<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id>0870-8312</journal-id>
<journal-title><![CDATA[Ciência & Tecnologia dos Materiais]]></journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title><![CDATA[C.Tecn. Mat.]]></abbrev-journal-title>
<issn>0870-8312</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Sociedade Portuguesa de Materiais]]></publisher-name>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id>S0870-83122007000200007</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Les élastomères cristaux liquides: Comportement élastique]]></article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Bispo]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Miguel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Donnio]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Bertrand]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Guillon]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[Daniel]]></given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="A01"/>
</contrib>
</contrib-group>
<aff id="A01">
<institution><![CDATA[,Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg CNRS-ULP ]]></institution>
<addr-line><![CDATA[Strasbourg ]]></addr-line>
<country>France</country>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="pub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>00</day>
<month>07</month>
<year>2007</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>19</volume>
<numero>3-4</numero>
<fpage>60</fpage>
<lpage>67</lpage>
<copyright-statement/>
<copyright-year/>
<self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-83122007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&amp;pid=S0870-83122007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="http://scielo.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_pdf&amp;pid=S0870-83122007000200007&amp;lng=en&amp;nrm=iso"></self-uri><abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="en"><p><![CDATA[Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCE) are materials that present unique elastic properties: not only their elastic behavior changes as a function of the phase and most abruptly near the phase transitions, but also due to the possibility of spontaneous elongation. In this paper we introduce the main properties of the LCE, and we discuss the elasticity of these materials based on the thermodynamical stability of their networks. The possibility of spontaneous elongation is interpreted theoretically according to the formulation proposed by P.-G. de Gennes, by adapting the expressions of Landau, an approach known as the Landau-de Gennes theory.]]></p></abstract>
<abstract abstract-type="short" xml:lang="pt"><p><![CDATA[Os Elastómeros Cristais Líquidos (LCE) são materiais que apresentam propriedades elásticas únicas: não somente o seu comportamento elástico varia em função da fase em que se encontram, com variações abruptas próximo das transições de fase, como apresentam ainda a possibilidade de extensão espontânea. Neste artigo, apresentamos as principais propriedades dos LCE, e discutimos o seu comportamento elástico com base na estabilidade termodinâmica da rede polimérica. A possibilidade de extensão espontânea é interpretada teoricamente de acordo com a formulação proposta por P.-G. de Gennes, adaptando as expressões de Landau, uma aproximação conhecida como a teoria de Landau-de Gennes.]]></p></abstract>
<kwd-group>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Liquid Crystals]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Elastomers]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="en"><![CDATA[Artificial Muscles]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Cristais Líquidos]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Elastómeros]]></kwd>
<kwd lng="pt"><![CDATA[Músculos Artificais]]></kwd>
</kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front><body><![CDATA[ <p align="center"><b>Les élastomères cristaux liquides: Comportement élastique</b></p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">Bispo, Miguel; Donnio, Bertrand and Guillon, Daniel</p>     <p align="center">&nbsp;</p>     <p align="center">CNRS-ULP (UMR 7504), Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux    de Strasbourg,</p>     <p align="center">23, rue du Loess, BP 43 F-67037 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France</p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>        <p align="justify"><b>ABSTRACT:</b> Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCE) are materials    that present unique elastic properties: not only their elastic behavior changes    as a function of the phase and most abruptly near the phase transitions, but    also due to the possibility of spontaneous elongation. In this paper we introduce    the main properties of the LCE, and we discuss the elasticity of these materials    based on the thermodynamical stability of their networks. The possibility of    spontaneous elongation is interpreted theoretically according to the formulation    proposed by P.-G. de Gennes, by adapting the expressions of Landau, an approach    known as the Landau-de Gennes theory.</p>             <p><b>Keywords:</b> Liquid Crystals, Elastomers, Artificial Muscles.</p>          <p>&nbsp;</p>           ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p align="justify"><b>RESUMO:</b> Os Elastómeros Cristais Líquidos (LCE) são materiais    que apresentam propriedades elásticas únicas: não somente o seu comportamento    elástico varia em função da fase em que se encontram, com variações abruptas    próximo das transições de fase, como apresentam ainda a possibilidade de extensão    espontânea. Neste artigo, apresentamos as principais propriedades dos LCE, e    discutimos o seu comportamento elástico com base na estabilidade termodinâmica    da rede polimérica. A possibilidade de extensão espontânea é interpretada teoricamente    de acordo com a formulação proposta por P.-G. de Gennes, adaptando as expressões    de Landau, uma aproximação conhecida como a teoria de Landau-de Gennes.</p>            <p><b>Palavras chave:</b> Cristais Líquidos, Elastómeros, Músculos Artificais.  </p>      <p>&nbsp;</p>     <p>Texto completo disponível apenas em PDF.</p>     <p>Full text only available in PDF format.</p>     <p>&nbsp;</p>      <p><b>RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES </b></p>      <!-- ref --><p>[1] Treloar, L.R.G., <i>The physics of rubber elasticity</i>, Oxford Clarendon Press, 2005.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[&#160;<a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript: window.open('/scielo.php?script=sci_nlinks&ref=141964&pid=S0870-8312200700020000700001&lng=','','width=640,height=500,resizable=yes,scrollbars=1,menubar=yes,');">Links</a>&#160;]<!-- end-ref --><p>[2] Gerthsen, C.; Kneser; Vogel, H., <i>Física (2ª edição)</i>, Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisboa, 1998.</p>      <p>[3] Ward, I. M., <i>An introduction to the mechanical properties of solid polymers</i>, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1993.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>[4]  Alberty, R.; Silbey, R., <i>Physical chemistry (2<sup>nd</sup> edition)</i>, John Wiley &amp;Sons, 1997.</p>      <p>[5] <i>Initiation à la chimie et physico-chimie des macromo-lécules, volume 1</i>, Groupe français d’études et d’applications des polymères.</p>      <p>[6] Gordon, M., <i>High Polymers, Structure and Physical Properties</i>, Ilife Books,  London, 1968.</p>      <p>[7] Sperling, L. H., <i>Introduction to Physical Polymer Scien-ce (2<sup>nd</sup> edition)</i>, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1992.</p>      <p>[8] Terentjev, E., <i>J. Phys.: Condens. Matter</i> (1999), <b>11</b>, 239-257.</p>      <p>[9] Read, D.; Duckett, R.; Sweeney, J.; McLeish, T., <i>J. Phys. </i><i>D: Appl. Phys.</i>  (1999), <b>32</b>, 2087-2099.</p>      <p>[10] Landau, L.; Lifchitz, E., <i>Théorie de l’élasticité</i>, Editions MIR, Moscou, 1967.</p>      <p>[11] Landau, L.; <i>Collected Papers of L. D. Landau</i>, Pergamon Press, 1965.</p>      <p>[12] De Gennes, P., <i>Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.</i> (1971), <b>12</b>, 193-214.</p>      <p>[13] Samulski,E., <i>The Mesomorphic State</i>, dans <i>Physical Properties of Polymers (2<sup>nd</sup> edition)</i>, ACS Professional Reference Book, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1993.</p>      ]]></body>
<body><![CDATA[<p>[14] Finkelmann, H., in <i>Liquid Crystallinity in Polymers,</i> ED A. Ciferri,1991, VCH Publishers, pp.315-340.</p>      <p>[15] Warner, M.; Terentjev, E., <i>Liquid Crystal Elastomers</i>, International Series of Monographs on Physics, n<sup>br</sup> 120, Oxford University Press, 2003.</p>      <p>[16] Terentjev, E., <i>Cur. Op. Coll. Interface Sci.</i> (1999), <b>4</b>, 101-107.</p>      <p>[17] Tajbakhsh, A.; Terentjev, E., <i>Eur. Phys. J. E</i> (2001), <b>6</b>, 181-188.</p>      <p>[18] Warner, M.; Bladon, P.; Terentjev, E., <i>J. de Phys.II</i> (1994), <b>4</b>, 93.</p>      <p>[19] Warner, M.; Terentjev, E.M., <i>Prog. Polym. Sci.</i> (1996) <b>21</b>, 853-891.</p>      <p>[20] Finkelmann, H.; Greve, A.; Warner, M., <i>Eur. J. Phys. E</i> (2001), <b>5</b>, 281-293.</p>      <p>[21] Gallani, J.L.; Hilliou, L.; Martinoty, P.; Doublet, F.; Mauzac, M., <i>J. de Phys. II</i> (1996), <b>6</b>, 443-452.</p>      <p>[22] Formaux-Demange, V.; Brulet, A.; Cotton, J.; Hilliou, L.; Martinoty, P.; Keller, P.; Boue, F., <i>Macromo-lecules</i> (1998), <b>31</b>, 7445-7452.</p>      <p>[23] Weillep, J.; Stein, P; Assfalg, N.; Finkelmann, H.; Martinoty, P.; Brand, H.,<i> Europhys. Lett.</i> (1999), <b>47 </b>(4), 508-514.</p>      ]]></body>
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<body><![CDATA[ ]]></body><back>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<nlm-citation citation-type="book">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname><![CDATA[Treloar]]></surname>
<given-names><![CDATA[L.R.G.]]></given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<source><![CDATA[The physics of rubber elasticity]]></source>
<year>2005</year>
<publisher-name><![CDATA[Oxford Clarendon Press]]></publisher-name>
</nlm-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
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