source>
<year>2003</year>
<volume>120</volume>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford University Press]]></publisher-name>
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</article>
